Comparison of Testing Clothing Thermal Resistance on 2 Thermal Manikins

The paper compares clothing thermal resistance of the same ensemble tested by different thermal manikins in different laboratories. It also examines the consistence of the two groups of total thermal resistance by Paired-Sample T Test method, which proves that there is no remarkable difference in testing results under the same experiment method and requirement. It is of great significance in promoting the application of thermal manikin testing technology and academic exchange among different institutes.

基于Pro/E Manikin的旋耕施肥播种一体机人机评价与造型设计

为提高旋耕施肥播种一体机的易用性、舒适性及美观性,在运用行为分析法构建用户行为模型的基础上,利用Pro/E Manikin对一体机进行人机交互评价与造型设计。在导入初步方案三维模型的基础上,构建Pro/E Manikin人机交互环境,利用RULA姿态分析和可触及包络模块对旋耕施肥播种一体机的舒适性进行评价与验证,并完成产品的造型设计。将Pro/E Manikin人机交互模块应用于一体机造型设计,有利于从用户行为指导设计,改善产品的人机关系,为相关农机产品设计提供参考。

基于行为分析的叉车驾驶室造型设计研究

目的现有的车辆人机分析过程,多以车辆本体为研究对象,驾驶员被动匹配,忽略了以用户为中心的设计原则。基于驾驶员主动驾驶行为的研究,可以系统地进行人机工程学分析,为叉车驾驶室造型设计提供有效的指导。方法首先分析驾驶员行为与叉车造型的映射关系,通过任务分析法和动素分析法,研究叉车驾驶员的上车行为与驾驶行为,提取关键动作及序列;依据ECRS原则进行行为优化,关联归纳现有叉车造型存在的问题,为创新设计提供目标方向。结果依据分析结果对叉车驾驶室进行了创新方案的设计,并通过Proe软件的Manikin模块,验证了创新设计方案的可用性。结论最后总结出了基于驾驶行为分析的工程车辆驾驶室的造型设计流程,为现有工程车辆驾驶室的造型设计提供了系统性指导。

基于RULA方法的拖拉机驾驶室人机优化研究

人机工程学设计是拖拉机驾驶室设计中非常重要的部分。本文以RULA方法(上肢快速评估法)为核心对各类部件的进行分类,并且对其操纵舒适性进行评价与分级,依据这种评估方法的思想,分析不同操纵方式下人体上肢关节的舒适活动范围,同时以H点为参考建立人体上肢简化模型;依据建立的人体上肢简化模型与关节活动范围,对操纵部件的最优分布情况进行求解,得出方向盘的最佳分布范围,以及侧控台的最佳设计高度为高出H点42~98mm以及266~434mm这两个高度范围之内,此时最佳分布范围为环绕驾驶员753cm^2与899cm^2的类扇形区域。最后依据所得结论对K1804型号拖拉机驾驶室进行优化设计,采用Creo中的Manikin模块对设计结果进行验证,得出RULA值均小于2,验证研究结论有效。该研究方法为拖拉机驾驶室人机工程学设计提供一定的参考。

Effects of Dressing Poses on Clothing Thermal Insulation

With a thermal manikin, the effects of dressing poses on clothing thermal insulation are studied. It is found that the thermal insulation of still air layer over human body has not been influenced by the dressing poses, but the dressing poses have effects on the thermal insulation of clothing system.

基于Pro/E Manikin的本田节能车人机工程学仿真分析

通过Pro/E搭建的整车CAD模型,利用Pro/E Manikin模块,在人体库中选用与驾驶员体型相一致的人体模型,对其进行人机工程学分析,通过对实验结果的分析、优化,最终使人机工程学研究的驾驶员的坐姿舒适性、视野性能及手伸界面的评价达到设计要求。

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MANIKIN TO SIMULATE THE THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF PREMATURE INFANTS

This paper describes a manikin (also known as mannequin) to simulate the thermal physiology of premature infants and experiments performed on it.The performance of the manikin is shown to compare well with that a selection of premature infants in terms of their rate of heat loss.

Study on the Heat Insulation Property of Down Jackets in Relation to Down Content

Based on the heat transferring theory in the human-clothing-environment system, the heat insulation property and changing pattern of down jackets in relation to its down content is mainly dealt with. By the heated-manikin testing and the mathematical analysis to the testing data, the existence of the optimum down content is found. Furthermore the reason and mechanism of the relation between down content and clothing’s heat insulation property are explained.

Thermal Insulation Distribution Pattern of Layered Clothing Ensemble

With a thermal manikin, the distribution pattern of thermal insulation in multi-layered clothing ensemble is studied. It is found that the thermal insulation of multi-layered clothing ensemble has certain statistical relationship with the thermal insulation of each layer, and the prediction equation has been established.

Heat Production Rate Calculation of Thermal Manikin with a Compensation Method

Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and analysis ofrelated factors,the heat production rate of manikin isrecommended as an efficient evaluation index.Whereas,its inside heat production which occurs as a result of theexistence of temperature difference between its insidepart and outside surface,should not be ignored.Through a series of theoretical analysis and calculations,a compensative equation is deduced in this paper.

Development of a New-type Sweating Manikin System

A new type of sweating manikin system has been developed to evaluate thermal insulation and moisture evaporative resistance of clothing, which is reliable, easy control and low cost. In this paper the manikin system was reported and discussed from the aspects of system construction, work principles, figure formation, simulated sweating system, and technical properties.

Airflow Distribution Measurements around the Human Body Using a Thermal Manikin by Particle Image Velocimetry

The human body is a heat source in a room. As the human body has a complex shape, it is difficult to accurately measure the airflow distribution around the human body using a conventional anemometer. This study measured the airflow distribution around a thermal manikin acting as a human body by visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The thermal manikin was 1700 mm in height, and its surface temperature was set to 30oC. The experiments were performed in the conditions when the manikin was seated on a chair. The ambient air temperature and wind velocity were experimental variables. The airflow distribution around the manikin was reported by considering the relationships between convection and ambient wind velocity. There were no differences in the airflow distribution around the manikin due to the ambient air temperature when the wind velocity in the chamber was set as 1.0 m/s. Hence, it was assumed that the ambient wind velocity was dominant in this condition. Various airflow distributions were formed around the manikin due to the difference between the body surface temperature and the ambient air temperature in the case where the wind velocity in the chamber was set to approximately equal to 0.0 m/s.

Thermal Manikin of Infant

Compared to an adult, an infant requires more consideration regarding the thermal environment so it is necessary to evaluate the thermal environment as it affects infants. However, experiments on infant subjects regarding their thermal environment based on the different heat balance of their body cannot ethically be conducted. We could instead consider using a thermal model for the human body, but thermal manikins based on heat transfer per unit area are rare. Therefore, this study aims to develop a thermal manikin to model the heat transfer per unit area and the body form of an infant in order to evaluate the infant’s thermal environment. When evaluating the thermal environment or heat balance of the body in the outside environment, it is essential to consider the asymmetry and unevenness of the temperature of the skin, as an element of the human body, and not just the unevenness and asymmetry of physical factors in the environment. Moreover, when receiving short wavelength direct solar radiation, light and shaded areas have significant differences in skin temperature. The following 20 body parts were investigated in the study: anterior head, posterior head, ventral trunk, dorsal trunk (including buttocks), right medial arm, right lateral arm, left medial arm, left lateral arm, right dorsal hand, right palmar hand, left dorsal hand, left palmar hand, right anterior leg, right posterior leg, left anterior leg, left posterior leg, right dorsal foot, right plantar foot, left dorsal foot, and left plantar foot. This paper measured the body surface area for each part of an infant’s body in order to establish the form of an infant model from the view of the heat transfer area, and verified the validity of the model.

Influence of Stroller upon Thermal Insulation of Infant

In outdoor spaces, infants in strollers are significantly affected by thermal radiation from the ground surface due to their proximity to it. Infants are at increased risk of heat stroke while riding in a stroller. Infants are less thermally adapted to their environment and can consequently be considered to need protective measures against thermal environments. In order to treat strollers as clothing, in the present study, experiments were conducted to clarify the thermal environment of an infant riding in a stroller. Using an infant thermal manikin, the clothing area factor fcl and the clothing thermal insulation Icl of the stroller were determined. The stroller clothing area factor fcl was 3.21 and the stroller clothing thermal insulation Icl was 0.47 clo. Therefore, it can be inferred that strollers have a pronounced effect on the body heat balance between an infant and their environment.

Simulation and Acquisition of Endotracheal Intubation Skills by Medical Students—A Pilot Study

Introduction: Endotracheal intubation is a vital life-saving skill required by physicians in life-threatening situations in and out of the hospital. Medical students are exposed to these procedures mainly as they rotate through the department of Anaesthesia, in their subspecialty posting in Surgery. In this study, we sought to assess the ease of learning endotracheal intubation by medical students in the skills laboratory using an adult-sized (Laerdal Medical) manikin. Methods: This was a prospective descriptive study assessing the ability of medical students at endotracheal intubation during their 12-week rotation in the Anaesthesia Department during their subspecialty posting from August to October 2019 in the Skills Laboratory. An adult-sized manikin (Laerdal Medical) intubating head was used for the study. This was preceded by a detailed lecture and demonstration in the skills laboratory after successful passage of the endotracheal tube and connected to a self-inflating ventilation (Ambou) bag. Adequate chest movement meant proper placement, while the fullness of the stomach meant oesophageal intubation. Results: All the 500 level (45) students in the class were recruited for this prospective study. 30 (66%) had successful endotracheal intubation at the first attempt, 7 (14.4%) at the second attempt, 5 (11.1%) at the third attempt, 2 (4.4%) students at the fourth attempt and 1 (2.2%) had successful endotracheal intubation at the fifth attempt. Attempts were made to reinforce information on the practical procedure by a repeat performance by the instructor after each set of successful attempts was separated from the pack of unsuccessful candidates. In the end, however, we had 100% successful endotracheal intubation, but after 5 attempts by the last medical student. Conclusion: Endotracheal intubation skills can be learned with some level of ease when done after detailed information and training of medical students. More so when not under undue stress and life-threatening situations in the skills laboratory. By extension, this increases the confidence of medical students in the live patients in the Operating Theatre, after repeated attempts in the skills laboratory. This has the benefit of improving the chances of acquisition of endotracheal intubation in real-life situations.

A Comparison of Five Adhesive Tapes for Securing Endotracheal Tube in a Manikin

Background: Adhesive tape is the common method for endotracheal tube (ETT) secured to prevent tube displacement and unplanned extubation in an anesthesia setting. However, it is unclear which tape is superior for ETT fixation among the various tapes used in clinical practice. This study examines the force required to move 2 cm ETT and extubate ETT from an intubation manikin with five different adhesive tapes. Methods: We orally intubated an adult intubation manikin with an inner-diameter 7.5 mm ETT, inflated the cuff to 20 cm H2O. Then we secured ETT with five different adhesive tapes (Transpore tapeTM, Urgosyval tape®, TransporeTM White tape, Multipore tape, DuraporeTM tape) in a conventional fixation method. A digital force gauge was connected to the ETT and pulled in a direction erected to the oral cavity. We measured the force required to move 2 cm ETT and extubate ETT (defined as 5 cm ETT displacement) from the manikin. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, with P < 0.05. Results: DuraporeTM tape had the largest average force of 2 cm displacement (58.9 ± 5.7N) (P < 0.05). The extubation force of DuraporeTM tape (59.7 ± 4.9N) was larger than Urgosyval® tape (40.4 ± 2.9N) (P < 0.05), TransporeTM tape (48.7 ± 5.1N) (P < 0.05), Transpore WhiteTM tape (48.7 ± 5.1N) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: DuraporeTM tape was superior to the other four tapes (TransporeTM tape, Urgosyval® tape, TransporeTM white tape, Multipore tape) in holding the ETT in place in the manikin.

Clothing Thermal Insulation for Typical Seasonal Clothing of Infant with Infant Thermal Manikin

Infants are less thermally adapted to their environment and can be considered as needing protective measures against thermal environments. It is not ethical to conduct subject experiments on infants. Thermal insulation in clothing is an essential control coefficient for the evaluation of the thermal environment of an infant. A thermal manikin can be used as an alternative method for carrying out experiments and to control the thermal manikin based on heat balance. The purpose of this study was to clarify the thermal insulation of infants’ clothing. An infant thermal manikin was used to clarify the thermal insulation (Icl) of typical summer, mid-season, and winter clothing combinations for infants. The thermal insulation of typical seasonal clothing combinations was 0.30 clo for summer clothing, 0.57 clo for mid-season clothing and 1.02 clo for winter clothing. It was clarified that it is essential to consider clothing conditions by taking into account differences in posture and to define the clothing thermal insulation (Icl) when designing and evaluating thermal environments. When designing and evaluating an infant’s thermal environment, it is essential to investigate using data from infants.

A Study of Fine Denier Propylene Knitted Fabrics' Wet Comfort-The wet Comfort Studied by the Manikin Test

Based on the theory of moisture vapor permeability and liquid moisture transmission through fabrics, this paper is mainly concerned with the wet comfort of the flne de-nier propylene knitted clothing. The heat resistance clo index and the moisture permeability Im index of these clothing are measured with the manildn and discussed. On the while, the manikin deveioped by Fashion Institute of C.T. U. is introduced. At last, according to their Im value these fabrics are classified into different types.

Exploring the effects of mask wearing on outdoor thermal comfort at different walking speeds—A thermal manikin-based experiment

Face masks’wearing for a long duration brings thermal discomfort,especially in hot climate cities.The face masks’thermal insulation and its effect on outdoor thermal comfort have been rarely investigated.In this study,five types of face masks and their thermal insulations have been tested by using a thermal manikin in the climate chamber.Experimental results are assessed by using physiological equivalent temperature(PET)and standard effective temperature(SET^(*))for thermal comfort with masks at three walking speeds both in summer and winter.Slight differences in thermal insulation are observed among the different masks,the values of PET and SET^(*)rise with increasing mask thermal insulation,and they are generally higher in summer than in winter.Moreover,the variation of SET*is more obvious than PET with same masks at different walking speeds.And the differences of SET^(*)with and without masks appear to rise significantly for fast walking.Results further indicate that the individuals’physical discomfort caused by wearing masks cannot simply be assumed as an additional effect of the clothing thermal insulation.The findings enrich the clothing thermal insulation database,explore the differences in thermal indices if the face mask is used,and provide advice on heat mitigation with masks outdoors.

Thermal comfort of Frail People under dynamic and non-uniform thermal environments using a thermal manikin with thermoregulatory control:An experimental study

The thermal comfort of frail people has to be considered carefully,mainly because of the high thermal sensitivity of this population and the negative influences that unsatisfactory thermal conditions have on their health.Most existing thermal comfort works have been conducted under steady-state,uniform thermal environments,with far fewer being performed in dynamic and non-uniform thermal environments,and even less for frail people.This study aimed at assessing the thermal responses of frail people under transient and non-uniform thermal environments,using a thermal manikin and a climatic test cell.Thermal responses were investigated and discussed in both genders.The analysis of variance showed a significant difference in thermal comfort and thermal sensation between females and males over time,under hot exposure.Under cold exposure,results showed a significant difference in thermal sensation between females and males over time,but no significant difference was observed in term of thermal comfort.Analysis revealed also significant differences in the dynamic thermal sensation between the sexes under cold exposure,while results confirmed that there is no significant difference in the dynamic thermal sensation between sexes under hot exposure.