Soil hydraulic properties were mainly governed by soil structures especially when the structures is full of the connected soil macro-pores.Therefore,the good hydrological models need to be well documented for revealin...Soil hydraulic properties were mainly governed by soil structures especially when the structures is full of the connected soil macro-pores.Therefore,the good hydrological models need to be well documented for revealing the process of soil water movement affected by soil medium.The Hydrus-2D model with double domain was recommended in simulating water movement in a heterogeneous medium of soil.To evaluate the performance of the double domain Hydrus-2D model in loess soil,the dynamic of soil wetting front movement in differential loess soil columns under the constant water head were observed and the processes was simulated by Hydrus-2D model under conditions of different soil properties.The results indicated that the Hydrus-2D model was quite good in simulation of loess soil water movements,and the relative errors of simulation results are less than 15%,MRE less than 5%,and R^(2)>0.9.The results provided the appropriate infiltration parameters of loess soil.展开更多
The calcium chloride used for adsorption separation of ammonia is promising for its large adsorptive capacity and lower desorption temperature,but difficult to develop because of the liable expansion,lump and chip in ...The calcium chloride used for adsorption separation of ammonia is promising for its large adsorptive capacity and lower desorption temperature,but difficult to develop because of the liable expansion,lump and chip in the adsorption/desorption process.Composite adsorbents made by monolayer dis-persion of calcium chloride onto carriers with high surface areas exhibit better adsorptive capacity and stability.Several models were developed to confirm the maximum monolayer dispersion capacity of calcium chloride onto the carriers(the distribution threshold value),and the closely packed monolayer dispersion model was considered the most suitable for this study.The distribution threshold values given by this model were 0.60 g CaCl2/(g 10X-zeolite) and 0.38 g CaCl2/(g SiO2).When the divalent salt was dispersed onto the carriers,however,anions were separated into two types,causing that the en-tropy of the system tended to increase and the system was not stable.To minimize the entropy,a new model was put forward as the modified closely packed monolayer dispersion model.Based on this model,the distribution threshold values are 0.52 g CaCl2/(g 10X-zeolite) and 0.33 g CaCl2/(g SiO2),re-spectively.The distribution threshold values were also gained experimentally by XRD quantitative phase analysis:0.61 g CaCl2/(g 10X-zeolite) and 0.31 g CaCl2/(g SiO2).Comparison between experi-mental values of distribution threshold with theoretical ones based on two different model showed that the closely packed monolayer dispersion model fits the monolayer dispersion of calcium chloride onto micro-pore carrier - 10X-zeolite,and the modified closely packed monolayer dispersion model is more suitable for the bigger aperture carrier - macro-pore silica gel.展开更多
Three-dimensionally ordered macro-porous （3DOM） TiO2 and ceria-modified 3DOM TiO2 supported platinum catalysts were prepared with template and impregnation methods, and the resultant samples were characterized by sc...Three-dimensionally ordered macro-porous （3DOM） TiO2 and ceria-modified 3DOM TiO2 supported platinum catalysts were prepared with template and impregnation methods, and the resultant samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffractometer（XRD）, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM） and temperature programmed reducfion（TPR） techniques. The catalytic performances over the platinum-based catalysts were investigated for water-gas shift （WGS） reaction in a wide temperature range （180-360 ℃）. The results showed that 3DOM Pt/TiO2 catalyst exhibited obviously better catalytic performance than the corresponding non macro-porous catalyst, owing to the macro-porous structure favoring mass transfer. Addition of celia into 3DOM Pt/TiO2 led to improvement of catalytic activity. TPR and HRTEM results showed that the interaction existed between ceria and titanium oxide and addition of ceria promoted the reducibility of platinum oxide and TiO2 on the interface of platinum and TiO2 particles, which contributed to high activity of the celia modified catalysts. The results indicated that ceria-modified 3DOM Pt/TiO2 was a promising candidate of fuel cell oriented WGS catalyst.展开更多
A β-zeolite/polystyrene composite material was synthesized by co-deposition of mono-disperse polystyrene spheres and nano β-zeolite particles in aqueous suspension on a vertical substrate. Macro-porous β-zeolite wa...A β-zeolite/polystyrene composite material was synthesized by co-deposition of mono-disperse polystyrene spheres and nano β-zeolite particles in aqueous suspension on a vertical substrate. Macro-porous β-zeolite was obtained after the polystyrene template was removed by calcination. The micro/macro-pore structure of the prepared β-zeolite was highly ordered. In comparison with other assembly methods, the co-deposition method could obtain a highly ordered macro-porous material with relatively large zeolite filling particles, and therefore the co-deposition of particles with different size is a promising method for the fabrication of macro-porous materials.展开更多
Three-dimensionally ordered macro-porous （3DOM） Pt/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by template and impregnation methods, and the resultant samples were characterized by using TG-DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM, and TPR techniques. ...Three-dimensionally ordered macro-porous （3DOM） Pt/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by template and impregnation methods, and the resultant samples were characterized by using TG-DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM, and TPR techniques. The catalytic performance for water-gas shift （WGS） reaction was tested, and the influences of some conditions, such as reduction temperature of catalysts, the amount of Pt loadings and space velocity on catalytic performance were investigated. It was shown that Pt particles were homogeneously dispersed on 3DOM TiO2. The reduction of TiO2 surface was important for the catalytic performance. The activity test results showed that the 3DOM Pt/TiO2 catalysts exhibited very good catalytic performance for WGS reaction even at high space velocity, which was owing to the better mass transfer of 3DOM porous structure besides the high intrinsic activity of Pt/TiO2.展开更多
The impacts of no-tillage （NT） and moldboard plough （MP） managements on infiltration rate and preferential flow were characterized using a combined technique of double-ring device and dye tracer on a black soil （...The impacts of no-tillage （NT） and moldboard plough （MP） managements on infiltration rate and preferential flow were characterized using a combined technique of double-ring device and dye tracer on a black soil （Mollisols） in Northeast China. The ob- jective of this study is to evaluate how tillage practices enhance soil water infiltration and preferential flow in favor of soil erosion con- trol in the study area. The steady infiltration rates under NT management are 1.6 and 2.1 times as high as those under MP management in the 6th and 8th years of the tillage management in place, while the infiltrated water amounts under NT management are 1.4 and 2.0 times as high as those under MP management, respectively. The depth of methylene blue penetrated into NT soil increases from 43 cm in the 6th year to 57 cm in the 8th year, which are 16 cm and 19 em deeper than those in MP soil, respectively. The results of morphol- ogic image show that more biological macro-pores occur in NT soil than in MP soil. These macro-pores play a key role in enhancing preferential flow in NT soil, which in turn promotes water infiltration through preferential pathways in NT soil. The results are helpful to policy-making in popularizing NT and have the implications for tillage management in regard to soil erosion control in black soil region of China.展开更多
基金This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41471439,41171421)Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorships for Senior International Scientists(serial number:2013T2Z0027).
文摘Soil hydraulic properties were mainly governed by soil structures especially when the structures is full of the connected soil macro-pores.Therefore,the good hydrological models need to be well documented for revealing the process of soil water movement affected by soil medium.The Hydrus-2D model with double domain was recommended in simulating water movement in a heterogeneous medium of soil.To evaluate the performance of the double domain Hydrus-2D model in loess soil,the dynamic of soil wetting front movement in differential loess soil columns under the constant water head were observed and the processes was simulated by Hydrus-2D model under conditions of different soil properties.The results indicated that the Hydrus-2D model was quite good in simulation of loess soil water movements,and the relative errors of simulation results are less than 15%,MRE less than 5%,and R^(2)>0.9.The results provided the appropriate infiltration parameters of loess soil.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 20576080)
文摘The calcium chloride used for adsorption separation of ammonia is promising for its large adsorptive capacity and lower desorption temperature,but difficult to develop because of the liable expansion,lump and chip in the adsorption/desorption process.Composite adsorbents made by monolayer dis-persion of calcium chloride onto carriers with high surface areas exhibit better adsorptive capacity and stability.Several models were developed to confirm the maximum monolayer dispersion capacity of calcium chloride onto the carriers(the distribution threshold value),and the closely packed monolayer dispersion model was considered the most suitable for this study.The distribution threshold values given by this model were 0.60 g CaCl2/(g 10X-zeolite) and 0.38 g CaCl2/(g SiO2).When the divalent salt was dispersed onto the carriers,however,anions were separated into two types,causing that the en-tropy of the system tended to increase and the system was not stable.To minimize the entropy,a new model was put forward as the modified closely packed monolayer dispersion model.Based on this model,the distribution threshold values are 0.52 g CaCl2/(g 10X-zeolite) and 0.33 g CaCl2/(g SiO2),re-spectively.The distribution threshold values were also gained experimentally by XRD quantitative phase analysis:0.61 g CaCl2/(g 10X-zeolite) and 0.31 g CaCl2/(g SiO2).Comparison between experi-mental values of distribution threshold with theoretical ones based on two different model showed that the closely packed monolayer dispersion model fits the monolayer dispersion of calcium chloride onto micro-pore carrier - 10X-zeolite,and the modified closely packed monolayer dispersion model is more suitable for the bigger aperture carrier - macro-pore silica gel.
基金supported by the Ministry of Sciences and Technology of China (863 Programs) (2006AA05Z115, 2007AA05Z104)
文摘Three-dimensionally ordered macro-porous （3DOM） TiO2 and ceria-modified 3DOM TiO2 supported platinum catalysts were prepared with template and impregnation methods, and the resultant samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffractometer（XRD）, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM） and temperature programmed reducfion（TPR） techniques. The catalytic performances over the platinum-based catalysts were investigated for water-gas shift （WGS） reaction in a wide temperature range （180-360 ℃）. The results showed that 3DOM Pt/TiO2 catalyst exhibited obviously better catalytic performance than the corresponding non macro-porous catalyst, owing to the macro-porous structure favoring mass transfer. Addition of celia into 3DOM Pt/TiO2 led to improvement of catalytic activity. TPR and HRTEM results showed that the interaction existed between ceria and titanium oxide and addition of ceria promoted the reducibility of platinum oxide and TiO2 on the interface of platinum and TiO2 particles, which contributed to high activity of the celia modified catalysts. The results indicated that ceria-modified 3DOM Pt/TiO2 was a promising candidate of fuel cell oriented WGS catalyst.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China （No. 2004CB217808） the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 20376046）.
文摘A β-zeolite/polystyrene composite material was synthesized by co-deposition of mono-disperse polystyrene spheres and nano β-zeolite particles in aqueous suspension on a vertical substrate. Macro-porous β-zeolite was obtained after the polystyrene template was removed by calcination. The micro/macro-pore structure of the prepared β-zeolite was highly ordered. In comparison with other assembly methods, the co-deposition method could obtain a highly ordered macro-porous material with relatively large zeolite filling particles, and therefore the co-deposition of particles with different size is a promising method for the fabrication of macro-porous materials.
基金supported by the Ministry of Sciences and Technology of China(863 programs,No 2006AA05Z115 and 2007AA05Z104)
文摘Three-dimensionally ordered macro-porous （3DOM） Pt/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by template and impregnation methods, and the resultant samples were characterized by using TG-DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM, and TPR techniques. The catalytic performance for water-gas shift （WGS） reaction was tested, and the influences of some conditions, such as reduction temperature of catalysts, the amount of Pt loadings and space velocity on catalytic performance were investigated. It was shown that Pt particles were homogeneously dispersed on 3DOM TiO2. The reduction of TiO2 surface was important for the catalytic performance. The activity test results showed that the 3DOM Pt/TiO2 catalysts exhibited very good catalytic performance for WGS reaction even at high space velocity, which was owing to the better mass transfer of 3DOM porous structure besides the high intrinsic activity of Pt/TiO2.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31170483)Key Direction in Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-EW-QN307)Foundation of Excellent Young Talents in Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.C08Y13)
文摘The impacts of no-tillage （NT） and moldboard plough （MP） managements on infiltration rate and preferential flow were characterized using a combined technique of double-ring device and dye tracer on a black soil （Mollisols） in Northeast China. The ob- jective of this study is to evaluate how tillage practices enhance soil water infiltration and preferential flow in favor of soil erosion con- trol in the study area. The steady infiltration rates under NT management are 1.6 and 2.1 times as high as those under MP management in the 6th and 8th years of the tillage management in place, while the infiltrated water amounts under NT management are 1.4 and 2.0 times as high as those under MP management, respectively. The depth of methylene blue penetrated into NT soil increases from 43 cm in the 6th year to 57 cm in the 8th year, which are 16 cm and 19 em deeper than those in MP soil, respectively. The results of morphol- ogic image show that more biological macro-pores occur in NT soil than in MP soil. These macro-pores play a key role in enhancing preferential flow in NT soil, which in turn promotes water infiltration through preferential pathways in NT soil. The results are helpful to policy-making in popularizing NT and have the implications for tillage management in regard to soil erosion control in black soil region of China.
