Can spatial planning in the Polish Carpathians be enforced? How spatial chaos indicators depict a gap between scientific knowledge and practice

Despite their strategic hydrological importance for neighbouring areas,the Polish Carpathians are experiencing spatial chaos,which may weaken their adaptability to the progressive climate change.The article attempts to answer the question of whether spatial planning,which is supposed to guarantee spatial order,fulfils its role and whether the knowledge of the natural conditions of spatial development is respected in the spatial planning process.Using GIS techniques,up to 238 communes were analysed in terms of their spatial coverage,the degree of scattered settlement,and the violation of natural barriers by location of buildings in areas that are threatened with mass movements or floods;by settlement on excessively inclined slopes and in areas with adverse climatic conditions.Spearman non-parametric rank correlation analysis and the multidimensional Principal Component Analysis(PCA)technique were performed to investigate relations between spatial chaos indicators and the planning situation.The analysis of the data has revealed that spatial planning does not fulfil its role.Serious errors in location of buildings have been noted even though the communes are covered by local spatial development plans.Scientific knowledge is not sufficiently transferred into planning documents,and bottom-up initiatives cannot replace systemic solutions.There is a need for strengthening the role of environmental studies documents in the spatial planning system.This would facilitate the transfer of scientific knowledge into the planning process and help to protect mountain areas.The development of a special spatial strategy for the Polish Carpathians in compliance with the Carpathian Convention is also recommended.

Benthic bacterial communities indicate anthropogenic activity footprints in coastal area under long-term marine spatial planning practice

Marine spatial planning(MSP)is designed to divide the sea area into different types of functional zones,to implement corresponding development activities.However,the long-term impacts of anthropogenic activities associated with MSP practice on the marine microbial biosphere are still unclear.Yalu River Estuary,a coastal region in northeast of China,has been divided into fishery&agricultural(F&A)zone,shipping&port(S&P)zone and marine protected area(MPA)zone by a local MSP guideline that has been run for decades.To examine the effects of long-term executed MSP,benthic bacterial communities from different MSP zones were obtained and compared in this study.The results revealed significant differences in the bacterial community structure and predict functions among different zones.Bacterial genera enriched in different zones were identified,including SBR1031 in MPA,Woeseia and Sva0996 in S&P,and Halioglobus in F&A.In addition,correlations between some bacterial genera and sediment pollutants were uncovered.Furthermore,bacteria related to sulphide production were more abundant in the F&A zone,which was according to the accumulation of sulphides in this area.Moreover,bacteria associated with chemoheterotrophy and fermentation were more predominant in the S&P zone,consistent with high levels of organic matter and petroleum caused by shipping.Our findings indicated benthic bacterial communities could bring to light the anthropogenic activity footprints by different activities induced by long-term MSP practice.

The future of underground spatial planning and the resulting potential risks from the point of view of mining subsidence engineering

The topic of ground movements in Germany has been studied extensively in the past,especially in the field of active mines.The active hard coal mines in Germany were finally shut down in 2018 and lignite mining is expected to take place only until 2038.The so-called long-term liabilities of the mine operators in Germany include,among other things,the long-term guarantee of stability and thus the monitoring of ground motion.So far,the economic use of underground mining in Germany was mainly the supply of raw materials.In the future,the underground storage of compressed air,methane or hydrogen will play an important role in renewable energy supply and climate change.Therefore,the underground storage space will become more important and the spatial planning is essential to ensure availability of safe underground openings for the various options of environmentally friendly energy storage.However,this renewed usage of underground openings may also bring new and sometimes unknown challenges of geomechanical influence.The aftermath of hard coal and lignite mining will be an increasing challenge in mining subsidence engineering.On the other hand,new possibilities due to underground spatial planning may lead to subsidence and/or heaving of the upper surface.

Marine hydrographic spatial-variability and its cause at the northern margin of the Amery Ice Shelf

Conductivity, temperature and depth（CTD） data collected along a zonal hydrographic section from the northern margin of the Amery Ice Shelf on 25-27 February 2008 by the 24th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （CHINARE） cruise in the 2007/2008 austral summer are analyzed to study thermohaline structures. Analysis reveals warm subsurface water in a limited area around the east end of the northern margin, where the temperature, salinity and density have east-west gradients in the surface layer of the hydrographic section. The localization of the warm subsurface water and the causes of the CTD gradients in the ＇surface layer are discussed. In addition, the results from these CTD data analyses are compared with those from the 22nd CHINARE cruise in the 2005/2006 austral summer. This comparison revealed that the thermoclines and haloclines had deepened and their strengths weakened in the 2007/2008 austral summer. The difference between the two data sets and the cause for it can be reasonably explained and attributed to the change in ocean-ice-atmosphere interactions at the northern margin of the Amery Ice Shell

MPC-based Motion Planning and Control Enables Smarter and Safer Autonomous Marine Vehicles:Perspectives and a Tutorial Survey

Autonomous marine vehicles(AMVs)have received considerable attention in the past few decades,mainly because they play essential roles in broad marine applications such as environmental monitoring and resource exploration.Recent advances in the field of communication technologies,perception capability,computational power and advanced optimization algorithms have stimulated new interest in the development of AMVs.In order to deploy the constrained AMVs in the complex dynamic maritime environment,it is crucial to enhance the guidance and control capabilities through effective and practical planning,and control algorithms.Model predictive control(MPC)has been exceptionally successful in different fields due to its ability to systematically handle constraints while optimizing control performance.This paper aims to provide a review of recent progress in the context of motion planning and control for AMVs from the perceptive of MPC.Finally,future research trends and directions in this substantial research area of AMVs are highlighted.

Planning Evaluation on Spatial Layout of Livestock and Poultry Farms

The problems of spatial layout in livestock and poultry farms were discussed, and the development status of the planning evaluation on the spatial layout in recent years was systematically reviewed. The research progress in planning evaluation systems and methods was mainly intro- duced. And some opinions were proposed to solve these problems.

Marine oil spill contingency planning

According to the practice researching and formulating “The Oil Spill Contingency Plan of South Chinese Sea”, this paper analyses and discusses the structure, functions and main contents of marine oil spill contingency planning, programs the organizing and commanding system and emergency response system, and advances the planning and researching method to coordinate comprehensively and to design practically the detailed emergency response steps until to formulate the ease operating programs for the plan implementation(PPI) and the PPI to apply high techniques supporting emergency administrations and response.

Numerical study on spatially varying control parameters of a marine ecosystem dynamical model with adjoint method

Based on the simulation of a marine ecosystem dynamical model in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, chlorophyll data are assimilated to study the spatially varying control parameters （CPs） by using the adjoint method. In this study, the CPs at some grid points are selected as the independent CPs, while the CPs at other grid points can be obtained through linear interpolation with the independent CPs. The independent CPs are uniformly selected from each 30′ × 30′area, and we confirm that the optimal influence radius is 1.2° by a twin experiment. In the following experiments, when only the maximum growth rate of phytoplankton （Vm） is estimated by two given types of spatially varying CPs, the mean relative errors of Vm are 1.22% and 0.94% while the decrease rates of the mean error of chlorophyll in the surface are 94.6% and 95.8%, respectively. When the other four CPs are estimated respectively, the results are also satisfactory, which indicates that the adjoint method has a strong ability of optimizing the prescribed CP with spatial variations. However, when all these five most important CPs are estimated simultaneously, the collocation of the changing trend of each parameter influences the estimation results remarkably. Only when the collocation of the changing trend of each parameter is consistent with the ecological mechanisms which influence the growth of the phytoplankton in marine ecosystem, could the five most important CPs be estimated more accurately.

Trends in Maritime Spatial Planning in Europe: An Approach to Governance Models

Maritime spatial planning is considered a key instrument for the success of integrated maritime policy. MSP is therefore an integrated approach to address the conflicting and competing uses of ocean resources and spaces in order to achieve the sustainable development of seas. This paper aims to access how governance models have been evolving with the implementation of MSP in Europe. The study compares institutional and legal frameworks in a North-South context, based on the case studies of Norway, Netherlands, England, Germany and Portugal and concludes that, although there are similarities in the legal frameworks developed to implement MSP, more profound differences arise on marine governance models and institutional frameworks, reflecting different political approaches and regional contexts.

Spatial Heterogeneity of Marine Environment Changes:A Case Study in Laizhou Bay and Its Adjacent Waters,China

Temporal and spatial heterogeneity identifications of marine environment and its changes have great significances in marine spatial planning and offshore pollution control.In this study,considering the integration of marine ecological environment and sea-land interaction,we built a spatialized evaluation model named Marine Environment Change Spatial Assessment(MECSA)to quantify the marine environment status and changes.In MECSA,we applied the geospatial model and the pressure-state-response(PSR)model for processing and integrating evaluation indicators.A case study in the Laizhou Bay showed that the marine environment quality was generally in a declining state from 2009 to 2015.In 2015,the Marine Environment Index(MEI)had decreased by 0.1 compared with 2009,although the two years all reached a‘Good'level.The spatial MEI layers of the two years showed a same distribution:the southwestern part was in poorer status,with a fan ring shape gradually getting better to the northeast.The Marine Organisms Response Index(MORI)contributed the most to the MEI.Therefore,future marine environmental assessment and spatial planning should focus on the identification the marine environment with its changes from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity and systemicity.Based on single indicators and comprehensive evaluation results,we can propose spatially targeted policies and recommendations scientifically.

Research on Impact of Urban System Hierarchy Restructuring upon Spatial Planning

Economy is a major force in determining the hierarchy of urban system. As regional economy globalizes, urban systems in many countries are making their transition from the scale-based hierarchy to the networked system, while that in China still maintains an administrative stratification. The paper discussed the triumph of Baigou Town in the East Baoding Sub-center Campaign. It significantly shattered the administrative hierarchy of the urban system in China, which owes largely to the new type of economical development, i.e. government-led fixed assets investment and real estate development, as demonstrated in the urban expansion. Under the pattern of "territory" logic, spatial planning not only lost efficacy, but also stimulated bottom-up over development in local areas. The paper recommended foreign action- and collaboration-oriented urban planning theories, and that the absolute top-down spatial blueprint planning must be abandoned, and a harmonious synergy of planning roles, work content and methodology be facilitated.

Some Thoughts on China's Territorial Spatial Planning in the New Period

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed to"establish a spatial planning system,delimit production,living,and ecological space development control boundaries,and implement use control;improve energy,water and land conservation and intensive use system",opening the prelude to territorial spatial planning in the new era.Reviewing the history of planning and development and summarizing experience and lessons is not only a necessary way to promote the development of territorial spatial planning in the new period,but also a useful reference for territorial spatial planning and construction in the new period.

On the Planning of Chinese Marine High-tech Industry Demonstration Zones:From the Perspective of Supply-side Structural Reform

China’s national agricultural high-tech industry demonstration zones focus on supply-side structural reform in their overall plan of development.This paper selected the China’s marine industry as its research subject and analyzes its current situation and major problems.After summarizing the current researches of China’s marine industry parks,from the perspective of supply-side structural reform,this paper specifies the tasks and objectives of the construction of the marine hi-tech industry demonstration zones.The overall planning of the demonstration zones must set distinctive developmen as its orientation,and we should emphasize innovation-driven and green development,devise a functional zoning that embraces marine-land and allround integration,and seek mechanism innovations that could invigorate the inner drive of development.The paper also puts forward the major principles that the planning of marine hi-tech industry demonstration zones should obey in the context of supply-side structural reform.

Rural Revitalization Planning under the Territorial Spatial Planning System

With the rapid development of China’s social economy,village planning is increasingly important.Departments should fully draw up practical village plan“integrating various plans”.In the context of“rural revitalization”,how to better promote“rural revitalization”and realize the concept that“lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”is a difficult problem in front of everyone.After many years of pilot of“integrating various plans”,“five levels,three categories and four systems”have been formed,but the territorial spatial planning in the new era under the construction of ecological civilization still faces many problems and challenges.In this paper,the practical village planning of“integrating various plans”under the background of territorial spatial planning was analyzed,aiming to establish and improve a complete rural spatial system and provide an effective scheme for rural governance mechanism by analyzing and refining the key points of rural planning.

Spatial Planning in Ghana: Antecedents and the Role of Local Artisans

This paper explored the antecedents and the role of local artisans in Spatial Planning (SP) activities in Ghana. The paper was based on the results of an inspection of 5896 already built houses at Mepe in the Volta Region of Ghana. A mixed method research approach was used to gather the data through snowball non-probability sampling technique. It enabled the researchers to identify 100 local artisans. Survey questionnaires were used, which was followed by structured interviews with five (5) elders who lived in the town for over 65 years. The results showed that the early houses were built on community lands with mud and thatch clustered with narrow and unnamed alleys. Property owners heavily depended on local artisans for professional guidance, although some artisans were ill-trained and unaware of existing government SP regulations. The study was limited to artisans who practiced at the local community level. The findings showed that many local artisans were poorly trained, resulting in poor workmanship and non-compliance with local planning regulations. The paper recommends the integration of SP into the artisanal curricula at both local and national levels to improve their skills.

Thoughts on the Village Planning in the Context of Land Spatial Planning:A Case Study of Wentang Village,Yichun City,Jiangxi Province

Village planning is an important part of land spatial planning and an important measure to implement rural strategy.At present,the preparation of village planning is not complete,and the establishment of technical guidelines is not systematic.Therefore,the course of the development of domestic village planning and the common problems are analyzed.Taking Wentang Village,Yichun City,Jiangxi Province as an example,this paper considers the contents of land use,industrial development,residential layout,ecological environment renovation and historical and cultural inheritance from the perspective of multi-plan integration.This paper discusses the establishment method of the new round of village planning,and puts forward the safeguard measures for the implementation of the planning,so as to provide reference for the establishment of the new round of village planning.

Protection and Development of Traditional Villages from the Perspective of Territorial Spatial Planning:Taking Baisi Village,Henan Province as an Example

In the process of historical development,the history and culture of villages are constantly changing,and they have become a powerful carrier of cultural heritage.Taking Baisi Village,Xun County,Henan Province as an example,the basic principles and development mode of traditional village protection were studied from aspects of traditional space renovation,architectural features and folk culture protection in this article,with a view to providing reference for the protection and development of other traditional villages.

GIS-Based Spatial Analysis for the Integrated Transport-Land Use-Energy Planning:An Application to the Greater London

This work focuses on examining the possible advantages for the urban sustainability,derived from the integration of transport,land use and energy systems.The main aim is to develop a GIS-based method that can help decision makers,either public or private,improve the economic,social and environmental sustainability of urban areas through an integrated transformation approach.As a result,it was possible to provide a spatial analysis technique based on seven synthetic variables and on the application of a cluster method able to identify the portions of urban areas where investments and urban integrated transformation processes can be more suitable,according to the dynamic relationships among transport,land use and energy systems.The methodology was applied to the Greater London area and led to significant results:the cluster classes follow the transport railway network evolution within the study area boundary.The paper is organized as follows:in Section 1 the integration of transport,land use and energy planning is investigated;following the introduction,in Section 2,the GIS-based method is presented,followed by a description of the application to the Greater London area;in Section 4,findings of the methodology are explained.In the last section,results and future developments are discussed.

Theory and practice of urban spatial planning in big data era- Taking Hunan as an example

In recent years, the rapid development of information and communication technologies accelerates the arrival of the big data era. But it still needs to be explored further for what large data brought on the impact of urban planning and how to respond to the implementation and formation of urban planning to the end. We will research from two aspects of the practice study and formation of urban planning in Hunan to discuss based on brief review of research about urban space big data era.

Territorial Planning for Coastal Zones in Chile:The Need for Geographical-Environmental and Natural Risk Indicators for Spatial Decision Support Systems

Coastal zones are very dynamic and fragile environments, constituting a landscape ever more heterogeneous, fragmented and with increasing levels of complexity due to the changing relationship between man and nature. Integrated coastal zone management therefore requires detailed knowledge of the system and its components, based—to a large extent—on technical and scientific information. However, the information generated must be in line with the political requirements necessary for decision-making and planning. Thus the use of indicators to give a simplified view of the many components of the territory, and at the same time to provide important information about patterns or trends, becomes a tool of the utmost importance. These indicators can be understood as measurable characteristics of the environment, which facilitate comprehension of the processes occurring at different scales and serve as a reference to inform the population and support decision-making. The aim of the present note is to demonstrate briefly the need to develop geographical-environmental and natural risk indicators to facilitate comprehension of the dynamic of spatial and temporal landscape patterns, particularly in coastal environments. This approach offers an historical summary of the natural, socio-economic and political processes which currently make up the territory, and which without doubt will continue to influence it in the future. At the same time, it is proposed that information should be integrated on the basis of this framework with a view to generating spatial decision support systems in a context of planning and integrated management of the coastal zones of Chile.