Mineral Chemistry,Trace Elements,Isotopic Analysis and Zircon U-Pb Dating in the Hesar Pluton,Northern UDMA,Iran:Implications for Pre-Collisional Magma Mixing

The Hesar pluton in the northern Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc hosts numerous mafic-microgranular enclaves(MMEs).Whole rock geochemistry,mineral chemistry,zircon U-Pb and Sr-Nd isotopes were measured.It is suggested that the rocks are metaluminous(A/CNK=1.32-1.45),subduction-related I-type calc-alkaline gabbro to diorite with similar mineral assemblages and geochemical signatures.The host rocks yielded an U-Pb crystallization age of 37.3±0.4 Ma for gabbro-diorite.MMEs have relatively low SiO_(2) contents(52.9-56.6 wt%)and high Mg^(#)(49.8-58.7),probably reflecting a mantle-derived origin.Chondrite-and mantle-normalized trace element patterns are characterized by LREE and LILE enrichment,HREE and HFSE depletion with slight negative Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu^(*)=0.86-1.03).The host rocks yield(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i) ratios of 0.70492-0.70510,positive ε_(Nd)(t)values of+1.55-+2.06 and T_(DM2)of 707-736 Ma,which is consistent with the associated mafic microgranular enclaves((^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)=0.705014,ε_(Nd)(t)=+1.75,T_(DM2)=729 Ma).All data suggest magma-mixing for enclave and host rock formation,showing a complete equilibration between mixed-mafic and felsic magmas,followed by rapid diffusion.The T_(DM1)(Nd)and T_(DM2)(Nd)model ages and U-Pb dating indicate that the host pluton was produced by partial melting of the lower continental crust and subsequent mixing with injected lithospheric mantlederived magmas in a pre-collisional setting of Arabian-Eurasian plates.Clinopyroxene composition indicates a crystallization temperature of~1000℃ and a depth of~9 km.

Magma Mixing Genesis of the Mafic Enclaves and Related Granitoids in the Kan Granite-Gneiss Complex of Central Côte d’Ivoire: Evidence from Geology, Petrology and Geochemistry

The mafic enclaves from Paleoproterozoic domain are considered to be the results of large-scale crust-mantle interaction and magma mixing. In this paper, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry were jointly used to determine the origin of the mafic enclaves and their relationship with the host granitoids of the Kan granite-gneiss complex. This study also provides new information on crust-mantle interactions. The mafic enclaves of the Kan vary in shape and size and have intermediate chemical compositions. The diagrams used show a number of similarities in the major elements (and often in the trace elements) between the mafic enclaves and the host granitoids. Geochemical show that the Kan rock are metaluminous, enriched in silica, medium to high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite. The similarities reflect a mixing of basic and acid magma. Mafic enclaves have a typical magmatic structure, which is characterized by magma mixing. The genesis of these rocks is associated with the context of subduction. They result from the mixing of a mafic magma originating from the mantle and linked to subduction, and a granitic magma (type I granite) that arises from the partial melting of the crust.

Timing of Magma Mixing in the Gangdisê Magmatic Belt during the India-Asia Collision: Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating

Abundant mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) extensively distribute in granitoids in the Gangdise giant magmatic belt, within which the Qüxü batholith is the most typical MME-bearing pluton. Systematic sampling for granodioritic host rock, mafic microgranular enclaves and gabbro nearby at two locations in the Qüxü batholith, and subsequent zircon SHRIMP II U-Pb dating have been conducted. Two sets of isotopic ages for granodioritic host rock, mafic microgranular enclaves and gabbro are 50.4±1.3 Ma, 51.2±1.1 Ma, 47.0±l Ma and 49.3±1.7 Ma, 48.9±1.1 Ma, 49.9±1.7 Ma, respectively. It thus rules out the possibilities of mafic microgranular enclaves being refractory residues after partial melting of magma source region, or being xenoliths of country rocks or later intrusions.Therefore, it is believed that the three types of rocks mentioned above likely formed in the same magmatic event, i.e., they formed by magma mixing in the Eocene (c. 50 Ma). Compositionally, granitoid host rocks incline towards acidic end member involved in magma mixing, gabbros are akin to basic end member and mafic microgranular enclaves are the incompletely mixed basic magma clots trapped in acidic magma. The isotopic dating also suggested that huge-scale magma mixing in the Gangdise belt took place 15-20 million years after the initiation of the India-Asia continental collision, genetically related to the underplating of subduction-collision-induced basic magma at the base of the continental crust. Underplating and magma mixing were likely the main process of mass-energy exchange between the mantle and the crust during the continental collision, and greatly contributed to the accretion of the continental crust, the evolution of the lithosphere and related mineralization beneath the portion of the Tibetan Plateau to the north of the collision zone.

Magma Mixing and Mingling for Xiangjiananshan Granitic batholith at eastern area of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt

The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt(EKOB)in northeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is an important part of the Central Orogenic System(COS).During the long-time geological evolution,complicated tectono

Grain to outcrop-scale frozen moments of dynamic magma mixing in the syenite magma chamber,Yelagiri Alkaline Complex,South India

Magma mixing process is unusual in the petrogenesis of felsic rocks associated with alkaline complex worldwide. Here we present a rare example of magma mixing in syenite from the Yelagiri Alkaline Complex, South India. Yelagiri syenite is a reversely zoned massif with shoshonitic (Na2O t K2O?5e 10 wt.%, Na2O/K2O ? 0.5e2, TiO2<0.7 wt.%) and metaluminous character. Systematic modal variation of plagioclase (An11e16 Ab82e88), K-feldspar (Or27e95 Ab5e61), diopside (En34e40Fs11e18Wo46e49), biotite, and Ca-amphibole (edenite) build up three syenite facies within it and imply the role of in-situ fractional crystallization (FC). Evidences such as (1) disequilibrium micro-textures in feldspars, (2) microgranular mafic enclaves (MME) and (3) synplutonic dykes signify mixing of shoshonitic mafic magma (MgO ? 4e 5 wt.%, SiO2 ? 54e59 wt.%, K2O/Na2O ? 0.4e0.9) with syenite. Molecular-scale mixing of mafic magma resulted disequilibrium growth of feldspars in syenite. Physical entity of mafic magma preserved as MME due to high thermal-rheological contrast with syenite magma show various hybridization through chemical exchange, mechanical dilution enhanced by chaotic advection and phenocryst migration. In synplutonic dykes, disaggregation and mixing of mafic magma was confined within the conduit of injec-tion. Major-oxides mass balance test quantified that approximately 0.6 portions of mafic magma had interacted with most evolved syenite magma and generated most hybridized MME and dyke samples. It is unique that all the rock types (syenite, MME and synplutonic dykes) share similar shoshonitic and met-aluminous character;mineral chemistry, REE content, coherent geochemical variation in Harker diagram suggest that mixing of magma between similar composition. Outcrop-scale features of crystal accumu-lation and flow fabrics also significant along with MME and synplutonic dykes in syenite suggesting that Yelagiri syenite magma chamber had evolved through multiple physical processes like convection, shear flow, crystal accumulation and magma mixing.

Magma Mixing and Mingling for Xiangjiananshan Granitic batholith at eastern area of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt

The Changning Menglian belt is an important area of research on the evolution of the Paleo Tethys ocean structure,the belt can be solved such as the Changning Menglianbeltposition;sequencestratigraphy;sedimentary environment;nature and its tectonic evolution history and tectonic domain and Gut Tis relationship;therefore,the research on Chang Ning Menglian zone have a great significance to solve many problems of the Sanjiang fold belt in Tethys and Himalaya tectonic area.'Hot spring'is located in the west margin of the southern Changning Menglian belt,studying Yunnan Fengqing hot spring group'geological and petrology characteristics roundly and in depth,concluding the metamorphism and deformation characteristics,clarifying the metamorphism effect and its stages,understanding the association its combination with the Changning Menglian belt between,therefore it has the great significance to solve the geological evolution history in the Sanjiang area,especially the paleo Tethyan tectonic belt,as well as Gondwana and Eurasia boundaries and other major problem.Through collect and read the literature data,measurement of field section,geological investigation,research and Study on rock sheet indoor,rock composition test,electron probe testing system,summarize the geological characteristics and petrological characteristics of'hot springs group',and through the discussion of the geochemical characteristics of rocks,explore its rock assemblages,characteristics of original rock and analysis of metamorphism and deformation stages,to provide basic data for regional geological evolution.The study shows that the main lithology is biotite quartz schist,mica schist and epimetamorphic sandstone interspersed with a small amount of phyllonite,granulite,silicalite,carbonaceous slate and phyllitic cataclasite that contains some pressure breccia.The metamorphic mineral paragenetic assemblage of the representative rock is:M1 biotite(Bi)+plagioclase(Pl)+quartz(Q),and M2 muscovite(Mus)+quartz(Q).The protolith is felsic rock and sedimentary rock that belongs to argiloid.On the basis of comparison,the stratigraphic sequence of the protolith is consistent with the type section of Wenquan formation.Along with the subduction(Hercynian)-subduction(Indosinian)-orogenic(Yanshan Himalayan period)process of Changning Menglian belt,hot springs group experienced two stages of metamorphism and three stages of deformation,metamorphic temperature at400-500℃,the pressure is foucs on 0.3-0.62Gpa,and shown the retrograde metamorphism of the low greenschist facies.Geological age of hot springs formation is early Devonian(survey team of Yunnan District three units,1980),sedimentary environment is mainly shallow and semi deep sea,observed Bouma sequence in rock slice,therefore,the depositional environment may be fan or basin of sea,the sedimentary formations are mainly clastic rocksiliceous rock formation,the upper coal—contained formation.With the Changning Meng Lian ocean expansion,ocean island begin to develop,material deposition continuing,appearing volcano material,the protolith may contain volcano matter through studying the thin section.To the Late Permian,Crust of Changning Menglian ocean begin to subduct to the east of the Yangtze block,ocean basin began to close,but it still has formation here at this time,mainly shallow carbonate formation,with proceeding of subduction,in the low temperature groove(7Km deep),due to changes in temperature and pressurer,appearing metamorphism(M1)and deformation(D1)for the first time,the shear effect produced by deformation lead to some cleavage,occurring regional foliation S1,major metamorphic minerals formed in metamorphism is long flake biotite.The main metamorphic mineral assemblages are biotite(Bi)+feldspar(Pl)+quartz(Q).Subsequently,crustal uplift,depositional break,because the Changning Meng Lianyang has closed during the Indosinian period,Baoshan-Zhenkang block in the west and the Yangtze block in the east knocked each other.In the Indosinian,under the action of faults,the hot spring formation clipping and retracing,back to a position about1-2Km depth,the position is still belongs to the low temperature groove,and occurring axial cleavage in the core of the fold,namely S2.That is,the emergence of the second metamorphism(M2)and deformation(D2).The deformation is affected by the strong pressure,so the rock have dewatered,so the second metamorphic deformation process is affected by temperature(T),pressure(Ps)and fluid(C).The main metamorphic minerals in the second generation of metamorphism is Muscovite,while there have some of biotite formed in same period,find that the first phase of biotite parallel growth of rock slice,namely S1 parallel S2,and we can see incomplete metamorphism biotite,so the the Muscovite is formed by the first stage of metamorphism and metamorphic biotite.The main mineral of the second stage metamorphism is Muscovite(Mus)+quartz(Q) Then,the crust continues to rise,the sedimentary break continues.In the Jurassic Cretaceous start orogeny,namely Yanshan period intracontinental orogeny,occurred third deformation(D3),under extrusion shearing,S3 emergencing,after Yanshan intracontinental orogenic period,in Himalayan period there have large-scale nappe structure and differential uplift and faulting.So the third deformation(D3)strengthened,with weak metamorphism,sericite emergencing.

Detecting Magma Mixing Processes Using Scanning Electron Microscopy Method

This review work explains some of the most important techniques to detect the occurrence of magma mixing phenomena in the volcanic rocks by using SEM （scanning electron microscope）. In particular, the most useful methods related to the different types of mixing are reviewed： complete mixing （blending） or incomplete mixing （mingling）. For blending, backscattered electron images and EDS （energy dispersive spectroscopy） are the most accurate methods： an example taken from a sample of ash of the 2007 Stromboli volcano eruption was used. For mingling, the best method is given by X-ray elemental mapping （in particular of Ca and Si）, as explained through the example taken from a sample of the 2003 explosive eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano. The aim of this work was to establish whereas would be useful to use backscattered eletron images, EDS, or X-ray elemental mapping techniques, according to the different types of mixing that occur very often in magmatic systems.

Petrology,geochemistry,and crystal size distribution of the basaltic andesite-dacite association at Mt.Sumbing,Central Java,Indonesia:Insights to magma reservoir dynamics and petrogenesis

Ten rock samples consisting of one pyroclastic density current(PDC1)deposit,seven lava flows(LF1–7),and two summit lava domes(LD1,2)were studied to understand the petrogenesis and magma dynamics at Mt.Sumbing.The stratigraphy is arranged as LF1,PDC1,LF2,LF3,LF4,LF5,LF6,LF7,LD1,and LD2;furthermore,these rocks were divided into two types.TypeⅠ,observed in the oldest(LF1)sample,has poor MgO and high Ba/Nb,Th/Yb and Sr.The remaining samples(PDC1–LD2)represent typeⅡ,characterized by high MgO and low Ba/Nb,Th/Yb and Sr values.We suggest that type I is derived from AOC(altered oceanic crust)-rich melts that underwent significant crustal assimilation,while typeⅡoriginates from mantle-rich melts with less significant crustal assimilation.The early stage of typeⅡmagma(PDC1–LF3)was considered a closed system,evolving basaltic andesite into andesite(55.0–60.2 wt%SiO_(2))with a progressively increasing phenocryst(0.30–0.48φ_(PC))and decreasing crystal size distribution(CSD)slope(from-3.9 to-2.9).The evidence of fluctuating silica and phenocryst contents(between 55.9–59.7 wt%and 0.25–0.41φ_(PC),respectively),coupled with the kinked and steep(from-5.0 to-3.3)CSD curves imply the interchanging condition between open(i.e.,magma mixing)and closed magmatic systems during the middle stage(LF4–LF6).Finally,it underwent to closed system again during the final stage(LF7–LD2)because the magma reached dacitic composition(at most 68.9 wt%SiO_(2))with abundant phenocryst(0.38–0.45φ_(PC))and gentle CSD slope(from-4.1 to-1.2).

Magma mixing of granites at Lianghe:In-situ zircon analysis for trace elements, U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes

In this paper, we report an integrated study of trace element, U-Pb age and Hf isotopic composition of zircons from alkali feldspar granites, granodiorites and diorite enclaves in a recently discovered ring complex at Lianghe in western Yunnan, Chi na. The granitoids showed identical U-Pb ages of 127, 115 and 122 Ma, from felsic to mafic, but had different zircon trace el ements and Hf isotopic compositions. Trace element content decreased with a gradual increase in εHf(t) values of ?9.1 to ?5.4, ?4.5 to 0, and 3.6 to 6.2, respectively. Results indicate that changes in zircon trace elements generally correlate with changes in Hf isotope signatures within single samples and among various granitoids. These relationships reflect the mixing of felsic and mafic magmas. Evidence indicates that depleted mantle-derived mafic magma underplating caused ancient crustal melting, and then formed large-scale granites in Lianghe during the Early Cretaceous. These granodiorites were formed mainly by the mix ing of mafic magma and granitic magma.

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Indosinian granitoids from Western Qinling Orogen,China:Products of magma-mixing and fractionation

The Western Qinling Orogen(WQO) is characterized by voluminous distribution of Indosinian granitoids,the formation of which provides an important window to unravel the geochemical and geodynamic evolution and associated metallogeny.Here we investigate a group of intrusions termed "Five Golden Flowers" based on petrological,geochemical,zircon U-Pb geochronological and Lu-Hf isotopic studies on the granitoids and their mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs).Our results show that these intrusions are genetically divided into two types,namely,magma-mixing and highly fractionated.The Jiaochangba,Lujing,Zhongchuan,and Luchuba granitoids are biotite monzogranites(220±0.8 Ma to 217±2.6 Ma) with abundant coeval MMEs(220±.1 Ma to 217±2.7 Ma).The rocks contain moderate to high SiO2,high MgO,Rb,Sr,Ba,and Th contents,but low TiO2,P2 O5,and Sc values,A/CNK of <1.1,and a range of εHf(t) values of-11.7 to +2.23 with corresponding TDM2values of 1967-1228 Ma.The MMEs possess K-feldspar megacrysts,abundant acicular apatites,and show lopsided textures.They have lower SiO2,Al2 O3,and Th contents,but higher MgO,TiO2,and Sc,with εHf(t) values of-18.0 to +3.18 and TDM1 of 849-720 Ma.The data indicate that the MMEs were derived from a magma sourced from the enriched lithospheric mantle.We suggest that these host granitoids were produced by partial melting of latePaleoproterozoic to early-Mesoproterozoic lower crust with the involvement of Neoproterozoic SCLM-derived mafic magmas.The Baijiazhuang pluton is dominantly composed of leucogranite(muscovite granite and twomica monzogranite,216±1.5 Ma) without MMEs.The rocks are peraluminous with high A/CNK(1.06-1.27).Compared with the other four granitoids,the Baijiazhuang leucogranite shows higher SiO2 content,markedly lower concentrations of TiO2,MgO,Al2 O3,CaO,and Fe2 O3T,and lower LREE/HREE and(La/Yb)N values.These leucogranites are also rich in Rb,Th,and U,and display marked depletions in Ba,Sr,Ti,and Eu,indicating that they experienced significant fractionation.Zircon εHf(t) values(-10.2 to-3.27) and TDM2(1868-1424 Ma),as well as the Nb/Ta and K2 O/Na2 O values are similar to the other four granitoids,indicating that they are likely to have been derived from a similar source;with sediments playing only a minor role in the magma generation.The low contents of Yb and Y suggest that their partial melting was controlled by garnets and micrographic texture of K-feldspar reflects high-temperature melting through undercooling.Based on the above features,we infer that the Baijiazhuang leucogranite likely represents the product of high degree fractionation of the I-type biotite monzogranite magma which generated the other four granitoids at relatively high temperatures,within magma chambers at mid-crust depths.We propose that the granitoid suite was formed in the transitional setting from synto post-collision during the collisional orogeny between the SCB and NCB,following break-off of the subducted South China Block lithosphere during 220-216 Ma.

Mineral Chemistry of Melanite from Calcitic Ijolite, the Oka Carbonatite Complex, Canada: Implications for Multi-Pulse Magma Mixing

Ti-rich garnet is found within calcitic ijolite from the Oka carbonatite complex in Canada, which is characterized by 58%-73% andradite component（2.12 wt.%-4.18 wt.% TiO_2） and classified as melanite. The garnet displays complex zoning and contains abundant high field strength elements（HFSEs） and rare earth elements（REEs）. Three groups（Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ） have been identified based on their petrographic nature. Compared to groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ, Group Ⅰ garnet cores contain higher TiO_2, Mg O, HFSE, and REE and lower SiO_2 abundances. The distinct chemical and petrographic signatures of the investigated garnets cannot be attributed to simple closed system crystallization, but they are consistent with the multi-pulse magma mixing. Combined with previously reported U-Pb ages for apatite from the calcitic ijolite, at least three stages of magma evolution and subsequent mixing have been involved in the generation of calcitic ijolite at Oka. The early-formed melt that generated Group I garnet core was later mixed with at least two small-volume, more evolved melts. The intermediate stage melt formed the remaining garnet along with some pyroxene, calcite, nepheline, and apatite at 127±3.6 Ma. The youngest, most evolved melt generated the majority of pyroxene, calcite, nepheline, and apatite within the calcitic ijolite at 115±3.1 Ma.

Late Early-Cretaceous Magma Mixing in the Langqi Island, Fujian Province, China: Evidences from Petrology, Geochemistry and Zircon Geochronology

The mafic enclaves from Mesozoic intermediate-acid magmatic rocks,widely developed along Fujian coast,are considered to be the results of large-scale crust-mantle interaction and magma mixing.In this paper,petrography,mineralogy,and geochemistry of granites and mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs)in Langqi Island are studied to provide new information for tracing crust-mantle interaction.The zircon U-Pb dating results show that the Langqi rocks were formed at^101 Ma,which are metaluminous,enriched in silica and high-K calc-alkaline I-type granites.The enclaves have a typical magmatic structure,which is characterized by magma mixing between high-temperature basic magma and low-temperature acidic magma through injecting.The enclaves and host granites show a tendency to mixed major and trace elements,displaying a clear-cut contact relationship,which is indicative of coeval magmatism.The genesis of Langqi rocks is related to the extensional setting caused by the subduction of Paleo-Pacific Plate,and they are the results of mixing of subduction-related metasomatized mantle-derived mafic and induced crustal-melted granitic magma originating from partial melting of the crustal material.

Late Triassic Magma Mixing and Fractional Crystallization in the Qingchengzi Orefield,Eastern Liaoning Province:Regional Petrogenetic and Metallogenic Implications

The Qingchengzi orefield is an important Pb-Zn-Au-Ag polymetallic orefield in NE Chi-na.The Indosinian magmatism has formed the Shuangdinggou batholith and the Xinling stock,as well as dikes of quartz monzonite porphyry and lamprophyre.According to petrographic characteristics,the Shuangdinggou intrusion can be divided into the main suite and the central suite.Zircon U-Pb dat-ing yielded crystallization ages of 215.0-220.9 Ma for these various Qingchengzi magmatic units,which are within analytical error and represent coeval magmatism.The Shuangdinggou main suite contains abundant mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs)and shows features of magma mixing.Geochemically,the major oxide contents of the MMEs and their quartz monzonite host show well-defined linear frac-tionation trends.The REE and trace element patterns of the MMEs and their host are similar,which demonstrates certain degree of geochemical homogenization between the two during magma mixing.The Shuangdinggou main suite shares similar geochemical characteristics with typical high Ba-Sr gra-nites(Ba=1082 ppm-2051 ppm,Sr=803 ppm-886 ppm),and was likely originated from the mixing between a melt derived from partial melting of the thickened lower crust and the enriched mantle.The central suite was likely formed by fractional crystallization of the main-suite magma.The Xinling in-trusion may represent a branch of the Shuangdinggou intrusion and has the same genesis as the central suite.The quartz monzonite porphyries geochemically mimic the Shuangdinggou main suite,and may also be an epioic facies of the Shuangdinggou intrusion.The MMEs and lamprophyres may have been derived from incomplete magma mixing.Formation of the Pb-Zn and Au-Ag deposits in the Qing-chengzi orefield may have been related to the granite/quartz monzonite porphyries near the Shuangdinggou intrusion,which were formed by magma mixing and fractional crystallization.

Decoding the nature of interaction between felsic clasts and mafic magma in a subvolcanic magma chamber from amphibole–titanite transformation and chemistry

The Ghansura Rhyolite Dome of Bathani vol-cano-sedimentary sequence,eastern India,represents a subvolcanic felsic magma chamber that was invaded by crystal-rich mafic magma during its cooling phase to form an assortment of hybrid rocks.A prominent solidified portion of the magma reservoir was embedded in the intruding mafic magma as fragments or clasts that pro-duced mafic rocks with felsic clasts.Two distinct compo-sitional zones could be identified in the mafic rocks containing felsic clasts-(a)medium-grained mafic zones that are dominated by amphiboles,and(b)fine-grained felsic zones consisting primarily of quartz and feldspar.Amphiboles occur in most of the felsic clasts suggesting the mechanical transfer of crystals from the mafic to the felsic zones.Compositions of amphiboles were determined from both the mafic and felsic zones that show linear compositional variation from actinolite to ferro-hornblende through magnesio-hornblende,suggesting the interplay of complex substitutions in individual amphibole sites.Cationic schemes have confirmed the role of pargasite(Pg)-type substitution,which is a combination of edenite(Ed)-and tschermakite(Ts)-type substitutions.Moreover,amphibole has been extensively replaced by titanite in the studied rock.Titanite produced in the mafic zones due to the destabilization of amphiboles was observed migrating from the mafic to the felsic zones through mineral-trans-porting veins.Compositions of titanite were determined from grains that occur in association with amphiboles and those which are present as individual entities in the felsic zones.Similar to amphiboles,titanite also displays cationic substitutions in the studied rock.From the results presented in this work,we infer that extensive replacement of amphibole by titanite and cationic substitutions in amphi-boles,and also titanite,may be considered important pet-rogenetic indicators to decipher magma mixing events.

Petro Gram: An excel-based petrology program for modeling of magmatic processes

Petro Gram is an Excel?based magmatic petrology program that generates numerical and graphical models.Petro Gram can model the magmatic processes such as melting,crystallization,assimilation and magma mixing based on the trace element and isotopic data.The program can produce both inverse and forward geochemical models for melting processes(e.g.forward model for batch,fractional and dynamic melting,and inverse model for batch and dynamic melting).However,the program uses a forward modeling approach for magma differentiation processes such as crystallization(EC:Equilibruim Crystallization,FC:Fractional Crystallization,IFC:Imperfect Fractional Crystallization and In-situ Crystallization),assimilation(AFC:Assimilation Fractional Crystallization,Decoupled FC-A:Decoupled Fractional Crystallization and Assimillation,A-IFC:Assimilation and Imperfect Fractional Crystallization)and magma mixing.One of the most important advantages of the program is that the melt composition obtained from any partial melting model can be used as a starting composition of the crystallization,assimilation and magma mixing.In addition,Petro Gram is able to carry out the classification,tectonic setting,multi-element(spider)and isotope correlation diagrams,and basic calculations including Mg^#,Eu/Eu^*,εSrandεNdwidely used in magmatic petrology.

Crystallization Conditions and Mineral Chemistry in the East of Tafresh, Central Iran, with Insights into Magmatic Processes

The Tafresh granitoids are located at the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc(UDMA)in Iran.These rocks,mainly consisting of diorite and granodiorite,were emplaced during the Early Miocene.They are composed of varying proportions of plagioclase+K-feldspar+hornblende±quartz±biotite.Discrimination diagrams and chemical indices of amphibole phases reveal a calc-alkaline affinity and fall clearly in the crust-mantle mixed source field.The estimated pressure,derived from Al in amphibole barometry,is approximately 3 Kb.The granitoids are I-type,metaluminous and belong to the calc-alkaline series.They are all enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements,depleted in high field strength elements and display geochemical features typical of subduction-related calc-alkaline arc magmas.Most crystal size distribution(CSD)line patterns from the granitoids show a non-straight trend which points to the effect of physical processes during petrogenesis.The presence of numerous mafic enclaves,sieve texture and oscillatory zoning along with the CSD results show that magma mixing in the magma chamber had an important role in the petrogenesis of Tafresh granitoids.Moreover,the CSD analysis suggests that the plagioclase crystals were crystallized in a time span of less than 1000 years,which is indicative of shallow depth magma crystallization.

Exchange between Mafic Enclaves and Host Magma： Case of 1991-1995 Mount Unzen Eruption

Recent eruption of Unzen Volcano in 1991-1995 caught attention of scientists all over the world because of disastrous character of previous one in 1792. Intrusion of andesitic magma to the chamber with rhyolitic magma is proposed to be a trigger for these eruptions. T-P-X parameters of two end-member magmas have been estimated several times, but usually estimations are based on phenocrysts assemblages. New results of this research are based on mafic enclaves and groundmass. These results are significant for magma mixing and mingling theory.

Genesis of Mafic Microgranular Enclaves in the Shaocunwu Granodiorite,Southern China,and their Implications:Evidence from Zircon and Whole-rock Geochemistry

Magmatic microgranular enclaves(MMEs)are widely developed in the Shaocunwu granodiorite at the northeast margin of the eastern Jiangnan orogenic belt.Field geology showed that the MMEs occur as irregular ellipsoids near the edge of the intrusion,and consist of diorite,dominantly composed of amphibole,biotite,and plagioclase grains,with minor acicular apatite.Zircon U-Pb dating showed the ages of the host granodiorites and MMEs are 145.9±1.1 Ma and 145.6±2.5 Ma,respectively,indicating both originated during coeval late Jurassic magmatism.Whole-rock geochemical results show that the host granodiorite and MMEs have similar rare earth and trace element partition curves in spider grams,and similar 87Sr/86Sr,and 147Nd/144Nd isotope ratios,and their zircon 177Hf/176Hf isotopic ratios are similar.Geochemical studies indicate that both the host granodiorite and MMEs formed by mixing of coeval magma.Zircon Ti thermometers and oxygen fugacity of the host granodiorite and the MMEs show high oxygen fugacity,similar to that of W-Cu(Mo)mineralized granitoids in the eastern Jiangnan orogenic belt.A similar magma mixing process was probably one of the mechanisms that generated the W-Cu(Mo)fertile melts.

Zircon Trace Element Constraints on U-Pb Dating:A Case Study of the Huayuangong A-type Granite in the Lower Yangtze Region,Eastern China

For magmatic rocks,it is often found that zircon 206 Pb/238 U and 207 Pb/235 U ratios continuously plot on the concordia line with a relatively large age span for the same sample,which gives rise to large dating errors or even unrealistic dating results.As the trace element concentrations of zircon can reflect its equilibrated magma characteristics,they can be used to determine whether all the analytical spots on the zircons selected to calculate the weighted mean age are cogenetic and formed in a single magma chamber.This work utilizes the results of zircon trace element concentrations and U-Pb isotopic analyses to explore the screening of reasonable U-Pb ages,which can be used to determine a more accurate intrusion crystallization age.The late Mesozoic Huayuangong granitic pluton complex,which is located in the Lower Yangtze region,eastern China,was selected for a case study.The Huayuangong pluton comprises the central intrusion and the marginal intrusion.Two samples from the marginal intrusion yielded consistent zircon weighted mean 206 Pb/238 U ages of 124.6±2.0 Ma and 125.9±1.6 Ma.These analytical spots also exhibit Zr/Hf and Th/U ratios concordant with the evolution of a single magma,from which the dated zircons crystallized.However,for the central intrusion,the analytical spots on zircons from two samples all show a continuous distribution on the concordia line with a relatively large age span.For each sample from the central intrusion,the zircon Zr/Hf ratios do not conform to a single magma evolutionary trend,but rather can be divided into two groups.We propose that zircon Zr/Hf ratios can provide a new constraint on U-Pb zircon dating and zircon Th/U ratios can also be used as a supplementary indicator to constrain zircon dating and determine the origins of the zircons and whether magma mixing has occurred.By screening zircon analytical spots using these two indicators,the two samples from the central intrusion of the Huayuangong pluton produce results of 122.8±4.3 Ma and 122.9±2.2 Ma,which are consistent with the field observations that the central intrusion is slightly younger than the marginal intrusion.

Chronology,Hf isotopes,geochemistry,and petrogenesis of the magmatic rocks in the Shizishan ore field of Tongling,Anhui Province

LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating of intrusive rocks from the Shizishan ore field,Tongling,Anhui Province shows that the crystallization ages of Baimangshan pyroxene diorite,Shizishan and Dongguashan quartz diorite are 139±1.9,138.0±1.7,and 138.4±1.7 Ma,respectively.These three intrusions are high-potassium,alkali-rich,meta-aluminous,and are characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements and large-ion lithophile elements,depletion of heavy rare-earth elements(HREE) and high field strength elements,and slightly negative Eu anomalies.In-situ Hf analysis of zircon for these three intrusions shows large ranges of Hf isotope compositions:the ε Hf(t) values are ε Hf(t)= 3.3 to 14.4 for Baimangshan,14.1 to 23.9 Dongguashan,and 14.7 to 26.9 for Shizishan.The ε Hf(t) values of both the Dongguashan and Shizishan quartz diorites are significantly lower than those of Baimangshan pyroxene diorite.Elemental geochemistry and in-situ zircon Hf isotope analyses indicate that the three intrusions were formed through mixing of granitic magma formed by partial melting of the lower crust and water-rich basic magma derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle.The Dongguashan and Shizishan quartz diorites involved greater crustal components than Baimangshan pyroxene diorite.The Dongguashan and Shizishan quartz diorites have geochemical features similar to the adakite,such as high Sr,low Y,and high Sr/Y ratios.Such geochemical features can be attributed to some fractional crystallization of apatite and sphene,and insignificant plagioclase fractional crystallization after magma mixing.These three intrusions are the products of complex crust-mantle interaction during the regional tectonic regime transition from compression to extension.