Current Situation and Problems of Marine Fishery in China

Marine fishery plays an essential role in promoting the employment of labor force,ensuring food safety,promoting the construction of ecological civilization and safeguarding the maritime rights and interests. The development of marine fishery is of great significance. This paper analyzed the current situation and existing problems of marine fishery in China and came up with some pertinent recommendations and measures. The area of marine fishery with authentic right is increasing year by year,and pelagic fishery constantly grows and the industrial structure is becoming more and more reasonable. However,there are still problems such as serious pollution of marine environment,frequent occurrence of marine disasters,shrinking space of fishery development,which seriously affect healthy development of the marine fishery. In this situation,it came up with recommendations including strengthening monitoring of marine fishery resources and protection of marine environment,optimizing the industrial structure,and raising the scientific and technological level of marine fisheries,to protect the sustainable development of marine fishery. It is expected to provide references for the development of marine fishery in China.

Study on Due Procedure of Local Legislation of Marine Fishery Management

Based on the local legislation of marine fishery management, this paper takes the process of local legislation of marine fishery management in Liaoning Province as the main object of study, to explore the advantages and existing problems of the process of local marine fishery management. From the perspective of theory and practice, this paper analyzes the local legislative process deeply and discloses some problems, especially analyzes the main steps deeply in order to discover problems in the whole process from drafting to acting and proposes the corresponding solutions.

Measurement and Evolution of High-quality Development Level of Marine Fishery in China

High-quality development of marine fisheries provides an important advantage for China to build itself into a maritime power and implement the Blue Granary Plan effectively.Based on the concepts of‘new development’,‘food security’,and the six dimensions of‘openness,innovation,coordination,green,sharing,and security’,in this study,we established an evaluation index system for the high-quality development of China’s marine fishery sector.We applied the entropy method to evaluate the high-quality development level of China’s marine fishery sector from 2000 to 2016 and explored its spatial and temporal evolution rules.Our results indicated that:1)from 2000 to 2016,China’s marine fishery sector was in the primary stage of high-quality development;2)spatially,the highquality development of marine fisheries showed an upward trend in all provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities in the country(not including Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan of China),and with time,the distribution pattern changed from single to multi-polarization;3)temporally,the development level of high-quality marine fisheries fluctuated during the study period.From 2000 to 2010,the growth rate in openness was relatively slow,but after 2010,it increased rapidly.Notably,innovation is the driving force for high-quality development.The green and security factors provide a solid guarantee for high-quality development.In the high-quality development of a region,economic development is better coordinated,and the distribution of benefits is more inclusive.This study provides a theoretical basis to formulate effective marine fishery policies for the high-quality development of the marine fishery sector in China.Exploring the high-quality development and evolution process of marine fishery is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of marine fishery industry,ensuring marine fishery food security,and alleviating global food crisis.

Ecological footprint and vulnerability of marine capture fisheries in China

China(herein referred as China’s mainland,and excluding Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)ranks as the world’s leading fishing nation,with approximately 11.1 million tons of domestic marine catch acquired in 2017.Marine fisheries resources in China are mainly exploited by its 11 coastal provinces and municipalities,and the development of fishing industry varies among them.However,few studies have examined the exploitation history of the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities.In this paper,we systematically quantified the exploitation history of marine fishery resources in China and then measured the vulnerability of the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities of China to a reduction in marine catches.Our analysis suggested that Chinese marine fisheries experienced rapid growth from the mid-1980 s to the end of the 20 th century,and this rapid increase in marine catches were mainly promoted by increased fishing effort.The total primary production required level amounted to approximately 80%of the average primary productivity in 2017,and Zhejiang,Fujian,Shandong,Hainan and Guangdong provinces were the main fishing provinces in China.By assessing three dimensions of vulnerability(exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity)to the impacts of a reduction in marine catches in the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities,we found that Hainan,Guangxi,Zhejiang and Fujian provinces had high or very high vulnerability,while the municipalities of Shanghai and Tianjin had low vulnerability.Identifying suitable adaptation policies and management plans based on the differences in vulnerability among coastal provinces is important in sustainable fisheries management.

Problems and Countermeasures of Logistics in the Marine Fisheries Industry

Based on the connotation of marine fisheries logistics,the thesis gives a brief account of its features:firstly,it is more susceptible to natural conditions;secondly,the aquatic logistics is with strong specialized assets;thirdly,the aquatic products market has relative greater uncertainties;fourthly,it calls for higher logistics technology;fifthly,it is difficult to conduct supply chain management.Then the thesis analyzes the problems in the marine fisheries industry:the first problem is the imperfect standardization system of the aquatic logistics;the second is the backward development in the cold storage of the marine fisheries;the third is low information-based degree of marine fisheries logistics system;the fourth one is the low level of the value-added services;the fifth problem is the immature participants in logistics.In order to solve these problems,this thesis further proposes some countermeasure to develop the logistics in the marine fisheries industry:at first,to build various forms of logistics organization entities;secondly,to gradually realize the integration of logistics functions and performance;thirdly,to strengthen the information construction of marine fisheries logistics;at last,to reinforce the government roles in developing the logistics industry of aquatic products.

An assessment of “fishing down marine food webs” in coastal states during 1950–2010

Mean trophic level of fishery landings（MTL） is one of the most widely used biodiversity indicators to assess the impacts of fishing. Based on the landing data compiled by Food and Agriculture Organization combined with trophic information of relevant species in Fish Base, we evaluated the status of marine fisheries from 1950 to 2010 for different coastal states in Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. We found that the phenomenon of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ occurred in 43 states. Specifically, 27 states belonged to ＂fishing-through＂ pattern, and 16 states resulted from ＂fishing-down＂ scenario. The sign of recovery in MTL was common in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans（occurred in 20 states）, but was generally accompanied by significantly decreased catches of traditional low trophic level species. In particular, 11 states showed significant declining catches of lower trophic levels. The MTL-based assessment of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ needs to be interpreted cautiously.

Corollary of Marine Eco-system Sustainability by Addressing the Issues of Bycatches

The issue of bycatch in the fisheries sector has been a major concern for the marine biologists over few decades in terms of conservation of marine eco-system and sustainability of the fisheries sector and marine biodiversity.As far as the concept of Bycatch is concerned,these are the unwanted species having less commercial importance,which in most of the cases disposed into the seas onboard or are caught during fishing.The article discusses the social,economic,cultural,and environmental impacts in addressing the issue of bycatch.The concern regarding bycatch is relatively new in the horizon in Indian perspective though it is often considered a major issue faced by developed nations since long.The problem of bycatch poses a serious threat to livelihoods and food security as it acts as a precursor to depletion of the food sources for local consumption with adverse social,economic,cultural,and environmental impacts.The adverse effects of by-catch can be mitigated through commercialisation of bycatch and making profits from the sale of bycatch,opening up of new markets for bycatch species or products,uses of bycatch as fishmeal and application of bycatch reduction devices(BRDs).Reorientation of the present monitoring system to collect fisheries data,strengthening technical know-how,bringing effective policy intervention,efficient co-management,and sincere and honest efforts in reducing bycatch and discards may provide a considerable impact towards sustainability of marine eco-system.

The interplay between soft law and hard law and its implications for global marine fisheries governance:A case study of IUU fishing

International soft law is not legally binding,but nevertheless it embodies mainstream values and influences the formation of hard law in global governance.Marine fisheries have become important arenas of global governance,in which developing states are crucial participants.The interactions between soft law and hard law in global marine fisheries can be mainly summarized as follows:soft law can be the precursor for hard law and be implicitly introduced into hard law to enhance normativity;hard law can also be incorporated into soft law.This paper explores the IUU fishing case to illustrate the significant role of soft law on international fisheries law and identify gaps in global marine fisheries governance.The development of international instruments to combat IUU fishing within FAO undergoes a process from voluntary to legally binding with the engagement and promotion of some developed states for their benefits.But IUU fishing concept is defective in its drafting as well as in practical application and indicates the value of emphasizing conservation over economic and social development,which is contrary to the principle of sustainable development and fails to meet the requirements of the developing states.The paper suggests to fill this gap by converting existing values in soft law to foster fishing rules that benefit all states and provide some insights towards this direction.

Structure and Dynamics of Fisheries in Nigeria

The changes that have taken place in Nigerian fisheries are reviewed. Artisanal fishery has continued to dominate the fisheries,contributing over 85% of total fish production. The inland water and coastal seas are fully exploited and the increase in fishery production is not likely. Aquaculture potentials remain untapped as much as deep-sea fisheries. The combined potential of the fisheries resources-freshwater,marine and aquaculture can meet over 90% of the nation's demand for fish. Opportunities for invest-ments,therefore,exist in the various subsectors,especially in the areas of storage,processing and preservation for the capture fishery and fish seed multiplication for aquaculture.

A Qualitative Appraisal of China’s Efforts in Fishing Capacity Management

This paper provides a critical review of some major efforts made by China to manage the fishing capacity of its marine capture fisheries. It begins by reviewing the key concepts and issues closely related to fishing capacity management. Following on this, a brief introduction to China’s marine capture fisheries is offered, especially the trends of its marine landings and marine fishing fleets and the status of fish stocks in waters under its jurisdiction. Next comes the main concern of the paper, i.e., some major actions recently initiated by China to deal with the overcapacity problem confronting it. The paper ends with conclusions and suggestions.

16世纪英格兰海洋渔业由盛转衰及原因分析——以大雅茅斯为例

15世纪,英格兰海洋渔业经历了爆发式的增长并成为这一时期整个英格兰经济发展的标志之一。海洋渔业之于此时的英格兰,不仅是重要的食物保障,更关系到英格兰近代早期海外商路开拓、商船规模、海军战备、对外政策等国家核心利益。但是到了16世纪,随着欧洲各国政治、经济和海洋实力的变化以及运输、捕鱼和腌制技术的革新,特别是以荷兰为代表的新兴渔业强国的兴起,英格兰传统海洋渔业面临极大的竞争压力。在这一时期,英格兰海洋渔业内部相继遭遇财政危机和食盐危机,外部则面临着掌握了新兴技术的荷兰强有力的竞争,最终造成渔业的全面落后和衰败。

Safety assessment of condensed phosphate intake from fishery and processed marine food products in Korea with respect to gender,age,and region

Condensed phosphates are used as food additives,especially in marine products and meat,to improve food quality.The import and consumption of fishery and processed marine food products in Republic of Korea have reportedly increased by~5 per cent annually.However,processed marine food products are often intentionally adulterated with excessive amounts of condensed phosphates to increase their weight.Excessive intake of condensed phosphates via consuming processed marine food products can lead to various adverse effects on human health due to anionic imbalance.Herein,we conducted a safety assessment of condensed phosphates in 14 types of fishery and processed marine food products in Korea for the first time.Subgroup analysis of various factors including gender,age,and region was also performed,and the risk level of exposure for each group was estimated.Safety assessments by age and gender indicated that infants were at the highest risk.In the regional safety assessment,Chungnam,the most inland region,showed the lowest risk.For both the general and the high-intake groups(95th percentile)in all classifications,the risk was lower(<20 per cent)than the international standard,and the phosphorus content of the 14 types of processed marine products in Korea was confirmed to be safe for human consumption.

The economic contribution of fish and fish trade in Bangladesh

Bangladesh possesses a large wetland area comprising diversified fisheries resources.Fish and fisheries are an integral part of Bangladesh and have earned its importance due to immense export and revenue potential.The objective of this study was to investigate the trend of fish production,export and import of Bangladesh during the last two decades.Several reviews of the literature were done,numerical data was obtained from the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock(MoFL),Department of Fisheries(DOF),Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics(BBS).The results showed that fish production has increased in Bangladesh during the last two decades,starting from 17.81 lakh metric tons in 2000–01 and reaching up to 41.34 lakh metric tons in 2016–17.Due to the gradual decline in capture fishery,a significant percentage of total production comes from aquaculture.Hilsha(Tenualosa ilisha)is the largest single-species fishery in Bangladesh which makes the highest contribution to the country's total fish production.Exports of the fish commodity in terms of quantity and value has declined in recent years due to food quality and safety standards.This study has highlighted the contribution of fisheries production in Bangladesh and trade to the country's economy.By paying more attention to the fisheries sector,Bangladesh can boost up its economy.