大肠杆菌耐药株的体外诱导及其acrA和marA基因分析

为检测大肠杆菌在某抗菌素的环境压力下耐药性的变化及其与acrA和marA基因突变的关系。分别用四环素、氯霉素和环丙沙星对大肠杆菌质控株ATCC25922进行体外诱导培养,测定诱导前后多种抗菌药的MIC的变化;对各菌株的acrA和marA基因进行克隆和测定。四环素诱导株产生重耐药,氯霉素和环丙沙星的诱导引起单药耐药;四环素诱导株、氯霉素诱导株和环丙沙星诱导株的acrA和marA基因序列均与ATCC25922的一致。四环素、氯霉素和环丙沙星的诱导培养并未引起ATCC25922的acrA和marA基因突变,诱导引起的大肠杆菌耐药性变化是由于其acrA和marA基因突变以外的其他原因所致。

不同耐药水平大肠杆菌acrA和marA基因转录水平的比较

为阐明大肠杆菌耐药菌株药物敏感性变化与acrA和marA的mRNA水平之间的关系,用定量RT-PCR方法比较了多重耐药菌株、单药耐药菌株以及质控株ATCC25922的acrA和marA的mRNA水平。结果,acrAmRNA水平,多重耐药菌株SEMR是单药耐药菌株SEICI、SEICH和质控株ATCC25922的16倍;marAmRNA水平,SEMR是SEICH的4倍、SEICI和ATCC25922的8倍;SEICI和SEICH的acrAmRNA、marAmRNA水平与ATCC25922的无明显差异;同一菌株acrAmRNA和marAmRNA水平的变化保持了较为稳定的一致性。结论大肠杆菌多重耐药菌株的acrAmRNA和marAmRNA水平与其耐药水平存在相关性。

提高Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型对分离模拟能力的研究

为了提高Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型对分离的模拟能力,提出了两种改进方法.第一种是根据模型特点而提出的提高对雷诺正应力的模拟精度,第二种是基于湍流特性的理论分析而提出的对模型生成与耗散的关系进行修正.研究结果表明:第一种方法,由于没有明显提高对雷诺正应力的模拟精度,从而并没有提高模型对分离流动的模拟能力;第二种方法,由于改进了模型对强非平衡湍流的模拟能力,从而明显地提高了模型对分离流动的模拟精度.

耐环丙沙星沙门菌marA、soxS和ramA基因以及外排泵基因acrA和acrB的表达水平分析

应用实时荧光定量PCR法对11株鸡源环丙沙星诱导耐药沙门菌和11株人源临床环丙沙星耐药沙门菌的调控基因marAs、oxSr、amA和外排泵基因acrA、acrB的mRNA表达水平进行了检测和分析。结果表明,11株诱导株与诱导母株相比,marA、soxS、acrA和acrB的mRNA表达量均显著增加(P<0.05),ramA表达量未增加;11株人源临床耐药株与标准菌株相比,marA、acrA和acrB的表达量显著增加(P<0.05),soxS和ramA的表达量未增加。提示,鸡源诱导株AcrAB过表达与marA和soxS过表达相关;人源临床株AcrAB过表达与marA过表达相关,而与soxS和ramA表达不相关。

不同耐药水平大肠杆菌acrA和marA基因转录水平的比较

为检测不同耐药水平大肠杆菌的acrA和marA基因转录水平,阐明耐药大肠杆菌株药物敏感性变化与acrA和marA的mRNA水平之间的关系。用定量RT-PCR的方法比较多重耐药菌株SEMR、单药耐药菌株SEICI和SEICH以及质控株ATCC25922的acrA和marA的mRNA水平。结果表明,acrAmRNA水平,SEMR均是SEICI、SEICH和ATCC25922的16倍;marAmRNA水平,SEMR是SEICH的4倍、SEICI和ATCC25922的8倍;SEICI和SEICH的acrAmRNA和marAmRNA水平与ATCC25922无明显差异;同一菌株acrAmRNA和marAmRNA水平的变化保持了较为稳定的一致性。因此认为,大肠杆菌多重耐药菌株SEMR的acrAmRNA和marAmRNA水平与其耐药水平存在相关性。

福氏志贺菌外输调节蛋白基因marA的原核表达载体构建及其鉴定

目的构建志贺菌外输调节蛋白基因marA的原核表达载体并对其表达的蛋白进行鉴定。方法采用PCR从志贺菌基因组DNA中扩增得到志贺菌外输调节蛋白基因marA,并将其定向克隆到原核表达载体pET-30a,构建原核表达重组质粒pET-30a-marA,重组子经限制性内切酶分析、PCR及测序鉴定后,转化宿主菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达,产物进行SDS-PAGE电泳、免疫印迹分析鉴定。结果经鉴定证实原核表达载体pET-30a-marA构建成功,且在大肠杆菌BL21中获得了MarA与His的融合表达,且表达蛋白产物的分子质量大小与预期值一致,并可被特异性抗体所识别。结论MarA在大肠杆菌中获得了高效的表达,为进一步研究其免疫学特性和功能奠定了基础。

福氏志贺菌2a多药耐药基因marA的克隆及其原核表达

根据福氏志贺菌2a多药耐药基因marA的序列,设计并合成了1对特异性引物,在引物的5′和3′端分别加入含有BamHⅠ和SalⅠ限制性酶切位点的序列,以福氏志贺菌2a菌株基因组DNA为模板扩增了marA基因序列。将PCR产物与pMD18-T载体连接,转化到大肠杆菌DH5α。鉴定成功获得目的片段后,经BamHⅠ+SalⅠ双酶切并与载体pET-30a连接,构建原核表达质粒pET-30a-marA,并将其转化宿主菌BL21(DE3)pLys,用IPTG诱导其表达。SDS-PAGE分析表明,重组载体pET-30a-marA可成功地在大肠杆菌中表达MarA蛋白。Western-blotting检测证明,该蛋白能与志贺菌阳性血清发生特异性反应。

福氏2a志贺菌DNA转录激活蛋白MarA的二级结构及其B细胞抗原表位预测

研究以福氏2a志贺菌(Shigella flexneri2a,s.f2a)的基因组序列为材料,采用Gamier-Robson法、Chou-Fasman法和Kamplus-Schulz法预测了其DNA结合转录激活蛋白MarA的二级结构,用Kyte-Doolittle法对结构蛋白的亲水性进行了分析,用Emini法预测了蛋白的表面可能性,以Jameson-Wolf法预测了蛋白的抗原指数,然后综合评价了福氏2a志贺菌转录激活蛋白MarA的B细胞抗原表位。结果表明:福氏2a志贺菌MarA蛋白的二级结构较为复杂,含有较多的转角和无规则卷曲等柔性区域以及α-螺旋和β-折叠区段,该蛋白有多处抗原指数较高的区段,其中含有潜在的B细胞优势抗原表位,因此其在免疫学中的地位也应当引起重视。

企业技术创新风险防范的MARA法

本文对企业技术创新风险防范进行了研究和探讨,并设计了一种用于企业技术创新风险防范的MARA方法。

大肠杆菌多重耐药调控基因marA的克隆及其原核表达

根据GenBank中大肠杆菌的marA基因序列设计引物,以大肠杆菌ATCC25922的基因组为模板,PCR扩增出约384 bp的marA基因片段,将所得片段与pMD18-T simple vector连接,转化至JM109大肠杆菌中,筛选阳性克隆,其质粒中插入序列测序结果与GenBank中报道一致。从阳性克隆中提取质粒,经BamHⅠ和XhoⅠ酶解,回收384 bp目的片段,定向克隆到pET-28a表达载体中,提取质粒,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,获得阳性克隆。经IPTG诱导阳性菌,收集表达产物,通过SDS-PAGE分析证实marA基因得到表达。

中国NMPA、MARA和美国FDA、EPA以及OECD GLP规范的差异比对

本文对中国药品监督管理局(NMPA)、中国农业农村部(MARA)、美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)、美国环境保护署(EPA)、经济合作与发展组织(OECD)所颁布的GLP质量管理规范进行了差异比对和分析,以便相关从业人员更好地理解不同GLP规范下的异同点,准确应用GLP规范。

Analyzing the Mara River Basin Behaviour through Rainfall-Runoff Modeling

Hydrological models are considered as necessary tools for water and environmental resource management. However, modelling poorly gauged watersheds has been a challenge to hydrologists and hydraulic engineers. Research done recently has shown the potential to overcome this challenge through incorporating satellite based hydrological and meteorological data in the measured data. This paper presents results for a study that used the semi-distributed conceptual HBV Light Model to model the rainfall-runoff in the Mara River Basin, Kenya. The model simulates runoff as a function of rainfall. It is built on the basis established between satellite observed and in-situ rainfall, evaporation, temperature and the measured runoff. The model’s performance and reliability were evaluated over two sub-catchments namely: Nyangores and Amala in the Mara River Basin using the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency which the model referred to as Reff and the coefficient of determination (R2). The Reff for Nyangores and Amala during the calibration and (validation) period were 0.65 (0.68) and 0.59 (0.62) respectively. The model showed good flow simulations particularly during the recession flows, in the Nyangores sub-catchment whereas it simulated poorly the short term fluctuations of the high-flow for Amala sub-catchment. Results from this study can be used by water resources managers to make informed decision on planning and management of water resources.

Characterization of Hydrothermal Alteration Mineralogy and Pathfinder Elements in the Exploration for gold in North Mara mines,Tanzania

A combination of mineralogical and multielement analyses was used to characterize the hydrothermal alteration,pathfinder elements and their distribution within the gold deposits in North Mara mines,the Archean Musoma-Mara greenstone belt,Tanzania. The aim was to evaluate the suitability of alteration mineral assemblages and composition as an effective exploration marker for fingerprinting

改型MARA矫治器治疗Ⅱ^1下颌后缩X线头影测量研究

目的:探讨改型MARA矫治器治疗生长期安氏Ⅱ1下颌后缩患者的硬组织改变。方法:随机选取16例生长发育期安氏Ⅱ1类错患者用MARA矫治器治疗,治疗前后拍摄头颅侧位片。结果:改型MARA矫治器治疗(平均7.8个月)结束后,SNB角、下颌总长度(Co-Gn)、颏点(Po-NB)明显增加,促进下颌生长发育,而对上颌抑制作用不明显,SNA角变化不明显,A点无后移。上颌第一磨牙远中移动,下颌第一磨牙近中移动,下切牙略唇移。垂直方向上,前面高(ANS-Me)、后面高(Co-Go)均显著增大。结论:改型MARA矫治器能有效促进下颌骨生长发育,改善患者侧貌外型,纠正下颌后缩畸形,成本低廉,适于临床推广。

Land Cover Change and Its Socio-Economic Impact on the Residents of the Mara River, Kenya

Anthropogenic activities are increasingly catalyzing natural climatic factors that drive land cover change at different spatial scales. Available land cover data of the Mara River basin however give a broader picture of the entire basin regardless of the heterogeneity that exists at the sub-catchment level. This study sought to establish sub-catchment specific information on land cover changes through examination of satellite images of four Mara River sub-catchments (Amala, Nyangores, Talek and Sand River) for the period 1987-2017. The relationship between temperature, rainfall and land cover was also computed. In addition, a household survey and focus group discussions were conducted in each sub-catchments to establish the socio-economic impacts of land cover change on the community’s wellbeing. Forest cover was dominant in Amala (39.8%) and Nyangores (43.7%) sub-catchments in 1987 but by 2017 crop lands had surpassed forest cover in the two sub-catchments, accounting for 53.2% and 45.7%, respectively. However, in Talek (52.8%) and Sand River (47.4%) sub-catchments, grassland was the dominant land cover type in 1987 and after the 30 year period, grasslands remained dominant in Sand River, while shrub land became dominant in Talek sub-catchment. A weak positive correlation was observed between rainfall and forest cover, shrub land and cropland, while a negative correlation was observed between rainfall and bare land. Average temperature showed a positive moderate correlation with bare land and built up areas. Analysis of survey data revealed that livestock keeping, temperature increase, type of trees, education level of household head and weak environmental laws were the main drivers of land cover change (P &#8722;0.587), beans (r = &#8722;0.5459), sorghum (r = &#8722;0.351), cow peas (r = &#8722;0.544), and pigeon peas (r = &#8722;0.337). Focus group discussions participants were supportive of environmental protective measures to reverse negative land cover changes, while planting drought resistant trees, crop diversification and awareness creation among community members were recommended as the most ideal environmental management strategies.

Effects of Land Use Change on Land Degradation Reflected by Soil Properties along Mara River, Kenya and Tanzania

Human-induced changes to natural landscapes have been identified as some of the greatest threats to freshwater resources. The change from natural forest cover to agricultural and pastoral activities is rampant especially in the upper Mara River catchment (water tower), as well as along the course of the Mara River. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of land use change on the physico-chemical properties of soil (bulk density, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and pH) along the course of the Mara River. Five major land uses (agricultural lands, livestock/pastoral lands, forested lands, conservancy/game reserves, and natural wetland) were explored. Results revealed that the mean soil bulk density was 0.956 g/cm3 and differed significantly between sites (p < 0.001). Live biomass values differed significantly between sampling sites (land use types) within the Mara River Basin (F(4, 147) = 8.57, p < 0.001). The mean infiltration over a period of 150 minutes differed, not only among sampling sites, but also between different sides of the river (left and right) within the same sampling site. Soil pH was generally acidic across the five sites and varied significantly (F(4, 63) = 19.26, p tween sites along the Mara River Basin. The mean percentage soil nitrogen across all sampling blocks was 4.87%, with significant differences observed in percentage soil nitrogen (F (4, 63) = 3.26, p < 0.006) between sampling sites. The results indicated that the five land use types affected land degradation differently along the Mara River, while adjacent land degradation affected water physico-chemical properties. These results point to the need to have focused policies on integrated land and water resource management strategies in the Mara River Basin.

Subtle Impacts of Temperature and Rainfall Patterns on Land Cover Change Overtime and Future Projections in the Mara River Basin, Kenya

The interactive and cumulative effect of temperature and rainfall on land cover change is a priority at global, regional and local scale. This study examined changes in six land cover categories (forestland, grasslands, shrub land, bare land, built-up areas and agricultural lands) in four sub-catchments (Amala, Nyangores, Talek and Sand River), of the Mara River basin over a 30-year period (1987-2017) and made predictions of future land cover change patterns. Landsat Imageries of 90 m resolution were retrieved and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.0 software. Relationship between NDVI, temperature and precipitation was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, while Markov chains analyses were performed on different land cover categories to project future trends. Results showed low to moderate (R2 = 0.002 to 0.6) trends of change in NDVI of different land cover categories across all sub-catchments. The greatest change (R2 0.34 to 0.5) was recorded in bare land in three of the four sub-catchments studied. Precipitation showed a strong positive correlation with built-up areas, forestlands, croplands, bare land, grasslands and shrub lands, while temperature correlated strongly but negatively with the same land cover categories. The change detection matrix projected significant but varying changes in land cover categories across the four sub-catchments by 2027. This study underscores the impact of changing climatic factors on various land cover categories in the Mara River basin sub-catchments, with different land cover categories exhibiting strong positive sensitivity to high precipitation and low temperature and vice-versa.

意大利Aquafil收购美国O’Mara

日本化纤协会《行业新闻》最近报道,5月31日,意大利大宗锦纶制造厂家Aquafil S.p.A.表明,结束了美国合纤制造厂家O’Mara Inc.的收购,并成为完全子公司。该收购,通过美国100%子公司Aquafil USA Inc.,收购了O’Mara的100%股份,收购额为4050万美元。O’Mara,1970年设立,在北卡罗里纳州RutherfordCollege工厂,生产锦纶、涤纶、丙纶原液着色纤维。2018年的销售额为4010万美元。

Relationship between Land Cover Changes with Water Quantity in Lake Victoria—A Case Study of Mara River Basin in Tanzania

LV(Lake Victoria)is valuable to the East African sub region and Africa in general,sources of water for LV are from its catchment areas and tributaries e.g.Kagera and Mara Rivers on Tanzania part.Apparently,catchment areas in proximities of LV and on MR(Mara River),indeed on MRB(Mara River Basin)in particular,are experiencing increased anthropogenic activities such as mining,fishing,settlements,agriculture etc.,which lead to increased water usage,land degradation and environmental pollution.Such activities threaten the sustainability of the environment surrounding MRB and impliedly LV and its ecosystem.The level of water in LV is reported to be declining threatening its extinction.This paper is reporting on a study undertaken to establish the relationship between land cover changes with ground water discharge from specifically MRB into LV over the period of 24 years,i.e.1986 to 2010.Methodology used is assessment of vegetation changes by using remote sensing through analysis of TM(Thematic Mapper)Landsat Images of 1986,1994,2002 and 2010 ETM(Enhanced Thematic Mapper)Landsat images,from which respective land cover change maps were generated and compared with ground water levels from MRB.Results indicates that there is a significant decline of land cover and ground water flowing into LV from MRB,and that there is positive correlation between land cover changes and the quantity of ground water flowing from MRB to LV.This phenomenon is common to all tributaries of LV,thus leading to decline of water in LV.It is recommended that relevant government institutions should endeavor formulating policies to control excessive use of wetlands and drylands in the proximity of LV and MRB in particular,such that the flow of water to LV may be sustained.

丰盈与空旷、直线与曲线的奇妙组合——伦敦邦德街Max Mara旗舰店

DUCCIO GRASSI ARCHITECTS对伦敦邦德街的Max Mara旗舰店进行了改装及扩建。全新旗舰店共设三层,总面积近1000平方米,从而成为欧洲最大的Max Mara旗舰店之一。改造后的旗舰店呈现出焕然一新、简洁大方的新面貌:建筑物正面镶有金属框架的大型落地玻璃窗将店铺内外融为一体。设计的关键词是对比:丰盈与空旷的空间转换、风格各异的材质拼接以及垂直线条与曲线轮廓的奇妙组合,种种细节赋予全新的伦敦旗舰店独一无二,自成一格的魅力形象。