Dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and essential oils combination enhances intestinal resilience against LPS stimulation in weaned piglets

Background The benefits of combining benzoic acid and essential oils(BAO)to mitigate intestinal impairment during the weaning process have been well established,while the detailed underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated.Previous research has primarily focused on the reparative effects of BAO on intestinal injury,while neglecting its potential in enhancing intestinal stress resistance.Methods In this study,we investigated the pre-protective effect of BAO against LPS-induced stress using a modified experimental procedure.Piglets were pre-supplemented with BAO for 14 d,followed by a challenge with LPS or saline to collect blood and intestinal samples.Results Our findings demonstrated that BAO supplementation led to significant improvements in piglets’final weight,average daily gain,and feed intake/body gain ratio.Additionally,BAO supplementation positively influenced the composition of intestinal microbiota,increasing beneficial Actinobacteriota and Alloprevotella while reducing harmful Desulfobacterota,Prevotella and Oscillospira.Furthermore,BAO supplementation effectively mitigated oxidative disturbances and inflammatory responses induced by acute LPS challenge.This was evidenced by elevated levels of T-AOC,SOD,and GSH,as well as decreased levels of MDA,TNF-α,and IL-6 in the plasma.Moreover,piglets subjected to LPS challenge and pre-supplemented with BAO exhibited significant improvements in intestinal morphological structure and enhanced integrity,as indicated by restored expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 compared to the non-supplemented counterparts.Further analysis revealed that BAO supplementation enhanced the jejunal antioxidative capacity by increasing GSH-Px levels and decreasing MDA levels under the LPS challenge and stimulated the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Additionally,the reduction of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways activation and proinflammatory factor were also observed in the jejunal of those piglets fed with BAO.Conclusions In summary,our study demonstrates that pre-supplementation of BAO enhances the anti-stress capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal microbiota composition,reinforcing the intestinal barrier,and enhancing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities.These effects are closely associated with the activation of Nrf2 and TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.

Recent advances in essential oils and their nanoformulations for poultry feed

Antibiotics in poultry feed to boost growth performance are becoming increasingly contentious due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance development.Essential oils(EOs),as natural,plant-derived compounds,have demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.EOs may potentially improve poultry health and growth performance when included in poultry feed.Nevertheless,the incorporation of EOs as nutritional additives is hindered by their high volatility,low water solubility,poor intestinal absorption,and sensitivity to environmental conditions.Recently,nanoencapsulation strategies using nanoformulations have emerged as a potential solution to these challenges,improving the stability and bioavailability of EOs,and enabling targeted delivery in poultry feed.This review provides an overview of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of EOs,the current limitations of their applications in poultry feed,and the recent advancements in nano-engineering to overcome these limitations.Furthermore,we outline the potential future research direction on EO nanoformulations,emphasizing their promising role in advancing sustainable poultry nutrition.

Comparative Chemical Research in Essential Oils from Six Apiaceae Species Growing in the Northern Region of Vietnam

Our study aimed to compare the essential oil(EO)concentration and composition of several Apiaceae species growing in the Northern region of Vietnam.The yields of EOs from materials ranged from 0.03%(root EO of Angelica acutiloba and aerial parts EO of Heracleum bivittatum)-0.27%(leaf EO of Xyloselinum vietnamense).Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)allowed the identification of 74 components in the EOs of six Apiaceae species,making up 94.4%–100.0%of the oils.In EO from Angelica acutiloba,(Z)-ligustilide accounted for an extremely large proportion(94.9%).EO of Angelica pubescens was dominated by six character-istic components includingα-pinene(21.5%),β-phellandrene(18.1%),p-cymene(12.2%),3-methylnonane(8.7%),o-cymene(8.1%),and D-sylvestrene(6.2%).The EO from Cryptotaenia japonica was characterized by high amounts ofα-selinene(48.7%),β-selinene(23.7%),and trans-β-farnesene(5.4%).The EOs from leaves and stems of Xyloselinum vietnamense were characterized by high concentrations of sabinene(69.8%and 33.8%),4-terpineol(8.7%and 7.4%)andβ-pinene(4.0%and 6.5%)while EOs from aerial parts and root of Xylo-selinum leonidii comprise four characteristic monoterpenes includingα-pinene(28.2%and 52.8%),β-pinene(7.9%and 10.3%),β-phellandrene(7.6%and 15.3%),and sabinene(3.0%and 4.1%).Additionally,cryptone is also one of the major components in the EO of Xyloselinum leonidii(13.2%in the aerial parts oil and 2.8%in the root oil).In the EOs isolated from the aerial parts and root of Heracleum bivittatum,α-pinene(22.5%and 70.2%)andβ-pinene(43.2%and 20.0%)were the predominant monoterpenes.Sabinene appeared in the EO from aerial parts of Heracleum bivittatum with a relatively high concentration(13.5%)while bornyl acetate(5.1%)was also one of the main components in the EO from its aerial parts but was not detected in other Apiaceae species in the present study.These databases help identify and control the quality of plant material studied from the family Apiaceae growing in Vietnam.

Profiles of the Headspace Volatile Organic and Essential Oil Compounds from the Tunisian Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. and Its Leaf and Stem Epidermal Micromorphology

In this work, we investigated aroma volatiles emanated by dry roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of Cardariadraba (L.) Desv. growing wild in Tunisia and its aerial part essential oils (EOs) composition. A total of 37 volatileorganic compounds (96.7%–98.9%) were identified;4 esters, 4 alcohols, 7 hydrocarbons, 12 aldehydes, 5 ketones,1 lactone, 1 organosulfur compound, 2 organonitrogen compounds, and 1 acid. The hydrocarbons form the maingroup, representing 49.5%–84.6% of the total detected volatiles. The main constituent was 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane(44.5%–76.2%) reaching the highest relative percentages. Forty-two compounds were determined in thetwo fractions of EOs, representing 98.8% and 97.2% of the total oil composition, respectively. The principal componentswere hexadecanoic acid (34.6%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (18.3%), decanal (15.0%), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.2%), and n-pentacosane (13%). Micromorphological details of the leaf and stem epidermisusing light microscopy revealed polygonal cells with sinuous walls in the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces andnearly rectangular and long ones with linear and thick walls for the stem epidermis. The stomata complexes wereanisocytic in the leaf epidermis and mainly anisocytic and rarely paracytic in the stem epidermis. Non-glandulartrichomes were unbranched and long with an acute apex or short with a convex apex. The glandular ones wereidentified for the first time in this species. They were short-stalked with a large secretory head. The highest stomatalindex (17.02%) was recorded in the abaxial leaf surface. The identification of headspace volatiles and essentialoil compounds can be used to characterize this species, and the various epidermis micromorphologicalfeatures are very useful for biosystematics taxonomic studies within Brassicaceae.

Biocontrol of Aspergillus flavus Strains Isolated from Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Seeds Using Essential Oils of Lippia multiflora Moldenke, Ocimum americanum L. (Lamiaceae) and Eucalyptus cameldulensis Dehnh

In nature, plant extracts play a crucial role in defending plants against biotic and abiotic stressors. Moreover, the use of plant-based products, such as plant extracts, represents a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides, which pose potential health risks to consumers. In this study, the antifungal activity of the essential oils (EOs) of Lippia multiflora, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Ocimum americanum was evaluated against two strains of Aspergillus flavus via the agar dilution method. These two Aspergillus flavus fungi was isolated from Bamabra groundnut seeds. Lippia multiflora essential oil (EO) showed the best results compared with the other oils, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9000 μg∙mL−1. The MIC for Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Ocimum americanum EOs was 10,800 μg∙mL−1. In view of their antifungal properties, these EOs could be used to develop a new, safe antifungal agent for food preservation.

Antibacterial,antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of essential oils and ethanolic extracts from Chinese mugwort(Artemisia vulgaris L.)leaf in Shanxi

Background:Artemisia vulgaris,a medicinal aromatic plant,is widely used as a food item,tonic pharmaceutical,and cosmetic industry additive owing to its antibacterial,antihypertensive,hepatoprotective,antioxidant,and antispasmodic properties.But the effect of different geographic locations on the chemical composition and bioactivities of its extracts is unclear.Methods:Biological activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of three varieties of Artemisia vulgaris leaves,which are grown in Shanxi province China,were studied.Results:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the main components of essential oils were terpenes and ketones.Essential oils and ethanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris leaves possessed good antioxidant activities,and their half maximal inhibitory concentrations determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)assays were 57.0 and 22.9μg/mL,respectively.The essential oils also exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against three foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains.The ethanol extract presented a high anticancer activity against the MGC-803 human gastric cancer cell line.Conclusion:These biological activities were well correlated with the composition of the extract and EOs,which in turn is affected by the genetic composition of Artemisia vulgaris and geographic location and diverse climatic condition under which it is grown.These findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of Artemisia vulgaris as a valuable source of antioxidant,antibacterial,and anticancer agents.

Cardioprotective Potential of Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil against Isoproterenol-induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy:Possible Involvement of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Oxidative Phosphorylation Complex Subunits

Objective:Cymbopogon citratus(DC.)Stapf is a medicinal and edible herb that is widely used for the treatment of gastric,nervous and hypertensive disorders.In this study,we investigated the cardioprotective effects and mechanisms of the essential oil,the main active ingredient of Cymbopogon citratus,on isoproterenol(ISO)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.Methods:The compositions of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil(CCEO)were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Cardiomyocytes were pretreated with 16.9µg/L CCEO for 1 h followed by 10µmol/L ISO for 24 h.Cardiac hypertrophy-related indicators and NLRP3 inflammasome expression were evaluated.Subsequently,transcriptome sequencing(RNA-seq)and target verification were used to further explore the underlying mechanism.Results:Our results showed that the CCEO mainly included citronellal(45.66%),geraniol(23.32%),and citronellol(10.37%).CCEO inhibited ISO-induced increases in cell surface area and protein content,as well as the upregulation of fetal gene expression.Moreover,CCEO inhibited ISO-induced NLRP3 inflammasome expression,as evidenced by decreased lactate dehydrogenase content and downregulated mRNA levels of NLRP3,ASC,CASP1,GSDMD,and IL-1β,as well as reduced protein levels of NLRP3,ASC,pro-caspase-1,caspase-1(p20),GSDMD-FL,GSDMD-N,and pro-IL-1β.The RNA-seq results showed that CCEO inhibited the increase in the mRNA levels of 26 oxidative phosphorylation complex subunits in ISO-treated cardiomyocytes.Our further experiments confirmed that CCEO suppressed ISO-induced upregulation of mt-Nd1,Sdhd,mt-Cytb,Uqcrq,and mt-Atp6 but had no obvious effects on mt-Col expression.Conclusion:CCEO inhibits ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome expression and the regulation of several oxidative phosphorylation complex subunits.

Review of Plant Essential Oils for Plant Pests Management

This paper reviews the origins and classification of plant essential oil resources,along with prevalent extraction techniques for their active constituents.By integrating insights on the utilization of plant essential oils for plant pest management,the comprehensive analysis reveals multiple functionalities exhibited by plant essential oils,including fumigation,contact toxicity,repellent action,antifeedant activity,and growth inhibition.Furthermore,the paper highlights the challenges associated with plant essential oils in plant protection and outlines future research directions,aiming to offer valuable insights for the advancement of botanical insecticides.

The Essential Oil of Ocimum americanum from Senegal and Gambia as a Source of Methyleugenol for the Control of Bactrocera dorsalis, Fruit Fly

The fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most important pests in all mango-producing areas, particularly in West Africa. In Senegal, O. americanum leaves have been used for several years to control this fly. However, to our knowledge, no chemical studies have been carried out. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of O. americanum leaves collected in Senegal and Gambia. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of these leaves is analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Yields of essential oils from O. americanum leaves are 3.84% and 2.13%, respectively. Analysis of these essential oils by GC/FID and GC/MS allowed the identification of 23 compounds representing almost 100% of the total compositions. These essential oils are mainly dominated by methyleugenol (72.0% and 75.8%, respectively). Other components in significant percent are trans-β-caryophyllene (13.9% and 13.0%, respectively), germacrene D (4.1% and 3.7%, respectively), β-elemene (3.3% and 0.9%, respectively). Due to the high methyleugenol content, this study explains the attractive potential of O. americanum towards B. dorsalis. In perspective, we plan to evaluate the attractive effect of the essential oil and leaf powder of O. americanum against B. dorsalis, a real pest of mango orchards in Senegal.

Local Application of Combined Drugs of Natural Essential Oils for the Prevention of Acute Pharyngitis

Objective: Viral pharyngitis, commonly known as a sore throat, is a widespread condition affecting people of all ages globally. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a medical device containing the combined drugs of natural essential oils (CDNEO) formulation in managing throat pain in patients with acute viral pharyngitis. With the growing resistance to traditional antibacterial treatments, essential oils have attracted interest for their potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Results: The study involved 81 patients randomly divided into two groups: those taking a medical device containing combined drugs of natural essential oils (CDNEO) and those taking a placebo. A questionnaire was used to assess throat pain among the participants, with 45 receiving the CDNEO and 36 the placebo. The CDNEO group experienced a significant reduction in throat pain, with the average VAS score decreasing from 5.36 to 1.09, compared to the placebo group, which saw a decrease from 4.97 to 2.19. This difference, with p Conclusion: By using a double-blind research method, it was possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the oils more objectively, since there was also a control placebo group. The study shows that CDNEO significantly reduces throat pain and decreases the need for additional pain relief medication in patients with acute viral pharyngitis. The findings suggest that natural essential oils could serve as an alternative treatment for pharyngitis, particularly in efforts to minimize NSAID use and combat antibiotic resistance.

Chemical composition and anti-MRSA activity of the essential oil from Chinese eaglewood

To analyze the constituents of essential oil from Chinese eaglewood [resinous wood of Aquilaria sinensis （Lour.） Gilg] and its anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） activity. The essential oil was extracted by water-steam distillation and analyzed by GC/MS method. The relative contents of the compounds were determined by normalization. The compounds were characterized by NIST05 and WILEY275L database matching and comparison of their MS spectra with those of literature data. Antibacterial activity of the oil was assayed by the filter paper disc agar diffusion method. The oil showed significant antibacterial activity against MRSA. Sixty-six chromatographic peaks were detected, among them thirty compounds comprising 59.80% of the total essential oil were characterized. Twenty-six compounds comprising 54.26% of the oil were identified as sesquiterpenes. β-Agarofuran （8.96%）, kusunol （7.82%）, （-）-jinkoh-eremol （5.04%）, agarospirol （4.53%）, baimuxifuranic acid （4.09%） were the major sesquiterpenes. Four nor-sesquiterpenes and some other sesquiterpenes, such as 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, α-agarofuran, epi-ligulyl oxide, etc. were detected in Chinese eaglewood oil for the first time. This is the first report about anti-MRSA activity of Chinese eaglewood oil from A. sinensis.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Essential Oil from Dry Rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort and Their Characterization by GC/MS

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of essential oil from dry rhizome ofLigusticum chuanxiong Hort was developed. GC/MS was used for the determination of the composition ofessential oil. Forty-four compounds were identified. The conventional extraction method wasconducted in parallel for comparison. The extracts were qualitatively compared by GC/MS. The yieldsof SFE and steam distillation-extraction were 4.16 % ( v/w) and 0.8 % ( v/w), respectively.Application of SFE of zessential oil from dry rhizome of Ligustiaan chuanxiong Hort was preferable.

GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil Constituents from Rhizome and Root of Notopterygium forbesii

Aim To analyse the chemical constituents of the essential oil extracted from the rhizome and root of Notopterygium forbesii Boiss. and provide scientific basis for quality control. Methods The total essential oil was extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by capillary gas chromatography (GC). The components were determined by normalization method, and identified by GC-MS. Results GC-MS exhibited 217 peaks and 100 compounds were identified, accounting for 78.3% of the total essential oil. Conclu...

Studies on preparations and analysis of essential oil from Chinese fir

Three steam distillation devices (D-1, D-2 and D-4) or one simultaneous distillation (D-3, water-diethyl ether) as well as the process of CO2-SFE (Supercritical fluid extraction) were adopted in extraction of essential oils from Chinese-fir (Cunninghamia lancedata (Lamb) Hook.) and the chemical components of the extracted essential oil were analyzed by Gas chromatograph-MS analyses. The results showed that the essential oil could be almost extracted out within 2 hours and the device-3 had the highest extraction efficiency. The major chemical component of the oil was cedrol. The yield of the extracted essential oils from Chinese fir decreased gradually with the increase of the distillation time. The best condition for extraction by means of CO2-SFE is 100 kg·cm?2 in pressure and 40°C in temperature for. Keywords Chinese fir - Essential oil - Cedrol - Supercritical fluid extraction CLC number S781.4 Document code A Foundation item: This paper was support by the Key Foundation Research Project (G1999016001) of China and the Japan International Cooperation AgencyBiography: HUANG Luo-hua (1957-), male, Research associate, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of forestry, Beijing 100091, P. R. ChinaResponsible editor: Song Funan

GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil Constituents from Buds of Tussilago farfara L.

Aim To analyse the constituents of the essential oils extracted from the buds of Tussilago farfara L. in the GAP Bases of Traditional Chinese Medical Materials and provide scientific basis for quality control. Methods The essential oils were extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined by normalization, and identified by GC-MS. Results GC-MS exhibited 259 peaks and 65 compounds were identified, accounting for 84.62% of the total essential oil. Conclusion In the total essential oil contained in the buds of Tussilago farfara L., copaene （2.36%）, （ ＋ ） -Epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene （ 3.91% ）, γ- elemene （2.18%）, fl-bisabolene （ 13.93% ）, spathulenol （ 3.44% ） as the sesquiterpenes and its derivatives, and 1-undecene （4.83%）, （ E）-cycloundecene （8.49%）, bicycle [ 10. 1.0] tridec-l-ene （ 1. 45% ）, 1-tridecene （3.44%）, （Z）-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene （2.66%）, 1- pentadecene （4.57%）, [ 1R-（ 1R^＊, 4Z, 9S^＊ ） ]-4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-bicyclo [ 7.2.0] undec-4-ene （ 1.03% ）, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-7-（ 3-oxobutylidene ）-oxepan-3-ylmethyl acetic acid ester （2.02%）, 1, E-11, Z-13-heptadecatriene （ 3.72% ）, （ Z, Z, Z） -9,12,15-octadecatrien-l-ol （ 1.85% ）, 3,7,11-trimethyl-dodeca-2,4,6,10-tetraenal （ 1.31% ）, n-hexadecanoic acid （ 3.12% ） , （Z, Z） -9,12-octadecadienoic acid （2.26%）, （ Z, Z, Z） -9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester （ 1.12% ） , heneicosane （ 1.82% ）, and pentacosane （ 1.03% ） are the main components.

Identification and quality evaluation of Lepidium meyenii. (Maca) based on gas chromatographic analysis of its essential oils from roots

Lepidium meyeniiWalp. （Maca）, a perennial herbaceous plant with narrow distdbution in the Andean region, was cultivated by local residents as early as 1600 B.C. It has high nutritional values and multiple medicinal effects. In recent years the plant source of Maca has been greatly scarce since Maca products are increasingly becoming popular in the world. This makes the study urgent on the identification and quality evaluation of Maca materials. In present work, four Mace samples of different origins or handlings and three other natural plants, including radish, odental ginseng and American ginseng, were investigated. Their essential oils （steam distillates） of the hypogeal parts were weighed and analyzed by GC/MS. Through comparison of the characteristics of their chromatograms, it was found that the essential oil of Maca had unique GC/MS behaviors, and the characteristic peaks produced by the major essential oil components （Phenylacetonitrile, Benzaldehyde, 3-Methoxyphenylacetonitrile, etc） were distinct. Furthermore, the chromatograms of several Maca samples showed a similar qualitative pattern except for some differences in the quantitative composition, and the percentage of total essential oils in the samples varied from 0.88 % to 1.59 %. These behaviors and technologies can be applied to the identification of Maca materials in the markets and be a supplement to assess the quality of Maca matedals.

GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil Constituents from Rhizome and Root of Notopterygium incisum

Aim To analyse the chemical constituents of the essential oil extracted from the rhizome and root of Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T. Chang, providing scientific basis for quality control. Methods The total essential oil was extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by capillary gas chromatography （GC）. The components were determined by normalization method, and identified by GC-MS. Results GC-MS exhibited 242 peaks and 83 compounds were identified, accounting for 75.77% of the total essential oil. Conclusion In the total essential oil of the rhizome and root of N. incisum, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes accounted for 13.63% and 67.93%, respectively, in which （ 1S）-β-pinene （ 1.67% ）, 3-carene （ 1.05% ）, limonene （ 1.22% ）, and 1S-endo-bornyl acetate （ 1.68% ） as the monoterpenes and its derivatives, and （ ＋ ） -β-elemene （6.78%）, sativene （1.54%）, α-caryophyllene （2.64%）, germacrene D （1.67%）, eudesma-4 （ 14 ）, ll-diene （2.36%）, α-selinene （2.42%）, δ-cadinene （ 1.55% ）, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol （1.03%）, （ ＋ ）-elemol （5.18%）, （-）-spathulenol （1.40%）, guaiol （3.81%）, dehydroxy-isocalamendiol （ 1.06% ）, γ-eudesmol （ 1.05% ）, α-eudesmol （7.97%）, bulnesol （3.09%）, and carotol （2. 30% ） as the sesquiterpenes and its derivatives were main components. In addition, isopropyl transcinnamate was the maximum compound （ 11.3% ） of the total essential oil.

Optimization of Supercritical Carbon dioxide Extraction of Ginger Essential Oil by Response Surface Method

[Objective] Ginger essential oil （GEO） is widely used in food production and medical field in recent years due to its prominent biological functions, and this study was conducted to obtain high-quality and high-purity ginger essential oil from the fresh ginger. [Method] GEO was extracted from ginger roots by supercritical fluid extraction （SFE） method. The effects of flow rate of CO2, mesh size of ginger powder and volume of entrainer were investigated by single-factor experiments and response surface method. The content and extraction rate of 6-gingerol represented the extraction index of GEO. [Result] The conditions were optimized as follows： flow rate of CO2 at 25 L/h, mesh size of ginger power of 80 mesh, and volume of anhydrous ethanol as entrainer of 92.46 ml. The optimal extraction rate of 6-gingerol was 3.21%, which was predicted by RSM. [Conclusion] The optimal process of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of ginger essential oil was identified by singlefactor experiments and response surface method. The present study provides a satisfactory method for purifying GEO from ginger for industrial purpose.

Foraging behavior of parasitoid chalcid to the essential oil from bark of Populus pseudo-simonii P. nigra and Quadraspidiotus gigas

采用四臂式嗅觉仪测定了长棒四节蚜小蜂（Pteroptrix longgiclava(Girault)(Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae))和黄胸扑虱蚜小蜂（Encarsia gigas(Tshumakova)(Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)),对健康的小青×黑杨（Populus pseudo-simonii×P.nigra)树皮、被杨圆蚧（Quadraspidiotus gigas(Thiem & Gerneck)）危害的杨树皮、杨圆蚧1齿固定若虫的虫体和介壳的挥发油的趋性反应。测定结果表明：被杨圆蚧危害后的小青×黑杨树皮和杨圆蚧1龄因定若虫的介壳对长棒四节蚜小蜂和黄胸扑虱蚜小蜂成虫具有较大的吸引力。3－7μL介壳挥发油和5－9μL受害杨树皮挥发油对长棒四节蚜小蜂的寄主搜寻行为具有较强的引导作用。虫体的挥发油对小蜂的寄生定位也起到了一定的引诱作用。两种小蜂对健康树皮的挥发油几乎没有反应。图4表1参20。

Composition of Essential Oils of Morus alba Leaves and Chamaecyparis pisifera Outer Heartwood

[Objective] The aim was to explore the composition of essential oils of Morus alba leaves and Chamaecyparis pisifera outer heartwood. [Method] The essential oils of M. alba leaves and C. pisifera outer heartwood were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,respectively. [Result] Alcohols [phytol （59.47%,extracted 3 h for M. alba leaves）,α-cadinol （38.77%,extracted 6 h for C. pisifera outer heartwood）] were their first principal volatile components. Phytol was usually used as pharmaceutical raw material and α-cadinol was a kind of active organic compound with antibacterial function. [Conclusion] The essential oils of M. alba leaves and C. pisifera outer heartwood with hydrodistillation have medicinal value.