An Adaptive Parameter-Free Optimal Number of Market Segments Estimation Algorithm Based on a New Internal Validity Index

An appropriate optimal number of market segments(ONS)estimation is essential for an enterprise to achieve successful market segmentation,but at present,there is a serious lack of attention to this issue in market segmentation.In our study,an independent adaptive ONS estimation method BWCON-NSDK-means++is proposed by integrating a newinternal validity index(IVI)Between-Within-Connectivity(BWCON)and a newstable clustering algorithmNatural-SDK-means++(NSDK-means++)in a novel way.First,to complete the evaluation dimensions of the existing IVIs,we designed a connectivity formula based on the neighbor relationship and proposed the BWCON by integrating the connectivity with other two commonly considered measures of compactness and separation.Then,considering the stability,number of parameters and clustering performance,we proposed the NSDK-means++to participate in the integrationwhere the natural neighbor was used to optimize the initial cluster centers(ICCs)determination strategy in the SDK-means++.At last,to ensure the objectivity of the estimatedONS,we designed a BWCON-based ONS estimation framework that does not require the user to set any parameters in advance and integrated the NSDK-means++into this framework forming a practical ONS estimation tool BWCON-NSDK-means++.The final experimental results showthat the proposed BWCONand NSDK-means++are significantlymore suitable than their respective existing models to participate in the integration for determining theONS,and the proposed BWCON-NSDK-means++is demonstrably superior to the BWCON-KMA,BWCONMBK,BWCON-KM++,BWCON-RKM++,BWCON-SDKM++,BWCON-Single linkage,BWCON-Complete linkage,BWCON-Average linkage and BWCON-Ward linkage in terms of the ONS estimation.Moreover,as an independentmarket segmentation tool,the BWCON-NSDK-means++also outperforms the existing models with respect to the inter-market differentiation and sub-market size.

Exploring switch tendency between cyclists and non-cyclists using market segmentation approach

This work aimed to explore the switch tendency of bicycle use between cyclists and non-cyclists.The attitude based market segmentation approach was proposed to achieve the research objective.The filed investigations were conducted in Nanjing,China,to obtain travelers' actions and attitudes towards bicycle uses.The structural equation modeling(SEM) was used to identify the attitudinal factors indicating variables and to explore the interrelationships among them.The SEMs were developed separately for the cyclist group and the non-cyclist group.All respondents were clustered into eight distinct segments by six selected attitudinal factors.The mode switch tendency and attitude in each segment is different from others,indicating that different segments have particular policies or strategies to encourage cycling.Policy implications that best serve the potential bicycle users were discussed to reduce the number of cyclists who have high tendency to use other modes,and increase the possibility of using bicycle in the non-cyclists group with the moderate and high switch tendency.

Market segmentation and its applications intransit industry

The role of marketing in the transit industry has undergone numerous changes in past morecomplicated. The paper identifies application of market segmentation, including its definition,characteristics, functions and limitations. Its applications in transit system are extensively reviewed,including travel demand analysis, transport policy, transport planning and management, travel pattern and behavior, transit marketing and mode choices, etc.

Research on the Marketing of Rural Tourism on the Basis of Market Segmentation

With the development of modern agriculture and the further improvement in balancing urban and rural development, rural tourism ushered in a new opportunity for development. However, due to lack of market segmentation,rural tourism in China is facing many problems.The rural tourists will be classified based on the market segmentation in this article,and then put forward four aspects from the use of different target market strategy, develop network marketing, Implements the region brand strategy and international marketing strategy.The aim is to offer advices and suggestions to the sustainable development of the rural tourism.

The Chinese Consumers’Service Quality Satisfaction Differences of Cruise Tourism and Precision Marketing Strategy

The paper selected Chinese Cruise Line as the case study. Having based on the survey data of Chinese cruise tourism consumers, the factor analysis method, one-way analysis of variances method, cluster analysis method, and other quantitative and qualitative methods were taken to analyze Chinese consumers’ satisfaction differences of cruise tourism service quality with different segmentation markets and clusters markets, and the reasons of satisfaction differences were also explored. Then precision marketing strategy of Chinese cruise tourism with different segmentation markets and clusters markets from the supply-side reform perspective was discussed. The purpose of current research was to provide suggestions of precision management and precision marketing of Chinese cruise tourism for relevant enterprises and government departments.

Labour market segmentation by ownership type and gender wage gap in urban China:evidence from CHIP2013

This paper explores the labour market segmentation by ownership type and its impact on the gender wage gap in urban China.Using the latest data of the China Household Income Project(CHIP)survey conducted in 2014(CHIP2013)and based on the Brown et al.model,I employ the decomposition analysis in this study.It is found that although both inter-sector differentials and intra-sector differentials affect the gender wage gap,the effect of intra-sector differentials is greater.In addition,in considering the effect of intra-sector differentials,the influence of unexplained differentials is greater than that of explained differentials.The results indicate that when other factors are held constantly,discrimination against female workers in a given sector is more serious,which is the main factor that causes the gender wage gap in urban China.

APPLYING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION AND HONEY BEE MATING OPTIMIZATION IN DEVELOPING AN INTELLIGENT MARKET SEGMENTATION SYSTEM

Data mining has been successfully applied in many fields to find useful information stored in vast databases. Market segmentation, which segments data into homogenous clusters by using cluster analysis, is among the most important of the applications in data mining. In this study, we propose a clustering system which integrates particle swarm optimization and honey bee mating optimization methods （PSHBMO）. Simulations for a benchmark test function show that our proposed method is better equipped to find the global optimum than other well-known clustering algorithms. Finally, the proposed clustering system is applied to a real-world consumer electronic company to perform market segmentation via the RFM model.

Labor Market Segmentation, Job Mobility and the Two-track Model of Chinese Urban Workers＇ Acquisition of Economic Status

使用“2009年中国社会网络与职业经历调查”（JSNET2009）广州、上海、厦门、济南和西安五城市数据，检验了改革以后影响中国城市劳动者职业流动模式以及经济地位获得的因素。研究结果表明，高学历劳动者与低学历劳动者群体处于两个分割的劳动力市场中，他们的经济地位获得路径完全不同。对于低学历劳动者，职业流动是提升他们收入水平的最重要因素，而人力资本因素（受教育年限和工作经验）对他们的收入没有影响。高学历劳动者的情况刚好相反，职业流动对收入获得没有任何作用，影响他们收入分层的最重要因素是人力资本。本研究揭示了转型期中国城市地区不同劳动力市场劳动者的经济地位获得的二元路径模式。

Market Transition, Labor Market Segmentation and Organizational Mobility

利用CGSS2008年调查数据，分析社会成员在分割劳动力市场中的工作组织流动模式及其变迁。劳动力市场分割结构的基础在于不同劳动部门社会资源分配权力的差异，这种差异进一步导致不同劳动部门的“吸引力”与“排斥力”有所不同，从而影响了人们的组织流动。首要劳动力市场的“吸引力”与“排斥力”都更高，那么劳动者的离职可能性更低，而跨部门流动可能性更高。在中国市场转型过程中，由于分配社会资源的权力形式发生了转变，故劳动力市场分割结构也会随之改变，而且这种改变将折射到人们的工作组织流动方面。通过考察社会成员工作组织流动模式的变化，发现中国城镇社会劳动力市场分割结构从改革之初以体制分割为主，转变为现在体制分割与市场分割并存的结构。

Factor and Cluster Analysis as a Tool for Patient Segmentation Applied to Hospital Marketing in Jordan

Hospital marketing is becoming important for the survival and the prosperity of the health service. In addition, it indirectly acts as a formal feedback channel for the customer requirements, preferences, suggestions and complaints. In this work we have undertaken a survey based marketing study for two main objectives: The first being to better understand the patient clusters through k-means clustering and the second to understand customer perception of the different known quality perspectives through factor rotated and unrotated analysis. All of the questionnaires were designed according to international studies. Based on general descriptive statistics, items classified with higher variance but important, are: clean environment, doctors and nurses capabilities, and specialized doctors. Items that are less important with low variance are: food type, lighting and insurance. Also, items classified as more important with low variance are: recommended, no mistakes, and the cost. Using factor analysis rotated and unrotated reduced the variables into five main variables described as: medical aspects, psychological aspects, cost aspects, hospital image and ease of access and procedures. Using k-means clustering, the customers can be clustered into four main clusters with two of them described as general patient with wide variety of interest, serious cases interested in specialized doctors and food, and very serious case with high stress on equipment, no mistakes.

对外开放对全国统一大市场建设的影响研究:基于我国市场分割的视角

双循环新发展格局下,进一步扩大对外开放将成为我国构建全国统一大市场的关键。在分析对外开放影响全国统一大市场建设的理论机制基础上,选取2005—2020年中国省级面板数据,构建空间计量模型,检验对外开放对我国市场分割产生的空间溢出效应,并通过中介效应模型对理论机制进行检验。研究表明:对外开放能显著降低本地区的市场分割程度,具有正向的空间外溢效应;理论机制检验进一步发现,对外开放通过国企股份制改革、基础设施建设以及提高地区经济发展水平三条路径打破市场分割局面,对全国统一大市场建设产生积极效应。

区域市场分割、数字经济发展与引进外商直接投资

本文利用1999—2013年中国工业企业数据库,实证分析国内区域市场分割对引进FDI的影响。研究发现,区域市场分割显著抑制FDI的引进,主要由商品和劳动力市场分割导致,并通过市场规模效应、要素流动效应和公平竞争效应三个渠道实现。进一步分析显示,数字经济的发展缓解市场分割对引进FDI的负面影响,且存在阶段性差异及对优质FDI的改善作用更强;市场分割对国有企业、外销企业、市场潜力大的区域引进FDI的影响作用更小,侧面强化了机制作用检验的可信度。上述结论为推动全国统一大市场建设、促进“双循环”提供了有益的经验证据。

数字赋能、市场分割与出口产品质量

数字经济对企业的生产选择和贸易行为产生了深远的影响。采用2011—2015年沪深A股上市企业与中国国家海关数据库的匹配数据,运用面板固定效应和中介效应模型,从市场分割的视角出发分析数字赋能对出口产品质量的影响效应和作用机制。实证结果表明,数字赋能、市场分割均对出口产品质量有提升作用,而数字赋能和市场分割的交互作用却会抑制出口产品质量升级。异质性检验结果表明,数字赋能和市场分割的交互作用会对国有性质、有海外子公司、位于中西部地区和生产非高技术含量产品企业的出口产品质量产生更明显的抑制效果。此外,数字赋能和市场分割会通过提升企业市场势力、缓解融资约束和增强进口强度影响出口产品质量。据此提出加快企业数字化转型,持续推进全国统一大市场建设,建立全要素、全过程、全数据的质量保证管理体系的政策建议。

数字经济对劳动力市场一体化影响研究——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验

数字经济已逐渐成为推动我国经济高质量发展的重要引擎,也为劳动力市场提供了新动力与新机遇。本文利用2011—2021年我国省际面板数据,采用空间面板杜宾模型实证研究了我国数字经济建设对劳动力市场一体化的影响。研究发现:数字经济发展水平对劳动力市场一体化具有显著的促进作用;数字经济具有空间溢出效应,可以有效推动本地与邻近地区的劳动力市场一体化进程;数字经济主要通过增强劳动力流动与谈判力量来间接影响劳动力市场一体化;数字经济对劳动力市场一体化的作用存在明显的区域异质性,中西部地区和人力资本水平较低的地区受到的影响效应较大。因此,应不断夯实劳动力流动基础、激发劳动力流动活力、拓展劳动力流动空间,弥补数字鸿沟,激发数字经济红利,助力全国统一大市场建设。

分割还是融合:数字经济如何影响中国城乡劳动力就业市场

中国经济步入新时代后,数字经济的快速发展为城乡劳动力就业市场带来了新的挑战。区别于以往在传统经济发展情境下对城乡劳动力就业市场的研究,本文将数字经济发展与中国城乡劳动力就业市场纳入同一研究框架,以探究数字经济冲击对城乡劳动力就业市场的影响。在理论上,构建数字经济冲击背景下城乡边际劳动生产力分割和劳动力流动的理论模型;实证上,基于2013~2020年中国省级面板数据,检验了数字经济对城乡劳动力就业市场的影响与机制,并进一步分析了数字金融的效能。研究发现:第一,数字经济显著促进了城乡劳动力就业市场的分割,这一结论在利用多种方法进行稳健性检验后依然成立;第二,数字经济对城乡劳动力市场分割的影响具有区域异质性差异,所有制分割是数字经济推动城乡劳动力市场分割的重要条件;第三,数字经济相关产业的发展及区域产业结构的转型升级是数字经济影响城乡劳动力就业市场分割的有效机制;第四,数字金融作为产业数字化融合的典范,显著抑制了城乡劳动力就业市场分割。此结论可为探讨数字经济为城乡劳动力就业市场带来何种改变,以及带来这种改变的机制为何提供有益参考。

地方政府考核目标转变的经济效率与福利效应研究

构建一个合理且科学的考核体系,并引导地方政府更科学关注经济发展质量,是学术界亟须解决的重要问题之一。基于新开放宏观模型,通过构建一个包含地区竞争、市场分割及营商环境的动态随机一般均衡模型,从经济效率和经济福利两个维度来考察地方政府考核目标转变对经济发展质量的影响。研究发现:第一,传统考核机制会阻碍经济效率、经济福利水平的提升,地区竞争程度越大、市场分割程度越高、为优化营商环境努力程度越低,所引起的阻碍作用越明显;第二,在多元化考核机制下,地方政府短期目标导向能够缓解经济发展质量的负面影响,其中营商环境的优化有利于经济高质量的发展,但由于地区竞争与市场分割的存在,缓解作用并不能得到很好地释放。在经济高质量发展不断推进阶段,应尽快落实多元化考核机制,引导地方政府优化营商环境,并在一定程度上消除地区竞争与市场分割,以保证经济可持续发展。