Recent advances in the study of epitopes,allergens and immunologic cross-reactivity of edible mango

Mango(Mangifera indica L.)is a tropical fruit that is widely consumed as both fresh fruits and processed products around the world.The high incidence of mango allergy,on the other hand,has sparked widespread concern.Therefore,a summary and analysis of the current status and issues in mango allergen research can guide in-depth study on the mechanism of mango allergy and reveal effective desensitization methods.We described the incidence of fruit allergy,as well as the mechanism and clinical symptoms of mango allergy,in this review.We also looked into the structural properties of mango allergens,the effect of processing methods on mango allergens,prediction methods for mango allergen epitopes,and the current state of research on mango cross-reactive allergens and preventive measures.Finally,the research directions and ideas for the future are proposed and discussed.

Curcuminoids Inhibit Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

The growth rate method was adopted to measure the inhibitory effect of curcumin,tetrahydrocurcumin,demethoxycurcumin,and bisdemethoxycurcumin on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.The results showed that the four curcuminoids inhibited the mycelial growth of the two pathogens in a concentration-dependent manner.Bisdemethoxycurcumin at 600 mg/L exerted the strongest inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of B.cinerea and C.gloeosporioides,with the relative inhibition rates of 98.19%and 100%,respectively;followed by demethoxycurcumin;curcumin exerted the worst inhibitory effect.Toxicity test results also showed that four curcuminoids all had a certain toxicity to B.cinerea and C.gloeosporioides,among which,bisdemethoxycurcumin exhibited the strongest toxicity,with the EC_(50)of 131.125 and 122.235 mg/L,respectively;while curcumin had the lowest toxicity,with the EC_(50)of 273.143 and 194.943 mg/L,respectively.

Effects of Incorporating Mango (Mangifera indica), Avocado (Persea americana) and Guava (Psidium guajava) Leaves Powder in the Ration on Growth Characteristics in Rabbits

A study conducted on burgundy rabbits evaluated the effects of rations containing mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana) and guava (Psidium guajava) powder. For this purpose, 36 rabbits (20 males and 16 females) aged 60 to 70 days with an average weight of 1012 ± 133 g were divided randomly into 4 equal groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) of 9 animals each according to body weight (bw). The rabbits were divided throughout the trial, the animals were fed, those of group T0 (control) with a standard feed without any type of leaf powder, while those of groups 1, 2 and 3 received the standard feed supplemented with Mangifera indica, Persea americana and Psidium guajava leaves powder at the rate of 0.5% respectively. After two months of treatment, the animals were fasted for 12 hours (20 h - 8 h) and sacrificed to evaluate carcass and digestive organ weights. The results revealed that the values of feed intake, live weight and weight gain were non-significantly (p > 0.05) increased in all animals regardless of the ration in reference to the control. The different leaves powder induced an increase in carcass yield in rabbits but this increase was only significant (p M. indica leaf powder (51.03 ± 0.24) as compared to the control (48.63 ± 0.74). Gut length was significantly increased in animals fed rations containing Psidium guajava and Persea americana leaves powder compared to the control. A significant increase in gut weight was observed in animals fed the Persea americana leaf supplemented ration. In general, mango leaf powder performed better than other types of powders.

Study on Compound Stabilizer Formulation for Mango Juice with Skin

[Objectives]The effects of stabilizers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,pectin,sodium alginate and xanthan gum on the stability of mango juice with skin were discussed using mango as the raw material.[Methods]The formula and stability of mango beverage with skin were studied using mango juice with skin as the raw material.Four stabilizers,including pectin,sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,were added to improve the stability of the juice.Based on single factor experiments and a response surface experiment,the stability model of mango juice was established to determine the best compound stabilizer.[Results]According to an orthogonal experiment on the stability of mango juice with skin,the optimum technical parameters were as follows:sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.20%,xanthan gum 0.08%,sodium alginate 0.18%,and pectin 0.14%,with which the optimal suspension stability was 69.12%.The optimum technical parameters from the response surface experiment were as follows:sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.199%,pectin 0.1185%,sodium alginate 0.163%,and xanthan gum 0.077%,with which the suspension stability was 70.32%.It was found that the stability of mango juice with skin obtained by the response surface experiment was better than that by the orthogonal experiment,and the order of factors affecting the stability of mango was sodium alginate(C)>sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(A)>pectin(D)>xanthan gum(B).[Conclusions]The formula of compound stabilizer for mango juice was optimized by the orthogonal experiment and the response surface method,providing a theoretical basis for the actual production of mango juice with skin.

Technical-Economic Performance, Carcass and Meat Quality of COBB500 Broilers Fed Rations Incorporating Mango By-Product Feeds in Ivory Coast (West Africa)

The study evaluated the growth performance and carcass quality of COBB500 broilers fed two experimental rations incorporating feed and mango fine ED10 for a batch of 83 birds, ED20 (batch of 83 birds) in comparison with a commercial control ration CCD (84 birds). For this purpose, 250 day-old chicks of this breed were purchased in Korhogo and transported to Tengréla in Ivory Coast for rearing. The results show that substituting mango provender ans and mango seed flour for maize resulted in rations with costs per kgMS of 215.35FCFA, 2016.93FCFA and 320FCFA for the ED10, ED20 and CCD rations respectively. The production costs per kg of chicken (FCPkgLW) of the CCD ration were significantly higher than those of the ED10 and ED20 (p 0.05). ADGs were significantly different and decreasing from CCD, ED20 to ED10 (p 0.05). Average weights at 42nd day for ED20 and CCD were homogeneous (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than for ED10 (p 0.05). By day 49th the average weight of ED20 had reached and exceeded that of CCD by day 42nd. PSLW, HCW and CCW were significantly different and decreasing from CCW, ED20 to ED10 (p 0.05). Average hot (HCY) and cooled (CCY) carcass yields of ED20 and CCD rations were comparable (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than those of ED10 ration (p = 0.009) and 0.003). Average drumstick and neck weights were significantly higher and lower for CCD, ED20 and ED10 (p 0.05). For all other parts of the cut, the average weights of the CCD ration were significantly higher (p 0.05) than those of the ED20 and ED10 rations, which were homogeneous (p 0.05). The incorporation of mango provender and mango seed flour in broiler rations offers the prospect of reduced production costs, less competition between man and animals over cereals, and lean meat production that is more appreciated than that of chickens fed conventional feed. As it stands, the ED20 ration can be recommended as a growth diet for broilers. It would be necessary to determine the levels of anti-nutritional substances in mango feeds and to assess the in vivo digestibility of mango ingredients and the diets incorporating them.

An Application of Machine Learning Methods to Detect Mango Varieties

The mango, a fruit of immense economic and dietary significance in numerous tropical and subtropical regions, plays a pivotal role in our agricultural landscape. Accurate identification is not just a necessity, but a crucial step for effective classification, sorting, and marketing. This study delves into the potential of machine learning for this task, comparing the performance of four models: MobileNetV2, Xception, VGG16, and ResNet50V2. These models were trained on a dataset of annotated mango images, and their performance was evaluated using precision, accuracy, F1 score, and recall, which are standard metrics for image classification. The Xception model, with its exceptional performance, outshone the other models on all performance indicators. It achieved a staggering accuracy of 99.47%, an F1 score of 99.43%, and a recall of 99.43%, showcasing its remarkable ability to accurately identify mango varieties. MobileNetV2 followed closely with performances of 98.95% accuracy, 98.85% F1 score, and 98.86% recall. ResNet50V2 also delivered satisfactory results with 97.39% accuracy, 97.08% F1 score, and 97.17% recall. VGG16, however, was the least effective, with a precision rate of 83.25%, an F1 score of 83.25%, and a recall of 85.47%. These results confirm the superiority of the Xception model in detecting mango varieties. Its advanced architecture allows it to capture more distinguishing features of mango images, leading to greater precision and reliability. Xception’s robustness in identifying true positives is another advantage, minimizing false positives and contributing to more accurate classification. This study highlights the promising potential of machine learning, particularly the Xception model, for accurately identifying mango varieties.

Hexavalent Chromium Cr (VI) Removal from Water by Mango Kernel Powder

Metal trace elements (MTE) are among the most harmful micropollutants of natural waters. Eliminating them helps improve the quality and safety of drinking water and protect human health. In this work, we used mango kernel powder (MKP) as bioadsorbent material for removal of Cr (VI) from water. Uv-visible spectroscopy was used to monitor and quantify Cr (VI) during processing using the Beer-Lambert formula. Some parameters such as pH, mango powder, mass and contact time were optimized to determine adsorption capacity and chromium removal rate. Adsorption kinetics, equilibrium, isotherms and thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG˚, ΔH˚, and ΔS˚, as well as FTIR were studied to better understand the Cr (VI) removal process by MKP. The adsorption capacity reached 94.87 mg/g, for an optimal contact time of 30 min at 298 K. The obtained results are in accordance with a pseudo-second order Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. Finally FTIR was used to monitor the evolution of absorption bands, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were used to evaluate surface properties and morphology of the adsorbent.

Integrated Approaches of Mechanical Barrier, Insecticide and Botanicals against Mango Mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae)

An experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of a mechanical barrier around the tree trunk with one spray of Cypermethrin @ 1 ml/l and turmeric powder extract @ 15 g/500ml of water applied in integrated approaches against mango mealybug on mango tree. There were 7 treatments including a control. The treatments were Mechanical barrier, Cypermethrin spray @ 1 ml/l, Turmeric powder spray @ 15 g/500ml of water, Cypermethrin spray + Turmeric spray, Cypermethrin spray + Mechanical barrier, Turmeric + Mechanical barrier and untreated control. Three-year-old mango plants grafted from a 5-year-old mango tree (Variety Amropali) and planted in pots were used in the experiment. The treatment, Cypermethrin spray + Mechanical barrier gave the highest reduction of mango mealybug population 87.06% to 93.90% followed by Turmeric spray + Mechanical barrier and showed 81.13% to 86.04% and Mechanical barrier alone showed 81.13% to 84.59% population reduction. Turmeric powder extract showed only (8.42% to 23.77%) population reduction of mango mealybug which was lowest compared to other treatments.

塔里木盆地塔北隆起天然气轻烃地球化学特征及应用

通过分析塔里木盆地塔北隆起天然气中轻烃组分的特征，认为塔北隆起油型气、煤型气和混合型3类天然气藏中轻烃的分布特征具有明显的差异。分布在英买力低凸起和哈拉哈塘凹陷的油型气，其轻烃组分中正构烷烃和正庚烷的相对含量较高；分布在轮台断隆的煤型气，其轻烃组分中异构烷烃、甲基环己烷和苯的相对含量较高；分布在东河塘断裂带附近的混源气，其轻烃组分中苯、甲基环己烷和正庚烷的相对含量均较高。根据甲烷碳同位素和轻烃成熟度参数估算的成熟度特征，认为提尔根、羊塔克断裂带和英买32潜山构造带天然气至少应存在两期成藏；英买7、东河塘断裂带和英买2潜山构造带天然气为一期成藏。天然气中轻烃参数显示，轮台断隆西段的天然气具有自库车坳陷向塔北前缘隆起带运移充注的特征。

典型海相油和典型煤成油轻烃组成特征及地球化学意义

通过对塔里木盆地塔中隆起典型海相原油和吐哈盆地典型煤成油的轻烃组分、Mango参数和成熟度等分析后发现:2类原油轻烃组分含量差异明显,塔中隆起海相油富含正庚烷,吐哈盆地煤成油则富含甲基环己烷;塔中隆起海相油Mango参数K1值分布在0.97～1.19之间,与Mango所报道的结果相一致,而吐哈盆地煤成油的K1值却异常高(1.35～1.66);塔中隆起海相油成熟度参数庚烷值(32.3%～45.4%)和异庚烷值(1.9～3.7)高于煤成油,已处于高成熟阶段,塔中隆起典型海相油的形成温度要明显高于吐哈盆地煤成油。

塔中北斜坡原油轻烃组成及地球化学特征

塔中北斜坡原油为低硫、低蜡的典型腐泥型母质来源的原油,其苯含量低,正己烷和环己烷含量较高,正庚烷含量高,二甲基环戊烷含量极低,说明藻类和细菌是主要的烃源。该斜坡原油的Mango轻烃参数K1值主要分布在1左右,平均值为1.11,除个别井(塔中24井)K1值偏离较大之外,基本上与Mango所做结论一致;K2值普遍较低,平均值为0.21,为典型的海相油特征;原油庚烷值大于30%,异庚烷值也大于2.0,表明原油已处于高成熟阶段。

莺-琼盆地原油成熟度研究

运用反映原油整体面貌及反映原油组成的成熟度参数对莺-琼盆地原油(凝析油)进行综合研究后认为,莺-琼盆地原油(凝析油)主体可能是成油高峰期的产物,但有程度不同的未熟—低熟原油的混入。凝析油并不一定是高温裂解的产物,在相应地质条件下,正常的成熟度也可形成凝析油。金刚烷业已用于原油成熟度研究,但在莺—琼盆地未熟—低熟油样品抽提物中均发现了单、双金刚烷,说明金钢烷不一定只受高温条件的控制,其形成还可能受沉积环境的影响,故将金刚烷参数用作成熟度指标时要慎重。

Mango轻烃参数在塔里木原油分类中的应用

根据Ｍａｎｇｏ稳态催化动力学轻烃成因模式所得到的参数可作为塔里木盆地原油分类的有效指标。不同成因原油之间Ｋ２［Ｐ３／（Ｐ２＋Ｎ２）］值有明显的变化，在海相油中其平均值（０．２０～０．２３）较低，陆相油中（０．２９～０．３６）较高，表明该参数与源岩的有机质类型及沉积环境性质有关。Ｎ１６／Ｎ１５和（Ｎ１６＋Ｎ１５）／（Ｐ２＋Ｐ３＋Ｎ２）等不同结构类型轻烃化合物的比值能区分海、陆原油。不同成因原油的Ｃ７轻烃组成反映出不同的碳环优势（ＲＰ），海相原油轻烃富含二甲基环戊烷（５ＲＰ），而陆相原油以甲基环已烷占优势（６ＲＰ）。

塔里木盆地塔中地区原油轻烃组成特征及其意义

塔里木盆地塔中地区原油总体上相对富含链烷烃，贫芳烃，苯的含量很低，正己烷和己烷含量较高，处于高成熟阶段，所经历的最高温度为115～128℃，除个别井原油表现为高K1值外，其他样品K1值与Mango所做的结论一致。

Study on Biological Habits and Control of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood on Mangoes

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the biological habits of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood and methods for controlling this pest. [Method] From 2009 to 2011, the biological habits of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood and the regularity of its occurrence on mangoes were investigated at the experimental base of the Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shuanghongqiao Mango Orchard in Baoshan, Yunnan Province. In addition, a field trial on the effects of four medicaments on controlling this pest was also conducted. [Result] The result showed that Scirothrips dorsalis Hood completed 10-12 genera- tions per year in Baoshan area, and the peak period of its incidence was from February to April. The results of the pest control testing showed that at 0.05 level, there were significant differences of effect on pest controlling among the treatments I, II and IV, and the treatment III showed significant differences of controlling effect with the treatment IV, while no significant differences with either the treatment I or the treatment II; at 0.01 level, there was no significant difference among the treat- ments I, II and III, while all the three treatments showed significant differences with treatment IV. [Conclusion] This study revealed that the occurrence and the severity of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood on mangoes in Baoshan, Yunnan Province. In addition, pesticides with certain efficacy on controlling Scirothrips dorsalis Hood were screened, which provides more options for fruit growers to control this pest on mangoes.

Genetic Diversity Analysis and Fingerprint Construction of Major Mango Cultivars in China

[Objective] The genetic diversity of major mango cultivars in China was analyzed by using SSR markers, and their fingerprints were constructed so as to provide theoretical basis for germplasm innovation and breeding of mango. [Method] With 115 pairs of SSR primers, genetic diversity analysis and cluster analysis were performed for 30 mango cultivars, among which the genetic relationships were analyzed. [Result] Total 64 pairs of polymorphic primers were screened out from the 115 pairs of primers, and total 343 bands were amplified from the 30 cultivars with 73.2% of polymorphic bands. On average, 3.9 allelic loci were detected for each pair of primers with genetic diversity index of 0.5, Shannon＇s diversity index of 1.00 and polymorphism information content of 0.49, indicating higher genetic diversity. The cluster analysis showed that the 30 major cultivars could be classified into four categories. The first category included 14 cultivars; the second category included 11 cultivars, most of which were introduced from abroad; the third category included 4 cultivars, Le., Miansan, Parayinda, Baiyu and Hongxiangya： the fourth category included only one cultivar Maqiesu.By using 7 pairs of SSR markers, i.e., M42, M49, M54, M55, M96, M99 and M103, digital fingerprints were constructed for the 30 mango cultivars. [Conclusion] The 30 mango cultivars present more complex genomic genetics and abundant genetic information, and they have higher genetic diversity.

天然气伴生凝析油Mango参数的成因内涵——以渤海湾盆地上古生界为例

研究表明,渤海湾盆地石炭—二叠系煤成天然气伴生凝析油和第三系天然气伴生凝析油之间,K1、K2、P2与N2/P3等轻烃Mango参数存在较明显不同的变化规律,这表明Mango参数与源岩有机质类型密切相关,可用于不同成因类型天然气的判识。

Study on the Degradation Dynamics of Spraying Imidacloprid and Buprofezin before and After Mango Bagging

The four treatments of spraying water the control, spraying before bagging, spraying after bagging, spraying without bagging were conducted by spraying 38% of the mixed suspension agent of imidacloprid and buprofezin, and high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was used to test the imidacloprid and buprofezin residues on mango. The results showed that in 0.05-0.5 mg/kg adding level, the average recovery rate of imidacloprid and buprofezin was 82.6-93.8%, and 101.4-104.2%, respectively, and the relative deviation （RSD） was 1.9-4.5%, 9.3-15.6%, respectively. The minimum detectable amounts of both imidacloprid and buprofezin on mango were 0.01 mg/kg. The half-life periods of imidacloprid under the treatments of spraying before bagging, spraying after bagging and spraying without bagging were 16.74, 6.38, and 8.10 d, respectively, and the half-life periods of buprofezin under the treatments of spraying before bagging and spraying without bagging were 9.72 and 9.23 d, respectively. The residual of buprofezin was low in the treatment of spraying after bagging, and the amount detected in the 3rd day had already below the detectable limit. Bagging treatment reduced the digestion rate of 2 kinds of pesticides in mango, and imidacloprid had strong systemic in mango.

保险公司基于资本成本的EVA评价模型

保险产品中内嵌了保险公司在损失发生后对保单持有人进行补偿的保证,而这种保证是具有成本的。其成本来源于对保险资本的占用和使用,体现为保险资本的占用成本和使用成本,会造成保险公司经济价值的减少。Mango对这一问题进行了研究,但Mango模型忽略了大数法则的影响,造成对保险资本成本的过高估计。文章对Mango模型进行修正,提出了一个新的EVA评价模型。

致密砂岩气藏油气轻烃特征及其地质意义——以四川盆地西北部须家河组气藏为例

四川盆地西北部上三叠统须家河组天然气、凝析油样品的C_7及C_5-C_7轻烃分布显示出油气主要来源于富含腐殖型干酪根的煤系泥岩与煤岩,该区油气样品的K_1值平均为1.04,整体相关性较好;K_2值差异较大,相关系数也较低,母体—子体比值梓潼凹陷须家河组呈现出较强的离散型。利用庚烷值、异庚烷值及MANGO稳态催化动力学等方法计算表明,天然气处于成熟—高成熟演化阶段,明显低于该区烃源岩实测成熟度及天然气δ^(13)C_1值计算的成熟度。梓潼凹陷须家河组凝析油及天然气轻烃星状指纹图分析显示,同一构造不同层位、同一层位不同构造油气可对比性较差,表明该区油气藏内部砂体之间的连通性较差,油气成藏以近源短距离运聚为主。由于该区储层早期已达致密演化阶段,从而导致在封闭—半封闭的地质环境中,天然气受不同热演化阶段天然气的累积效应影响,而凝析油受到同源不同期的天然气多次气侵而产生"蒸发分馏"效应影响,导致部分轻烃参数在应用过程中出现偏差。