Attitudes towards pain management in hospitalized cancer patients and their influencing factors

Objective： To investigate patients＇ attitudes towards cancer pain management and analyze the factors influencing these attitudes.Methods： The self-developed Demographic and Disease-Related Information Questionnaires, Pain Management Barriers Questionnaire-Taiwan form（BQT）, and Pain Knowledge Questionnaire were administered to 363 pairs of hospitalized cancer patients and their caregivers from the oncology departments of 7 hospitals in Beijing, China.Results： The average patient score for attitudes towards pain management was 2.96±0.49. The dimension scores indicated good attitudes in three areas（scores 〈2.5）, ＂Desire to be good＂（2.22±1.04）, ＂Fatalism＂（2.08±0.81） and＂Religious fatalism＂（1.86±1.00）, and poor attitudes in six areas（scores ≥2.5）, ＂Tolerance＂（3.83±0.96）, ＂Use of analgesics as needed（p.r.n.）＂（3.73±1.01）, ＂Addiction＂（3.44±1.05）, ＂Disease progression＂（3.28±1.26）, ＂Distraction of physicians＂（3.16±1.07） and ＂Side effects＂（2.99±0.68）. Two factors were entered into the regression equation：the caregivers＇ attitudes towards cancer pain management and the patients＇ pain knowledge. These two factors explained 23.2% of the total variance in the patients＇ average scores for their attitudes towards cancer pain management.Conclusions： The patients＇ attitudes towards cancer pain management were poor and could be influenced by the caregivers＇ attitudes and the patients＇ pain knowledge, and thus need to be improved.

On Hierarchical Compensation Based Active Disturbance Rejection Control for ACMM Problem of Spacecraft

The attitude control and momentum management(ACMM)problem is quite fundamental for many spacecrafts including space stations,sky laboratories and etc.Instead of single attitude control problem,ACMM problem has to take account of both disturbance rejection and energy optimization.This paper studies the ACMM problem for general spacecraft.A practical active disturbance rejection control architecture is proposed with hierarchical compensation to different kinds of uncertain dynamics or disturbances.In particular,by integrating RLS into ESO,the constant and sinusoidal disturbance terms to be compensated are reconstructed.Also,the LQR law is implemented to achieve the desired performance of control systems after disturbance compensation.Furthermore,quantitative performances of the generalized ESO,the RLS algorithm and the closed-loop tracking system are rigorously analyzed.Finally,the results under 9-DOF semi-physical test environment show the effectiveness of our control method.