ZSM-5分子筛对典型涂装VOCs的吸附性能及机理研究

通过水热法成功合成了一系列宽硅铝比(50、100、150、300、500、800、1500、3000)的ZSM-5分子筛,旨在研究其对涂装行业典型挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的吸附规律。同时,结合分子筛表面的酸性位点,以解析硅铝比对分子筛吸附性能的影响机制。实验结果表明,丙酮的吸附能力主要受自身极性、支链结构和分子筛表面酸位点的影响。而乙酸丁酯、苯乙烯、对二甲苯、苯、甲苯的吸附性能会同时受到自身的分子量、分子直径、极性、分子结构和官能团的影响,分子量和分子直径大、极性强且具有支链结构的VOCs更容易被ZSM-5分子筛吸附。这6种VOCs中,ZSM-5分子筛对丙酮的吸附效果最好,硅铝比对其吸附性能的影响也最大。这是因为丙酮比其他VOCs更容易吸附在Lewis酸位点上,硅铝比的改变会影响酸位点的数量。低硅铝比的分子筛由于具有较多的酸位点,更适用于丙酮的吸附。

PdAg/CDs-ZSM-5催化剂的制备及糠醛水相加氢-重排制环戊酮性能研究

以沸石分子筛(ZSM-5)为载体,碳点(carbon dots,CDs)为还原剂和稳定剂,通过光照还原法制备了双金属PdAg/CDs-ZSM-5催化剂,用于糠醛(furfural,FFA)水相加氢-重排制备环戊酮(cyclopentanone,CPO)反应。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、氨气程序升温化学吸附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶红外(Py-FTIR)等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,CDs具有良好的还原性和丰富的Lewis酸性位点,能够将Pd^(2+)、Ag^(+)还原为金属单质并形成纳米合金结构,复合催化剂中适宜的酸性位点与PdAg合金之间的协同作用使得PdAg/CDs-ZSM-5催化剂在最优反应条件下,对FFA转化率达到100%,目标产物CPO选择性为92.6%。催化剂重复使用五次后仍能保持较高的活性与稳定性。

色氨酸羟化酶2理性设计提高大肠埃希菌5-羟基色氨酸产量

色氨酸羟化酶(TPH)可催化色氨酸羟化为5-羟基色氨酸(5-HTP),是5-HTP生物合成过程中的关键酶。为了提高大肠埃希菌细胞工厂合成5-HTP的效率,通过酶的理性设计和定点突变技术构建了人色氨酸羟化酶2(TPH2)的系列突变体,并在高产L-色氨酸且含有TPH辅酶四氢生物蝶呤(BH_(4))合成与再生模块的大肠埃希菌中表达。发现适当降低酶和色氨酸、酶和BH_(4)间结合的氢键数目有助于提高5-HTP产量;酶和底物色氨酸结合情况不变,辅酶BH_(4)与酶间氢键数目越多,5-HTP产量越低。5-HTP产量最高的细胞工厂是由突变酶V195A/V197I构建的,5-HTP产量较野生酶构建的细胞工厂产量提高54%,1 L补料摇床发酵48 h,5-HTP产量达16.17 g/L。理性设计是提高TPH2酶活,突破5-HTP合成限速步骤的有效途径,TPH2和底物色氨酸、辅酶BH_(4)间氢键连接太多或太少都不利于其催化活性的发挥。

关于5-HT 2A受体关键氨基酸位点的研究进展

5-HT 2A受体作为许多精神活性药物如致幻剂、抗抑郁药、抗焦虑药和非典型抗精神病药等的作用靶点,一直是神经精神药理学领域研究热点。5-HT 2A受体的某些关键氨基酸位点对于维持受体的特定构象、偶联不同G蛋白以及行使相应特定功能等起重要作用。进一步的研究显示,突变这些特定的氨基酸位点,能够引起相应配体的亲和力、效能等变化。同时,5-HT 2A受体作为一种典型的G蛋白偶联受体,其结构域中不同的氨基酸位点能与不同配体产生相互作用,引起受体相应的动态结构变化,从而影响受体的功能。因此,研究5-HT 2A受体结构和功能与关键氨基酸位点的关系,对于相关精神疾病的治疗以及设计高效低毒的新型药物具有重要意义。

AGPAT5在肝癌中的功能与机制研究

背景与目的:肿瘤的发生、发展过程中会发生代谢重编程,1-酰基甘油-3-磷酸O-酰基转移酶(1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase,AGPAT)作为三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TAG)从头合成的关键酶,与肿瘤的进展密切相关。但目前作为亚型之一的AGPAT5在癌症中的研究还十分有限,本研究深入剖析AGPAT5在肝癌发生、发展中发挥的作用及潜在的分子机制,旨在为肝癌诊断和治疗策略提供新思路。方法:利用慢病毒感染将多种肝癌细胞系中的AGPAT5敲减,并通过锥虫蓝计数、划痕、transwell及平板克隆等实验在体外检测AGPAT5对肝癌细胞增殖、迁移及抗失巢凋亡能力的影响。通过回复野生型或酶活性缺失型的AGPAT5,探究其作为代谢酶是否发挥经典代谢作用调控肝癌细胞迁移。构建BALB/c裸鼠尾静脉注射移植瘤模型,从体内层面验证体外的细胞表型。采用免疫沉淀质谱联用(immunoprecipitation mass spectrum,IP-MS)鉴定出与AGPAT5相互作用的蛋白,并进行免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation,coIP)验证。蛋白质翻译后通过修饰鉴定分析AGPAT5潜在的修饰位点,通过体外实验探究点突变前后对肝癌细胞迁移的影响。通过coIP探究该位点突变前后AGPAT5与相互作用蛋白结合的情况。通过敲低相互作用蛋白确定其在细胞表型中的作用。通过回复实验验证AGPAT5是否通过相互作用蛋白发挥作用。检测野生型肝癌细胞系中的AGPAT5和相互作用蛋白的表达水平,检验两者之间是否具有相关性。结果:肝癌细胞敲减AGPAT5后会更加耐受无血清饥饿,并促进细胞迁移,但不会影响细胞增殖和失巢凋亡。而酶活性缺失并不影响AGPAT5对肝癌细胞迁移的抑制。敲减AGPAT5可促进肝癌细胞在裸鼠体内的肺转移和肝转移。AGPAT5可以与原纤维蛋白(fibrillarin,FBL)相互作用,并在无血清饥饿刺激下加强两者的结合。遏制FBL的表达会抑制肝癌细胞迁移,且效果与过表达AGPAT5相似。抑制FBL的表达可削弱敲低AGPAT5对肝癌细胞迁移的促进作用。在已检测的肝癌细胞系中,AGPAT5和FBL在蛋白水平上并不存在相关性。K201位点突变使AGPAT5对肝癌细胞迁移的抑制作用减弱,并使AGPAT5与FBL的结合减弱。结论:敲低AGPAT5能够显著提高肝癌细胞迁移能力。AGPAT5可以与FBL相互作用,在无血清饥饿刺激下,AGPAT5或通过K201位点的乙酰化加强与FBL的结合,从而更有效地遏制FBL,进而抑制肝癌细胞迁移。但这种抑制作用并非来自AGPAT5的代谢酶活性,而是由非代谢作用所驱动。

Site^Rite*5超声波系统在PICC置管中的临床应用研究

目的:探讨Site^Rite*5超声波系统在引导行经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheters,PICC)中的应用情况、优点和使用过程中的注意事项。方法 :将62例肾病患者分为对照组(34例)和试验组(28例),分别进行直视下普通置管和超声波系统引导下PICC置管,由固定的人员操作,统一评估标准,对比2组穿刺成功率、并发症发生率和护患满意度。结果:应用Site^Rite*5超声波系统引导PICC置管可以提高穿刺成功率,减少并发症发生,并明显提高护患满意度。结论:使用Site^Rite*5超声波系统引导PICC置管提高了护理人员PICC置管的成功率,有效降低了穿刺失败风险,值得推广应用。

Site Rite 5超声系统导引下微插管鞘技术行经外周静脉至中心静脉置管的临床疗效观察

目的总结在Site Rite 5超声系统导引下用微插管鞘技术进行经外周静脉至中心静脉置管(PICC)的经验,探讨其应用价值。方法选取2013年因血管条件差、盲穿困难、想要提高生活质量的患者47例,在Site Rite5超声系统导引下用微插管鞘技术进行PICC,统计成功率,观察并发症。结果 47例患者均于B超引导下成功置管,成功率为100%,其中38例一次穿刺成功,6例二次穿刺成功,3例三次穿刺成功(其中2例为导丝送入受阻重新穿刺)。47例患者中无一例发生机械性静脉炎、血栓、感染等严重并发症。结论在Site Rite 5超声系统导引下用微插管鞘技术进行PICC安全、高效,能有大大提高穿刺成功率,有效避免置管的并发症、提高患者的生活质量。

Study on the active sites of Cu-ZSM-5 in trichloroethylene catalytic combustion with air

The catalytic activity of Cu-ZSM-5 in trichloroethylene （TCE） combustion increases with the increasing skeletal Cu amount and however decreases with the increase of surface amorphous CuO, which is detected by infrared spectroscopy （IR） and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy （DRS-UV-vis）, therefore the skeletal Cu species are concluded to be the active sites for the TCE combustion.

Human Enterovirus 71 DNA Vaccine Constructs Containing 5’UTR with Complete Internal Ribosome Entry Site Sequence Stimulated Improved Anti-Human Enterovirus 71 Neutralizing Immune Responses

Recent improvement in the technologies for efficient delivery of DNA vaccines has renewed interest in the DNA-based vaccines. Several DNA-based vaccines against human enterovirus 71 (EV71), the causative agent for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have been developed. Here we examined the potential of improving the vaccines by inserting the EV71 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR) containing the full length internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence to the EV71 VP1-based DNA vaccine constructs. Four vaccine constructs designated as 5’ UTR-VP1/EGFP, VP1/EGFP, 5’ UTR-VP1/pVAX and VP1/pVAX, were designed using the pEGFP-N1 and pVAX-1 expression vectors, respectively. Transfection of Vero cells with the vaccine constructs with the 5’-UTR (5’-UTR-VP1/EGFP and 5’ UTR-VP1/pVAX) resulted in higher percentages of cells expressing the recombinant protein in comparison to cells transfected with vectors without the 5’-UTR (67% and 57%, respectively). Higher IgG responses (29%) were obtained from mice immunized with the DNA vaccine construct with the full length 5’ UTR. The same group of mice when challenged with life EV71 produced significantly higher neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers (>5-fold). These results suggest that insertion of the EV71 5’ UTR sequence consisting of the full length IRES to the EV71 DNA vaccine constructs improved the efficacy of the constructs with enhanced elicitation of the neutralizing antibody responses.

Catalytic roles of the acid sites in different pore channels of H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite for methanol‐to‐olefins conversion

H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite is a typical catalyst for methanol‐to‐olefins(MTO)conversion.Although the performance of zeolite catalysts for MTO conversion is related to the actual location of acid sites in the zeolite framework,the catalytic roles of the acid sites in different pore channels of the H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite are not well understood.In this study,the MTO reaction network,involving the aromatic cycle,alkene cycle,and aromatization process,and also the diffusion behavior of methanol feedstock and olefin and aromatic products at different acid sites in the straight channel,sinusoidal channel,and intersection cavity of H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite was comparatively investigated using density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamic simulations.The results indicated that the aromatic cycle and aromatization process occurred preferentially at the acid sites in the intersection cavities with a much lower energy barrier than that at the acid sites in the straight and sinusoidal channels.In contrast,the formation of polymethylbenzenes was significantly suppressed at the acid sites in the sinusoidal and straight channels,whereas the alkene cycle can occur at all three types of acid sites with similar energy barriers and probabilities.Consequently,the catalytic performance of H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite for MTO conversion,including activity and product selectivity,can be regulated properly through the purposive alteration of the acid site distribution,viz.,the location of Al in the zeolite framework.This study helps to elucidate the relation between the catalytic performance of different acid sites in the H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite framework for MTO conversion,which should greatly benefit the design of efficient catalyst for methanol conversion.

Adjacent acid sites cooperatively catalyze fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in a new, facile pathway

To study the effect of adjacent hydroxyl to the active sites, several acid catalysts, i.e. substituted benzoic acids with adjacent carboxyl are employed in the fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF).Experimental results reveal that Br?nsted acid sites with adjacent carboxyl present higher catalytic ability than isolated ones. Computational results suggest that the adjacent sites lead to co-interaction on fructose, corresponding more stable transition state and faster HMF formation rate. Based on the enhancement from the adjacent sites, a novel ordered mesoporous carbon(OMC) full of carboxyls in surface is prepared and turns out to be an effective solid catalyst for HMF production from fructose derived from biomass.

Enhanced Protective Efficacy of H5 Subtype Influenza Vaccine with Modification of the Multibasic Cleavage Site of Hemagglutinin in Retroviral Pseudotypes

Traditionally, the multibasic cleavage site （MBCS） of surface protein H5-hemagglutinin （HA） is converted to a monobasic one so as to weaken the virulence of recombinant H5N1 influenza viruses and to produce inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. Whether such modification benefits new candidate vaccines has not been adequately investigated. We previously used retroviral vectors to generate wtH5N1 pseudotypes containing the wild-type HA （wtH5） from A/swine/Anhui/ca/2004 （H5N1） virus. Here, we generated mtH5N1 pseudotypes, which contained a mutant-type HA （mtH5） with a modified monobasic cleavage site. Groups of mice were subcutaneously injected with the two types of influenza pseudotypes. Compared to the group immunized with wtH5N1 pseudotypes, the inoculation of mtH5N1 pseudotypes induced significantly higher levels of HA specific IgG and IFN-y in immunized mice, and enhanced protection against the challenge of mouse-adapted avian influenza virus A/Chicken/Henardl2/2004 （H5N1）. This study suggests modification of the H5-hemagglutinin MBCS in retroviral pseudotypes enhances protection efficacy in mice and this information may be helpful for development of vaccines from mammalian cells to fight against H5N 1 influenza viruses.

铌掺杂提高钨酸盐氧化锆固体酸催化剂表面酸性制备5-羟甲基糠醛

作为生物质资源和工业应用之间的重要桥梁,5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)显示出绿色发展的潜能.但是生物质材料在绿色溶剂中转.化为5-HMF的表现仍然受限.本文报道了一种制备高效固体酸催化剂NbOr/WOy-ZrO_(2)以提高果糖转化率的方法.铌盐的引入导致铌氧化物的生成,提高了WOy-ZrO_(2)载体表面的酸性位点并且调整了布朗斯台德酸与路易斯酸的比例.随着NbOx/WOy-ZrO_(2)催化剂酸性的提高以及酸性中心的增加,果糖在水中的最高转化率达到99%.与此同时,5-HMF的产率和选择性在180°C,30分钟的条件下分别提高到50.1%和50.7%.本文提出的NbOr/WOy-ZrO_(2)催化剂策略为设计高效固体酸催化剂催化水中5-HMF的生成提供了-种新思路.

Development of the N-Doped Cu-Carbon Composite as a Novel Catalyst for the Removal Reactive Black 5

In this study, two Cu-based catalysts with and without N doped carbon matrix, named N-Cu/CuO/C and Cu/CuO were synthesized via calcination of melamine-cupper acetate complex and cupper acetate at 500°C under an inert atmosphere. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and CHNS elemental analyzer. The catalytic activity of both catalysts was evaluated through the NaBH4 associated reduction of commercial textile dye named reactive black 5 (RB5). The kinetics of the reduction of reactive black 5 was also described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. For the studied reduction, N-Cu/CuO/C exhibited enhanced catalytic activity both in conversion and kinetics (97% conv. in 315 sec) compared to that of by Cu/CuO/C (25% conv. in 1500 sec). Besides, N-Cu/CuO/C also demonstrated good reusability up to four consecutive cycles.

Site Selective Spectra of Eu^(3+)-Doped Y_2SiO_5 Crystal

By using a whitelight lamp, an Ar+ ion laser whosewavelength was tuned to 457. 9 nmand a tunable Rh 6G dye laser(linewidth: 0. 5 cm-1) pumped bythe second harmonic of a Nd: YAGlaser as light sources and using amonochromator, a phase-lockingamplifier and a computer as the data detecting system, the transmission spectrum, fluorescence spectra, excitation spectrum and siteselective fluorescence spectra ofthe Eu3+: Y2SiO5 crystal were observed. More than thirty out of thetotal fifty spectral lines were observed for 5D0→7F0,1,2,3,4 transitions. The Eu3+ ions occupy twokinds of the Y3+ sites with the lowsymmetry in this crystal. The difference of the wavelengths of thetwo Eu3+ sites for 7F0→5D0 transition is about 0. 2 nm. It was foundthat the two sites were nonequivalent optical ones at room temperature. Crystal lattice constants a,b, c, and β of Eu3+: Y2SiO5 werealso measured by the X-ray diffraction method. The results show thatthe lattice constants a, b, and cof the crystal doped Eu3+ ions isvery close to those of the Y2SiO5crystal undoped Eu3+ ions.

缺陷氮掺杂碳耦合Co-N5单原子位点用于高效锌-空气电池

锌-空气电池(ZAB)因其能量密度高、环境友好、成本低以及安全性高而备受关注.然而,空气电极上的氧还原反应(ORR)动力学缓慢,严重限制了ZAB的输出功率.尽管铂基催化剂展现出优异的ORR催化活性,但高昂的成本制约其大规模商业化应用.因此,迫切需要开发高效、低成本的ORR电催化剂.研究表明,具有原子分散Co-N4活性位点的Co-N-C单原子催化剂是理想的ORR非贵金属催化剂,但其仍然存在与反应关键中间体结合能较高的难题.目前的研究主要通过调控单原子配位环境与增大活性位点密度来提高Co-N-C催化剂的活性,但如何精确控制中心金属电子结构以及避免高温下金属原子的团聚仍面临巨大挑战.除了单原子活性位点外,催化剂载体的键合结构、电荷分布状态亦会影响载体本身和单原子位点的催化活性.然而,现有的研究主要聚焦于单原子位点或无金属催化剂单方面活性的提升,关于它们之间的相互作用对于催化性能影响的研究相对很少.为了进一步提高Co单原子催化剂的催化活性,本文通过简单的模板法与NH3二次处理策略制备了氮掺杂缺陷碳负载的Co-N_(5)位点单原子催化剂.电感耦合等离子体发射光谱结果表明,单原子Co的金属负载量高达2.57 wt%.此外,相比于未经过NH3二次处理的Co-Nx/HC样品,Co-N_(5)/DHC样品在电子顺磁共振谱中g=2.003处呈现出更明显的共振信号,在C 1s高分辨谱中具有更低的C-C(sp2杂化)/C-N(sp3杂化)比例以及明显增加的吡啶氮信号,证实了Co-N_(5)/DHC显著提升的氮掺杂碳缺陷浓度并具有丰富的边界/缺陷位点.同时,X射线吸收谱与球差矫正透射电子显微镜结果表明所制备的样品为原子分散的Co-N_(5)结构,从而证明成功制备了缺陷氮掺杂碳耦合Co-N_(5)位点单原子催化剂.电化学测试结果表明,缺陷氮掺杂碳耦合Co-N_(5)位点后表现较好的ORR性能,半波电位达到0.877 V,明显高于Co-Nx/HC对比样品和商业化Pt/C催化剂.Koutecky-Levich曲线和旋转盘环电极测试结果表明,Co-N_(5)/DHC催化剂的高效4e-反应路径.且在10000次的加速老化测试中,Co-N_(5)/DHC半波电位仅降低了7 m V,稳定性优于Pt/C.以Co-N_(5)/DHC为阴极催化剂组装的ZAB开路电压为1.45 V,峰值输出功率密度能够达到160.7 m W cm^(-2),并能提供766.2 m A h gZn-1的比容量,展现出较高的应用前景.密度泛函理论计算表明,Co-N_(5)位点与缺陷氮掺杂碳的相互作用诱导Co中心位点电子的重新分布,降低了ORR反应能垒.综上,本文为设计与合成高性能的Co单原子催化剂,用于先进的可再生能源转换系统提供了一种新思路.

多级孔ZSM-5分子筛:丰富的外表面酸中心和良好的二甲苯异构化催化性能(英文)

多级孔沸石分子筛的结构性质及其催化性能是近年来分子筛研究的热点.本文采用蒸汽辅助晶化的方法制备了多级孔ZSM-5沸石分子筛,采用NH3程序升温脱附和原位吸附红外光谱等方法研究了其表面酸性质,用邻二甲苯异构化反应考察了其催化性能.结果表明,多级孔结构分子筛的结晶度和总酸量有所下降,但Lewis酸中心却有所增加.进一步研究发现,多级孔结构分子筛的外表面酸中心数量远高于常规分子筛,从而证实了多级孔结构可以将更多的酸中心暴露到外表面;而外表面酸中心数量的增多和扩散传质的改善是多级孔ZSM-5分子筛在邻二甲苯异构化反应中具有更高催化活性和对二甲苯产率的重要原因.

BamHI酶切位点变异区域性分布在HCV1b型5'非编码区的研究

目的研究丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)1b型5'非编码区BamHⅠ酶切位点变异的区域性分布。方法对来自中国4个不同地区的64例HCV1b基因型血清样品进行5'-NCR扩增后,分别用MboⅠ、BamHⅠ限制性内切酶酶切分析,比较不同地区变异株分布的差异。结果测序证实中国HCV1b基因型在117位有BamHⅠ酶切位点。64例血清样品中,BamHⅠ单切点变异株,华南7例(28%),东北1例(10%),华北1例(11.1%),西南0例;MboⅠ及BamHⅠ切点均无的变异株,西南8例(40%),华南2例(4%),东北1例(10%),华北0例。结论证实HCV1b型BamHⅠ变异具有区域性分布特点,华南地区和西南地区变异较多,华北和东北变异较少。而这一变异是否与干扰素治疗耐药有关,尚有待于进一步研究。

Zn/ZSM-5中Zn的赋存状态对其催化性能的影响

利用原位水热合成法、液相离子交换法、等体积浸渍法、机械混合法以及固相离子交换法制备具有不同赋存状态的Zn改性ZSM-5分子筛(Zn ZSM-5),并通过X射线衍射、透射电镜、27 Al魔角旋转核磁共振谱等手段对Zn的赋存状态进行全面表征。结果表明:利用原位水热合成以及液相离子交换法可使Zn物种以Zn 2+形式迁移至分子筛阳离子位;机械混合法以及固相离子交换法可使Zn物种以骨架外ZnO的形式赋存于分子筛表面;等体积浸渍法引入的Zn物种同时以赋存于阳离子位的Zn 2+以及分子筛外表面的ZnO颗粒形式存在;Zn物种与分子筛之间的协同作用使得Zn ZSM-5分子筛在正庚烷催化裂解反应中提高了BTX(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的收率及选择性。

ZSM-5分子筛中相邻酸性位的酸性强度及其对乙烯质子化反应影响的理论计算

应用量子力学与分子力学联合的ONIOM2(B3LYP/6-31G(d,p):UFF)方法,对ZSM-5分子筛中与T6,T9和T12位相邻的骨架铝的落位稳定性以及酸性强度进行了理论计算.根据Si/Al替代能确定了最稳定的相邻酸性位在Al6-Al6位,其次是Al6-Al9位,通过(Si/Al,H)替代能计算确定了氢质子的落位.计算结果证明了相邻骨架铝会导致酸性强度降低,而且Al6-Al9位的酸性低于Al6-Al6位.应用密度泛函理论方法进一步考察了相邻酸性位对乙烯分子吸附和质子化反应历程的影响.结果表明,-Al-O-Si-O-Al-结构的相邻酸性位对乙烯分子的吸附以及质子化反应历程有明显影响,尤其是使乙醇盐产物更不稳定.