Melatonin treatment alleviates chilling injury in mango fruit 'Keitt' by modulating proline metabolism under chilling stress

Mangoes often suffer from low temperature-induced chilling injury (CI) during postharvest cold storage.Therefore,advanced techniques are crucial and in high demand to solve the chilling stress of mango fruit for a higher value.This study addresses chilling stress modulation by investigating the effects of melatonin treatment on CI,proline metabolism,and related gene expressions of ‘Keitt’ mango during cold storage after dipped in 0 (control),0.1 (MT1),and 0.2 mmol L^(-1)(MT2) melatonin solution for 30 min.The results revealed that melatonin treatment in MT1 significantly reduced CI development and increased proline content in mango fruit during cold storage compared to the control.These changes were along with increases in the activity of critical enzymes as well as the expression of encoding genes involved in proline biosynthesis,such as pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS),pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR),ornithine D-aminotransferase (OAT),P5CS2,P5CR2,and OAT3.Additionally,proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and the expression of the PDH3 gene associated with proline dehydrogenation were lower in MT1-treated mangoes than the controlled group.Thus,melatonin treatment has regulated proline metabolism resulting in the accumulation of proline,subsequently contributing to enhancing the chilling tolerance of‘Keitt’mango fruit.

The chemical treatments combined with antagonistic yeast control anthracnose and maintain the quality of postharvest mango fruit

During the storage and transportation of the mango fruit, the major source of disease is anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The objective of this study is to find an appropriate method that not only reduces mango decay but also maintains its postharvest quality. The effects of chemicals, the use of the yeast species Metschnikowia pulcherrima and their combination on storage quality, focusing on the enzyme activity related to disease of Tainong mangos was studied. By immersing the mangoes in M. pulcherrima suspension(1.0×10~8 cfu mL^(–1)), salicylic acid(SA) solution(50 mg L^(–1)) or calcium chloride(CaCl_2) solution(1.0 g L^(–1)), the lesion expansion and decay of the mango fruit caused by C. gloeosporioides could be significantly delayed. These treatments also delayed the changes in quality traits(a~* value, firmness, contents of total soluble solids(TSS) and vitamin C(Vc), while the activities of anti-disease enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase(PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL), chitinase(CHT) and β-1,3-glucanase(GUN) were enhanced as compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the combination of SA solution, CaCl_2 solution and M. pulcherrima suspension presented an additive effect, increasing the efficacy in controlling the disease and maintaining the storage quality of mango fruits. Taken together, our data suggest that the integration of chemical treatments combined with M. pulcherrima could be an alternative to the use of fungicides in postharvest treatment of the mango fruit, specifically for improving storage quality as well as the control of the anthracnose.

Determination of Harvest Maturity for Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>L.) Fruit by Non-Destructive Criteria

Haden, Kent, Palmer, and Keitt mango varieties were studied to establish the relationship of harvest time to 1) seasonal accumulated day-degrees or heat units (˚C), 2) daily rainfall amount (mm), and 3) physical fruit development attributes in order to fix maturity standards for export and local markets. Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications was used. In each case of Haden, Kent, Palmer, and Keitt varieties, physical fruit development attributes established as standard harvest maturity values were: weight (640 g, 836 g, 837 g, and 1104 g, respectively), length (16.31 cm, 16.19 cm, 21.22 cm, and 19 cm, respectively), width (30.97 cm, 33.47 cm, 30.86 cm, and 35.91 cm, respectively), volume (598 cm3, 807 cm3, 772 cm3, and 959 cm3, respectively), density (1.147 g/cm3, 1.076 g/cm3, 1.084 g/cm3, and 1.189 g/cm3, respectively), and indentation (0.25 cm, 0.49 cm, and 0.50 cm, respectively). The intensity of grooves around the stylar-scar end of Palmer fruits was studied and used as maturity index. Index values of 0.075 mls, 0.150 mls, 0.425 mls, and 0.116 mls, respectively, for Haden, Kent, Palmer, and Keitt varieties were recorded as latex exuded at harvest since these values tallied with the other physical harvest maturity index values, and also with those of rain fall and temperature values. Temperature, rainfall, and physical characteristics are therefore important non-destructive criteria for fixing maturity index values for mango fruits.

Effects of Fruit Thinning Severity on Yield and Quality in ‘Sensation’ Mango(Mangifera indica)

Four different fruit thinning severities were tested.The thinning treatments were carried out in October before the occurrence of physiological fruit drop.Different parameters were measured(both qualitative and quantitative)and the results compared among treatments as well as to that of the control.The results showed that where fruit on‘Sensation’mango pani-cles were thinned to two fruit per panicle,a significant difference was obtained for most of the quantitative parameters.The fruits of the treatment where one fruit per panicle was retained and50%panicles removed,produced the best results for most of the qualitative parameters.

Effect of Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) and Ethychlozate on Fruit Development and Quality of Mango Cultivar 'Tainong 1'

The fruit swelling effect of forchlorfenurun （CPPU） and fruit thinning effect of ethychlozate on Tainong 1 mango （Mangifera indica L. cv. ） were studied. Spraying 32 mg/L CPPU at 7 and 21 d post flowering for just once significantly improved the fruit size of mango, but had no significant impact on fruit quality and flavor. Spraying 200 mg/L ethychlozate at 7 d post flowering for just once significantly increased fruit drop rate and single fruit weight of mango; fruit grade was improved and total soluble solid increased to the maximum value, so ethychlozate had good fruit thinning effect.

Current Knowledge of Mango and Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Control in Myanmar: A Review

Mango is one of the largest commercial fruits in Myanmar and the fruit fly, B. dorsalis and B. correcta are the major pests. Mango is a kind of native fruit which can grow well as natural vegetation throughout the entire country under the various climatic conditions. We aimed to point out overuse of insecticide application in agricultural sector of Myanmar and further criteria of effective fruit fly control techniques were also proposed for worldwide ecosystem. Traditional fruit fly control is primarily focused on the uncoordinated use of insecticide applications which is orchard-by-orchard strategy. However, in view of flying distance, this localized strategy is not successful and harms the ecosystem. Occasionally, fruit bagging technique was applied by some farmers. In Myanmar’s agricultural sector, numerous varieties of cheap insecticides which mostly imported from China were plentiful. While conventional insecticide application controls were implemented annually, the population of fruit flies increased year after year, particularly in tropical region. The requirement of technical-scientific research reduced the worldwide fruit fly records. Furthermore, traditional insecticide application approach inhibits the yield and quality of mangoes that have adversely affected international trade. Importantly, in long term period of the entire previous decade, the conventional insecticide application controls make more fruit fly infestation.

Occurrence Regularity of Fruit Physiological Disease Spongy Tissue in Zihua Mango(Mangifera indica L.)

[ Objective ] The aim was to study the occurrence regularity of fruit physiological disease spongy tissue in Zihua mango （Mangifera indica L. ）. [ Meth. od] Main features of disease symptoms of Zihua mango fruit spongy tissue were investigated from 2002 to 2005 ,and the correlation between the incidence of Zihua mango fruit spongy tissue and its external factors （ fruit maturity, fruit size and fruit yield per plant） was analyzed comprehensively. [Result] The main features of disease symptoms appeared depressed cavity in the middle or lower part of fruit, forming spongy-like cavity. Immature fruits basically had no incidence. The dis- ease began to appear before 10 d of maturity. The disease incidence rate had extremely positive correlation with fruit weight, fruit vertical diameter or cross diame- ter. [ Conclusion] The research provides reference for field diagnoses, identification, preharvest and postharvest uninjurous test of fruit physiological disease suonaw tissue.

氯吡苯脲对贵妃杧果果实产量、品质和采后贮运特性的影响

氯吡苯脲(forchlorfenuron,CPPU)是杧果生产上使用的膨大剂,由于使用不规范,造成了品质下降、果实畸形等诸多问题。本研究选用12 a树龄的贵妃杧果树为试材,在盛花期后15 d,喷施不同质量浓度(10、20、60 mg/L)的CPPU,花后15、25、35d各喷1次,共喷3次,生理成熟期后采摘,研究CPPU对贵妃杧果果实产量、品质和采后贮运特性的影响。结果表明:幼果期经10~20 mg/L CPPU处理后能够增加杧果的果形指数、促进果实膨大和产量增加,当CPPU浓度增加至60 mg/L时,果实膨大明显,但会导致产量下降。CPPU处理后,果实采摘时(生理成熟期)果实的叶绿素、类红萝卜素含量明显升高,花色苷明显降低,果皮红度值(a^(*))偏小,其颜色偏绿;完熟期杧果的叶绿素、类红萝卜素含量高,花色苷含量低,高浓度CPPU处理果实果面红色偏少,黄色偏多,果皮a^(*)值偏小,部分果实偏绿色;完熟期的可溶性固形物含量降低,总酸增加,固酸比下降,口感甜度下降,低浓度影响较小,高浓度CPPU处理对内在影响较大。CPPU处理可降低杧果采后病害的发生,果实采后保持较高的硬度,明显延缓杧果储藏期果实软化,明显延长了杧果的贮藏时间,提高了其采后贮运特性。综合以上结论,幼果期喷施CPPU的适宜浓度为10~20 mg/L,盛花期后15~50d果实细胞旺盛分裂期效果最佳,可显著增加单果重和产量,对果实品质和果实转色影响不显著,并能延长贮藏时间,更利于采后贮运保鲜。

不同时期放梢和不同生长阶段喷施多效唑对福建地区爱文杧果成花着果的影响

调查了福建地区爱文杧果在9月上旬至11月下旬3个月内不同时期放梢对结果枝成花着果的影响,分析了结果枝的矿质营养状况,研究了在嫩梢期、转绿期、老熟期3个不同生长阶段喷施不同浓度多效唑(PP333)控、放梢效果及其对成花着果的影响。结果表明:爱文杧果结果枝适宜放梢期范围较大,除当年气候条件能直接影响爱文杧果成花和着果外,结果枝的长度、粗度、叶片数和叶片矿质营养状况也是影响成花和着果的重要因素,在正常年份爱文杧果放梢期最好在9月下旬,这个时期放梢结果枝最长,叶片N元素含量最高,现穗率达100%,平均单枝挂果数最多。多效唑处理时间早、浓度低有利于杧果提早开花,而处理的时间迟、浓度高则比对照延迟开花。在嫩梢期多效唑低质量浓度处理效果优于高质量浓度处理;老熟期则相反,多效唑低质量浓度处理效果低于高质量浓度处理。

金煌芒果花穗处理技术研究

以金煌芒果开花植株为试验对象,研究花穗不同短截时期、主花穗保留长度和侧穗保留数量等不同处理对芒果坐果效应和果实品质的影响。结果表明:于盛花初期短截花穗,主花穗保留3~5 cm,同时保留3~5条侧穗处理效果最佳,空枝率降至24.26%~29.11%,与对照相比降低了17.02%~30.84%;单果重447.87~470.93 g,单株产量86.07~89.07 kg,与对照相比分别提高了50.09%~57.82%和40.32%~45.21%。研究表明,开展短截花穗处理能有效促进挂果,减少植株空枝率,提高单果重和单株产量。

海拔对‘贵妃’芒果果实品质及农艺性状的影响

海拔对于云南芒果种植影响巨大,为研究海拔对芒果果实品质以及农艺性状的影响,本文以元江县的‘贵妃’芒作为研究对象,分析了979.1、802.20、386.0 m三个海拔下‘贵妃’芒的农艺性状和果实品质。结果表明,海拔对树高、主干高度等农艺性状没有明显影响;在叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶柄长方面,海拔386.0 m的优于海拔802.2、979.1 m,且差异明显。单果质量、果实纵径等果实性状,在海拔802.2 m时最好。总糖、总酸随着海拔的升高而降低;海拔对蛋白质的影响较小;综合农艺性状、果实品质得出,海拔802.2 m优于386.0、979.1 m。海拔对芒果生长发育的影响研究,对芒果最适种植区域的选择具有重要意义。

暹罗芽孢杆菌N-1对芒果果实采后贮藏品质和诱导抗病性的影响

为探究拮抗菌暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis N-1)对芒果果实贮藏品质和抗病性的影响,以‘台农’芒果为试材,经过菌液浸泡处理后于25℃下贮藏,并对芒果果实采后贮藏品质、抗病相关酶活性及对应基因转录水平变化进行了分析。结果表明:与对照(蒸馏水处理)相比,B.siamensis N-1处理能够有效抑制‘台农’芒果病情指数的升高,减少丙二醛(MDA)积累,延缓果实硬度下降,保持较高的总黄酮含量,维持过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLU)、几丁质酶(CHT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和查尓酮异构酶(CHI)活性。转录组数据分析表明共有9987个差异表达基因,主要富集在植物激素信号转导途径、代谢途径、光合作用途径、次生代谢物的生物合成途径以及光合作用-天线蛋白途径中。B.siamensis N-1显著诱导了PAL和WRKY转录因子的基因表达量的上调。综上,暹罗芽孢杆菌可有效维持芒果果实的贮藏品质,诱导果实抗病相关基因表达,抑制病害的发生。

不同浓度噻苯隆对芒果果实品质和有机酸组分的影响

为探讨不同浓度噻苯隆处理与果实营养成分及有机酸组分含量的相关性,筛选在芒果生产中噻苯隆的最佳施用浓度。以8、16、32、64mg/L4个浓度梯度的噻苯隆浸泡芒果小果2次,测定不同浓度噻苯隆处理后果实大小、果形、营养成分和有机酸含量,并探讨噻苯隆浓度与这些指标的相关性。结果表明:不同浓度噻苯隆处理对芒果果实生长具有较明显的作用,随着噻苯隆浓度的升高,贵妃芒果单果重、纵径、横径均呈增加趋势,且均呈极显著正相关;果实可滴定酸含量也随噻苯隆浓度的增加而提高,而可溶性糖、维生素C含量均与噻苯隆浓度呈负相关,其中可溶性糖相关系数为-0.982,达到极显著水平;32mg/L噻苯隆处理芒果蛋白质含量最高。芒果主要有机酸组分为柠檬酸、莽草酸、苹果酸和奎尼酸,其中柠檬酸含量占比为43.46%,其次为莽草酸,占比18.28%。噻苯隆浓度与芒果柠檬酸、莽草酸含量均呈负相关,其中与柠檬酸含量相关性达极显著水平;与苹果酸、奎尼酸含量均呈正相关,但均未达到显著水平。施用噻苯隆可促进芒果生长,提高单果重和纵横比,对果实内在品质也有一定的影响,其浓度影响程度总体为64mg/L>32mg/L>16mg/L>8mg/L。

香草硫缩病醚对芒果花果的调控作用研究

催花不整齐和果实品质下降是当前反季节芒果生产中面临的重要难题。本文评价了植物免疫诱抗剂香草硫缩病对芒果成花、幼果生长和果实品质的影响。结果表明,100μg/mL香草硫缩病醚具有最强的促花、促果和改善果实品质的作用。其中,在芒果的控稍期和开花期分别施药后,100μg/mL香草硫缩病醚处理的新增芒果花序抽生率分别达到36%和133%,与CK处理的7.32%和22.22%差异显著。同样,100μg/mL香草硫缩病醚促进幼果膨大,并使芒果的坐果率提高到37.77%,并提高芒果中维生素C、可滴定酸含量和单果重,改善果实品质。

带皮芒果汁复合稳定剂配方的研究

文章以带皮芒果果汁为原料,通过正交试验和响应面试验,研究果胶、海藻酸钠和羧甲基纤维钠等稳定剂对果汁稳定性的影响,结果表明:通过带皮芒果汁稳定性的正交试验可知,其最佳工艺条件参数是:羧甲基纤维素钠为0.20%,黄原胶为0.08%,海藻酸钠为0.18%,果胶为0.14%,该条件下最佳悬浮稳定性为69.12%;响应面试验最佳工艺条件参数是:羧甲基纤维素钠为0.199%、果胶为0.1185%、海藻酸钠为0.163%、黄原胶为0.077%,在该条件下的悬浮稳定性为70.32%。响应面试验所得出的带皮芒果汁稳定性最佳工艺条件优于正交试验,且影响芒果稳定性的各因素顺序均为:海藻酸钠(C)>羧甲基纤维素钠(A)>果胶(D)>黄原胶(B)。

Evaluation of Soil Water Management Difference in Mango Orchards between Thailand and Japan

The objective of this study is to evaluate the difference of the soil water management in mango orchards between the varieties of “Irwin” in Japanand “Nam Dok Mai” inThailand. Field observations were conducted in mango orchards in Okinawa, Japan and Phrao, Thailand to clarify the water management practices. Measurement of the hourly soil water content in Phrao indicated that the irrigation was scarce and the volumetric water content in the soil was maintained almost constant. in the flowering season. This can be the farmers’ practice for flower induction. After the flowering season, irrigation was frequent in order to produce the large fruit. In the harvest season, the soil water content was relatively high because of frequent irrigation and rainfall. In Okinawa, the volumetric water content was maintained at the same level in a relatively deep layer. The result at the5 cmdepth indicated that the farmer carefully controlled the soil water content. In the flowering season, the soil water content was relatively low. While the orchard was managed empirically, the volumetric water content near the soil surface was maintained over 25% during the harvest season. This result indicates that the farmer performed the good soil water management to enhance mango fruit quality even without technical measurement. A numerical model describing the soil water and heat transfers was introduced to predict the farmer’s empirical soil water management in Okinawa. Using the meteorological data in March 2010, the irrigation regime was predicted using the simulated soil water content. In the flowering season, the farmer irrigated when the soil surface water content reached 14%. Based on this criterion for the empirical soil water management, the simulation result indicated that the farmer irrigated four times in this period. The numerical model presented here can be useful for evaluating the differences in water management practices of local farmers.

Physicochemical, Nutritional, Organoleptic Characteristics and Food Applications of Four Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>) Varieties

Physicochemical characteristics of four varieties of mango (Julie, Bassignac, Green and Moussache) from Martinique (F.W.I.) were examined at three ripening stages. All ripening protocols studied showed an evolution in parameters between the harvesting and the expandable stage. Fruit and pulp firmness, starch and vitamin C contents decreased whereas pulp pH and carotenoids content increased. Only fruit size and polyphenols content were the same during the ripening. Bassignac and Julie varieties were richer in vitamin C, polyphenols and carotenoids. Moussache variety was the most energetic with important carbohydrates content. The Green variety differed significantly with a light-coloured pulp, low fruity odour and mango flavour, and a specific slightly sweet, very sour, bitter and astringent taste. Moussache and Bassignac varieties had a very sweet taste unlike the Julie variety with a specific slightly sweeter taste. Different processing methods were tested for each variety. Mangoes technological ability processing had been validated.

芒果果实果肉溃败病研究进展

果肉溃败是严重影响芒果产业发展的1种采前果实生理性病害,在世界各芒果产区很多品种上均有发现.已有研究表明,芒果果肉溃败不仅与其自身遗传因素有关,而且与栽培管理方式及外部环境条件相关.分析了芒果果肉溃败病发病特征,及其与品种特性、营养元素(钙、氮、钾、镁)、果实套袋和温度等之间的关系,提出了未来芒果果肉溃败发病机制研究方向和防治技术措施.

芒果花果期蓟马群落结构变化

为了解芒果花果期蓟马群落结构的变化情况,用拍打法定期定点监测了海南省乐东、东方和儋州三地不同果园内花果期蓟马种类及其数量的变化情况,为芒果园蓟马的监测与适时防控提供数据支撑。三地共采集到2科8属18种蓟马,其中儋州果园的蓟马物种丰富度最高(16种),乐东和东方分别为11种和9种;茶黄蓟马Scirtothrips dorsalis、花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa及黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis为海南芒果园普遍发生的恒有种。乐东、东方及儋州三地果园蓟马群落的多样性指数(H′)分别为1.153、0.834和1.371,均匀度指数分别为0.481、0.379和0.494,表明不同种类数量分布不均一,其中优势种花蓟马在群落中的数量较大。三地果园花期不同阶段芒果植株上的蓟马种类数及虫口数均表现为花穗初抽期少,随着花穗抽长蓟马种类数及虫口数均逐渐增加,至盛花或谢花期种类数达最多,其中儋州盛花期种类多达13种;座果后,特别是小果期种类数及虫口数均迅速下降。成虫与若虫在种群中的占比随芒果花期的发展有明显变化,三地果园总体变化趋势相似,表现为花穗初抽期以成虫为主,占种群总量的比例达95.0%~100%;随着花穗抽长,成虫占比逐渐下降,至谢花或座果期达最低,随后再升高。芒果花期不同阶段若虫占比与该阶段至座果期所需时间呈显著正相关。本研究明确了海南不同地区芒果园的蓟马种类,以茶黄蓟马、花蓟马及黄胸蓟马为海南普遍发生的恒有种。芒果花果期蓟马群落结构的多样性指数(H′)以儋州最高,为1.371。花穗抽长期蓟马开始迁入果园,其种类数及虫口数均逐渐增加,至盛花或谢花期种类数达最多;座果后,蓟马开始迁出。

不同有机酸处理对芒果胎萌穿根、果实品质及耐贮性的影响

以芒果品种Keitt为试验材料,从果实生育期120 d起,多次喷施浓度为1 mmol/L的4种有机酸(水杨酸、苹果酸、香草酸、柠檬酸),以清水为对照。于果实生育期200 d采集果实,研究不同有机酸处理对芒果胎萌穿根、果实品质及耐贮性的影响。结果表明:有机酸处理能延缓芒果胎萌进程,抑制胎萌具有时效性,降低穿根率和抑制种子主根生长均效果显著;有机酸处理通过减轻芒果胎萌穿根影响果实品质和采后果实耐贮性,提高维生素C含量,降低维生素E、可滴定酸含量,正调控维生素C含量的积累,负调控维生素E和可滴定酸含量的积累;明显延缓芒果常温贮藏前期果实成熟进程,显著降低常温贮藏期间果实发病率。综合比较认为,在芒果果实生育期喷施浓度为1 mmol/L的柠檬酸对减轻芒果胎萌穿根危害、提升果实品质及耐贮性的效果较好。