Marine ecological risk assessment for the herbicide sulfometuron-methyl based on species sensitivity distribution approach

In recent years,herbicide sulfometuron-methyl(SM)has been used to kill the invasive plant Spartina alterniflora in some coastal areas of China,which may lead to the toxic effects on non-target marine organisms.The 96-h median effective concentrations(96-h EC50)of SM on six species of marine microalgae were measured in growth inhibition tests,and were then compared with other published toxicity data,based on which a method of species sensitivity distribution(SSD)was built to estimate the hazardous concentration of SM for 5%of species(HC5)and potentially affected fraction(PAF)for a certain concentration.Results indicate that SM exhibited a high toxicity to two species of green algae(Chlorella pacifica and Dunaliella salina)with a 96-h EC50 of 0.11 and 0.13 mg/L respectively,had a medium toxicity to two species of golden algae(Diacronema viridis and Isochrysis galbana)with a 96-h EC50 of 14.24 and 21.48 mg/L respectively,and showed a low toxicity to two species of diatoms(Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum)with a 96-h EC50 of 148.99 and>100 mg/L,respectively.The estimated values of HC5 and the predicted no-effect concentrations(PNEC)for SM were 0.077 and 0.015 mg/L,respectively.According to the current dosage for killing S.alterniflora in tidal flats in Fujian Province,China,SM entering the sea by spraying might cause the acute injury or death of 14%of marine species.This hazard could last for about a month for those sensitive species.Therefore,on the premise of inhibiting the growth of this invasive plant,the dosage of SM should be reduced as much as possible to avoid severe damage to the marine ecosystem.The results provide a valuable information for marine ecological risk assessment on SM and for marine environmental management.

The Current Situation of Marine Resources Development and the Way of Marine Integrated Management

As a key factor of marine ecological composition,marine resources play an important role in promoting the development of marine economy.In view of this,in view of a series of problems existing in the process of marine resources development,this paper uses the method of literature review to put forward suggestions on marine resources development and implementation measures of management path,so as to escort the development of marine resources in the new era.

Coastal Zone Management Research in China under the Background of Marine Ecological Civilization Construction

With the proposing of the strategy of ＂maritime power country＂, as the hub of mankind contacting with ocean, the relationships between coastal zone and them were very close. To facilitate the development and protection of marine resources, taking coastal zone as research object, via collection and review of literatures, we firstly analyzed status quo of integrated coastal zone management in China and the problems in coastal zone management process, such as environmental pollution, ecosystem destruction and the occurrence of natural disaster, then illustrated the reasons for these problems, such as institutional, policy and legal deficiencies on coastal zone issue, and finally discussed the countermeasures enhancing coastal zone management by referring to construction experience of ecological civilization demonstration area under the background of ecological civilization construction, to promote ecological civilization construction in China and realize ＂maritime power country＂.

Evolution logic complementary needs and reform path of China’s marine ecological protection system

The issue of marine ecology is an institutional one.China’s marine ecological protection system has gone through a process of development from scratch to existence and from less to more.However,there are still many problems to be solved,such as whether a variety of complex systems can form a joint force of governance,and whether the rear system failures,deficiencies,and conflicts.Therefore,this paper reviews the evolution logic of China’s marine ecological protection system,explores the complementary space of the existing system from the perspective of institutional complementarity,and analyzes the path of institutional reform of supplement,amendment,and coordination,to promote the effective transition of marine ecological protection system emphasizing quality over quantity.The evolution of China’s marine ecological protection system can be divided into three stages:initial establishment,steady progression,and gradual transformation,showing a trend characterized by a changing governance mode from land-sea division to land-sea integration,a changing supervision mode from government only to multi-institution coordination,a changing safeguard mode from standard norms to the legal system.The internal motivation of promoting the evolution of the marine ecological protection system is the link age between the long-overdue institutional derived demand and supply,and between institutional cost constraints and institutional income drivers.Marine ecological protection is a complex and systematic project across regions and departments,and the link age between different ecological protection systems is crucial.Based on the theory of institutional complementarity,this study finds that China’s marine ecological protection system has great complementarity needs in three aspects:protection subject,protection means,and protection process.Among them,the problem of a single unitary protection subject is mainly caused by the lack of system,the low efficiency of protection means is mainly affected by the lack of system adaptability,and the separation of protection process mainly reflects the contradiction of system incongruity and mismatch.Based on this,the supplement of China’s marine ecological protection system should focus on the government’s responsibilities and the cultivation of multiple subjects.The revision of the system should focus on the further improvement of non-governmental mechanisms such as market incentives and information disclosure.The coordination of the system should be based on the whole process from pre regulation preparations to post-regulation review,in order to promote the effective connection and cooperation of policy tools.

Current Situation,Problems and Development Strategies of Marine Ecological Civilization Demonstration Areas in China

Based on analysis of current situation of national marine ecological civilization demonstration areas in China, problems were discussed from aspects of shoreline development, marine disaster waming, marine pollution, etc. Afterwards, some development strategies were proposed to provide references for construction of marine ecological civilization demonstration areas in China, thereby promoting overall construction of marine ecological civilization in China.

Marine Ecological Civilization Construction Based on Marine Ecological Culture

Marine ecological civilization is an important part of the socialist ecological civilization, and marine ecological civilization construction is the fundamental way to realize the sustainable development of coastal economy and society. Moreover, it has great theoretical and practical signifi- cance. In this paper, from the perspective of marine ecological culture, the important significance of building marine ecological civilization was ex- plored, and the problems existing in marine ecological civilization construction were analyzed from four aspects of management system, marine in- dustry, ecological action and marine culture. According to the problems, a series of measures to build marine ecological civilization were put for- ward, such as improving marine management system, optimizing marine industrial structure, strengthening infrastructure construction in coastal are- as, and speeding up the development of marine cultural creative industries.

Case Study of Marine Ecological Compensation Criteria Based on Environmental Risk

This paper forecasted and identified the environmental risks and ecological effect caused by chemical spill by simulating the xylene spill in Xiamen waters. The evaluation objects of ecological damage include four parts ： marine ecosystem services, sea water quality, marine biological resources （plankton, benthos, nekton, etc. ）, and beach habitat. The ecological compensation criterion was confn-med as 1.73 million Yuan per year in the short term and 8.09 million Yuan in the long term. And an ecological compensation mode was suggested to be that if the chemical spill does not occur this year, the compensation will return to the enterprise next year; while if chemical spill occurs, the compensation will not be returned. The encouragement mechanism ＂returning compensation if no spill＂ might motivate enterprises to improve the environmental risk management and avoid the risks.

Effects of Antifouling Technology Application on Marine Ecological Environment

Resolving the contradiction between Marine economic development and Marine ecological environment protection has become an unavoidable and sharp problem.The uncontrolled use of Marine antifouling technology will bring uncontrollable and even irreversible damage to the Marine biosphere,which will lead to ecological disaster and threaten the survival of human beings.Therefore,it is an urgent task to find antifouling technology with lower environmental toxicity under the premise of considering economy.More attention should be paid to the long-term impact of mature and new technologies on the Marine ecological environment.This paper introduces the development status of antifouling technology,its influence on Marine ecological environment and puts forward the design strategy of comprehensive biological fouling prevention and control technology.

Evaluation and Research Analysis of Marine Ecological Suitability

Whether in the past,present and future,marine ecological environment is the most important part in the history of human development,we can call it the"patron saint"of mankind.It provides all kinds of resources and energy needed for social production,and plays an irreplaceable role in species diversity and ecological balance.However,the weakening of self-purification ability of marine ecosystem,the decline of pollution purification ability,the deterioration of marine ecological environment,and the decline of biological resources and biodiversity,etc.all these bring fatal impact to coastal areas and even the whole terrestrial ecosystem,it is imminent to strengthen ecological protection.It is our bounden duty to protect the living environment of human.We have the right to enjoy the convenience brought by the natural environment,so we should fulfill the obligation to protect it.

Ecological characteristics of phytoplankton community from eutrophic waters in the Maluan Bay

present study is based on the analysis of the data collected in 10 dnas during the periods of 2 surveys (from May 1992 to January 1993 and from August 1993 to May 1994). The results show that the number ofphytoplankton in highly eutrophic waters of the Maluan Bay is low, Only 6-35 spotes from each cruise and 66species in total fain the 2 surveys. The phytoplanha abundanCe is high. The mean cell densities of phytoplanktonfrom the net samples were 21 386x 104 cells/m3 for the first sUrVey and 110 136 x 104 cells/m3 for the second survey,that fm the water Samples was 1 150. 7 cells/cm3. The mean concentration of chlorOPhyll a reachs 6. 67 mg/m3.Both the species diversity (H') and evennes (J) were low, only 0. 78 and 0. 28, restwhvdy. The temporal and spatial fluctuation of the cell denSity of phytoplankton was quite wificant, caused banly by contribution of pennate diatom Nitzschia delicatissima that often abudanily occurred in a ofed waters rich in organic matter and could be takenas an ecologic indicator of highly eutrophic harbour. The axistence of good correlation between the cell density ofNitzschia delicatissima and some environmental variables (e. g. Po43 - P and COD, etc. ), and the heterotrophic tendancy of this species are discussed, too.

Mitigation of Hypoxic Ecosystems Using Hemolymph Analysis of Callinectes sapidus and Procambarus clarkii in Relation to Spartina Grasses

In the past 80 years, Louisiana has lost over one million acres in land, affecting plants and crustaceans that live in these environments. The first objective of this research was to determine the relationship between diffused oxygen in water and time with the behavioral and physiological health of Callinectes sapidus (blue crab) and Procambarus clarkii (crawfish). After 24 hours, manual dexterity, or the amount of time it takes for a crustacean to flip itself over increased under hypoxic conditions. Hemolymph was extracted and tested for lactate, glucose, and protein. Crawfish were also exposed to this same procedure. An additional crawfish study comparing Spartina plants to assimilate oxygen for aeration compared to mechanical aeration was conducted. The hypoxic groups for all three studies at the 0.05 level had a significantly greater manual dexterity time and greater amounts of lactate and glucose. The protein was significantly higher in hypoxia-exposed crawfish. Time and aeration affect the health of crustaceans, and plants were shown to effectively provide normoxic oxygen levels at a similar level as mechanical aeration. These studies support the importance of marsh grasses for the coast and crustacean viability.

Data Analyses and Parallel Optimization of the Regional Marine Ecological Model

Under the joint influence of high-intensity human activities and cli-mate change,the coastal ecological environment is deteriorating,and the ecologi-cal environment security and the sustainable development of the marine economy are seriously threatened.Therefore,it is of great significance to establish a high-resolution ecological environment operational forecasting system.To meet the run time requirements of the ecological operational forecasting system,a vari-ety of parallel optimization methods were proposed to improve the operation efficiency of the model.First,based on the National Marine Environmental Fore-casting Center’s Lenovo cluster,the ROMS benchmark experiment was expanded to the 4000 Processes scale.A good speedup was obtained by the experiment.The ROMS model was analysed with strong scalability.Second,in the hydrodynamic-ecological simulation experiment of the Bohai Sea-Yellow Sea-East China Sea,by optimizing Vector,InfiniBand,and Parallel I/O,the performance of the model can be improved by 270%while maintaining the same computing resources.That computing resources were more reasonably used lay the foundation for the operational forecast.

Allelopathic inhibition on red tide microalgae Skeletonema costatum by five macroalgal extracts

This study aims to identify effective antialgal allelochemicals from marine macroalgae that inhibit the growth of red tide microalgae.Practically,new algicidal agents were developed to control red tide.The growth inhibitory effects of 5 marine macroalgae Porphyra tenera,Laminaria japonica,Ulva pertusa,Enteromorpha clathrata,and Undaria pinnatifida on Skeletonema costatum were evaluated by adding crude seawater extracts of macroalgal dry tissue into the culture medium containing S.costatum.The half-effective concentrations at 120 h(EC_(50),120 h)of the seawater extracts were 0.6,0.9,1.0,1.0,and 4.7 g/L for the five macroalgae above,respectively.E.clathrata,L.japonica and U.pertusa showed strong allelopathic effect on the growth of S.costatum.There have been no previous reports with regard to the allelopathic effects of the former two macroalgae so far.The possible allelochemicals of 21 compounds of the E.clathrata were detected using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis.Unsaturated fatty acids,acrylic acid(C_(3)H_(4)O_(2)),and linolenic acid(C_(18)H_(30)O_(2))were the most likely allelochemicals in E.clathrata.

Occurrence and geographical distribution of mangrove fungi

This is a multidimensional review of mangrove fungi occurring as saprobes,pathogens and endophytes of a wide range of host substrates and those isolated from the water columns and sediments in mangroves.Eight-hundred and fifty taxa including 658 that are supported by both morphology and molecular data and 192 with only morphological data are listed.These constitute Ascomycota,the dominant group with 773 species,and 58 Basidiomycota,one Blastocladiomycota,five Chytridiomycota,and 13 Mucoromycota.This study also includes data on mangrove yeasts 103 Ascomycota,39 Basidi-omycota and 193 taxa isolated from sediments.Endophytes isolated from submerged parts of mangrove plants total 38.The most specious orders of mangrove fungi are Pleosporales 133,Saccharomycetales 102,Microascales 101,Eurotiales 87,Hypocreales 60 and Xylariales 54.Speciose genera include Candida 39,Aspergillus 53,Penicillium 17 and Corollospora 16.The highest number of mangrove fungi have been recorded from the Pacific Ocean 553,which is the largest ocean,followed by Indian 408 and Atlantic Oceans 259.Geographical distribution of mangrove fungi varied from ocean to ocean with only 109 taxa common to the Atlantic,Indian and Pacific Oceans.Of the various countries reported for mangrove fungi,India accommodates the highest number(339)followed by Thailand 303,Malaysia 171,Florida Everglades,USA 134 and Brunei 134.A total of 60 different mangrove plants and their associates have been surveyed for mangrove fungi.These results are discussed and compared with previous studies.

Identification of Phymatolithon lamii(Me.Lemoine)Y.M.Chamberlain 1991 following bleaching in the upper intertidal zone of the Minas Basin,Nova Scotia,Canada

Objective:To identify an unusual encrusting calcareous organism found growing on upper intertidal rocks along the coast of the Minas Basin,Nova Scotia,Canada,which was thought to potentially represent a new,perhaps invasive species to the area.Methods:Observations were made of the organism growing in situ and of intact and dissected specimens under microscopes in the laboratory.Taxonomic keys were used to determine probable identity of the organism as a tunicate,sponge,bryozoan,marine lichen,or coralline red alga.These keys were then further used to identify samples to species.Results:The organism was determined to be Phymatolithon lamii(Me.Lemoine)Y.M.Chamberlain 1991,an encrusting coralline red alga native to the study region.This species normally occurs in the subtidal zone,so its occurrence in the high intertidal zone was unusual and resulted in the alga becoming bleached and taking on an unusual appearance.Conclusions:The sample did not represent a new or invasive species to the study area.However,occurrence of this species on the high intertidal zone was novel and may have resulted from unusual climatic and/or oceanographic conditions in the study area in 2015 that allowed this alga to settle and grow in the intertidal zone for a time before death and bleaching occurred.Events such as this resulting from climate change may negatively impact recruitment to populations of coastal marine species and should be investigated further.