Overexpression of lentivirus-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in bone marrow stromal cells and its neuroprotection for the PC12 cells damaged by lactacystin

Objective To construct recombinant lentiviral vectors for gene delivery of the glial cell line-derived neurotropnic factor （GDNF）, and evaluate the neuroprotective effect of GDNF on lactacystin-damaged PC12 cells by transfecting it into bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs）. Methods pLenti6/V5-GDNF plasmid was set up by double restriction enzyme digestion and ligation, and then the plasmid was transformed into Top10 cells. Purified pLenti6/V5-GDNF plasmids from the positive clones and the packaging mixture were cotransfected to the 293FT packaging cell line by Lipofectamine2000 to produce lentivirus, then the concentrated virus was transduced to BMSCs. Overexpression of GDNF in BMSCs was tested by RT-PCR, ELISA and immunocytochemistry, and its neuroprotection for lactacystin-damaged PC12 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Results Virus stock of GDNF was harvested with the titer of 5.6×10^5 TU/mL. After tmnsduction, GDNF-BMSCs successfully secreted GDNF to supematant with nigher concentration （800 pg/mL） than BMSCs did （less than 100 pg/mL）. The supematant of GDNF-BMSCs could significantly alleviate the damage of PC12 cells induced by lactacystin （10 μmol/L）. Conclusion Overexpression of lentivirus-mediated GDNF in the BMSCs cells can effectively protect PC12 cells from the injury by the proteasome inhibitor.

Over-expression of VEGF in Marrow Stromal Cells Promotes Angiogenesis in Rats with Cerebral Infarction via the Synergistic Effects of VEGF and Ang-2

This study explored whether the transplantation of modified marrow stromal cells (MSCs) has angiogenic effects in a left middle cerebral artery occlusion infarction/reperfusion (MCAO I/R) rat model and preliminarily examined the mechanism of angiogenesis following cerebral infarction.MSCs were isolated by using a direct adherent method and cultured.Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was transfected into MSCs by employing the liposome transfection.The transfection efficiency was measured by the optical density method.The protein expression of VEGF gene before and after transfection was measured by Western blotting.SD rat model of transient occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery was established by using an approach of intra-luminal occlusion.Tetrazolium (TTC) and HE staining were performed to observe the cerebral infarction.ELISAs were used to measure the levels of VEGF in the rat cerebral tissues.The expression patterns of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and CD34 in cells surrounding the area of infarction were immunohistochemistrically oserved.Ang-2 protein expression in the tissue surrounding the area of infarction was measured by Western blotting.VEGF expression in the MSCs increased after transfection at a rate of approximately 28%±3.4%.ELISA showed that the expression of VEGF in the cerebral tissue was significantly increased after induction of infarction,peaking on the 4th day and decreasing to the levels of the sham surgery group (normal) within 7 to 10 days.The VEGF level was significantly higher at each time point in the VEGF-MSC and MSC groups compared to the model group.Moreover,the VEGF level was higher in the VEGF-MSC group than in the MSC group and stayed relatively high until the 10th day.The immunohistochemical results showed that 10 days after the infarction,the number of Ang-2 and CD34-expressing cells in the area surrounding the infarction was significantly higher in the VEGF-MSC group and the MSC group compared to the model group.Moreover,the VEGF level was higher in the VEGF-MSC group than the MSC group.A similar trend in Ang-2 protein expression was revealed by Western blotting.In the MCAO rat model transfected with modified MSCs over-expressing VEGF,compared to the MSC transplantation group,the concentration of VEGF was significantly increased in the brain tissue after cerebral infarction.In addition,the level of Ang-2 was up-regulated,with angiogenesis promoted,the blood supply to the areas surrounding the cerebral infarction increased,and neurological function improved.We are led to speculate that the synergistic effects of VEGF and Ang-2 may be responsible for the angiogenesis following cerebral infarction.

Millimeter-wave Exposure Promotes the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells into Cells with a Neural Phenotype

This study investigated the ability of millimeter-wave （MMW） to promote the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） into cells with a neural phenotype. The BMSCs were primarily cultured. At passage 3, the cells were induced by β-mercaptoethanol （BME） in combination with MMW or BME alone. The expressions of nucleostemin （NS） and neuron-specific enolase （NSE） were detected by immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting respectively to identify the differentiation. The untreated BMSCs predominately expressed NS. After induced by BME and MMW, the BMSCs exhibited a dramatic decrease in NS expression and increase in NSE expression. The differentiation rate of the cells treated with BME and MMW in combination was significantly higher than that of the cells treated with BME alone （P〈0.05）. It was concluded that MMW exposure enhanced the inducing effect of BME on the differentiation of BMSCs into cells with a neural phenotype.

Adipose-derived stromal cells resemble bone marrow stromal cells in hepatocyte differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo

AIM To investigate whether mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) from adipose-derived stromal cells(ADSCs) and bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs) have similar hepatic differentiation potential.METHODS Mouse ADSCs and BMSCs were isolated and cultured. Their morphological and phenotypic characteristics, as well as their multiple differentiation capacity were compared. A new culture system was established to induce ADSCs and BMSCs into functional hepatocytes. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to identify the induced hepatocytelike cells. CM-Dil-labeled ADSCs and BMSCs were then transplanted into a mouse model of CCl4-induced acute liver failure. fluorescence microscopy was used to track the transplanted MSCs. Liver function was tested by an automatic biochemistry analyzer, and liver tissue histology was observed by hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining.RESULTS ADSCs and BMSCs shared a similar morphology and multiple differentiation capacity, as well as a similar phenotype(with expression of CD29 and CD90 and no expression of CD11 b or CD45). Morphologically, ADSCs and BMSCs became round and epithelioid following hepatic induction. These two cell types differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells with similar expression of albumin, cytokeratin 18, cytokeratin 19, alpha fetoprotein, and cytochrome P450. fluorescence microscopy revealed that both ADSCs and BMSCs were observed in the mouse liver at different time points. Compared to the control group, both the function of the injured livers and HE staining showed significant improvement in the ADSC-and BMSC-transplanted mice. There was no significant difference between the two MSC groups.CONCLUSION ADSCs share a similar hepatic differentiation capacity and therapeutic effect with BMSCs in an acute liver failure model. ADSCs may represent an ideal seed cell type for cell transplantation or a bio-artificial liver support system.

Mechanism of in Vitro Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells into Neuron-like Cells

Summary: In order to study whether marrow stromal cells (MSCs) can be induced into nerve-like cells in vitro, and the mechanism, the MSCs in Wistar rats were isolated and cultured, and then induced with DMSO and BHA in vitro. The expression of specific marking proteins in neurons, glia and neural stem cells were detected before preinduction, at 24 h of preinduction, at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h of neuronal induction by using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The ultrastructural changes after the inducement were observed. The results showed that after the inducement, many MSCs turned into bipolar, multipolar and taper, and then intersected as network structure. At the same time, some MSCs had the typical neuron-like ultrastructure. Immunohistochemistry revealed that NeuN and Nestin expression was detectable after inducement, but there was no GFAP and CNP expression. Western blotting showed the expression of Nestin was strong at 6 h of neuronal induction, and decreased at 24 h, 48 h of the induction. NeuN was detectable at 6 h of neuronal induction, and increased at 24 h, 48 h of the induction. It was concluded MSCs were induced into neural stem cells, and then differentiated into neuron-like cells in vitro.

Study on the adoption of Schwann Cell Phenotype by Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in vitro and in vivo

To explore the possibilities of bone marrow stromal cells （MSCs） to adopt Schwann cell phenotype in vitro and in vivo in SD rats. Methods MSCs were obtained from tibia and femur bone marrow and cultured in culture flasks. Beta-mercaptoethanol followed by retinoic acid, forskolin, basic-FGF, PDGF and heregulin were added to induce differentiation of MSCs＇. Schwann cell markers, p75, S-100 and GFAP were used to discriminate induced properties of MSCs＇ by immunofluorescent staining. PKH-67-1abelled MSCs were transplanted into the mechanically injured rat sciatic nerve, and laser confocal microscopy was performed to localize the PKH67 labelled MSCs in the injured sciatic nerve two weeks after the operation. Fluorescence PKH67 attenuation rule was evaluated by flow cytometry in vitro. Results MSCs changed morphologically into cells resembling primary cultured Schwann cells after their induction in vitro. In vivo, a large number of MSCs were cumulated within the layer of epineurium around the injured nerve and expressed Schwann cell markers, p75, S- 100, and GFAP. Conclusion MSCs are able to support nerve fiber regeneration and re-myelination by taking on Schwann cell function, and can be potentially used as possible substitutable cells for artificial nerve conduits to promote nerve regeneration.

CHIP regulates bone mass by targeting multiple TRAF family members in bone marrow stromal cells

Carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein（CHIP or STUB1） is an E3 ligase and regulates the stability of several proteins which are involved in different cellular functions. Our previous studies demonstrated that Chip deficient mice display bone loss phenotype due to increased osteoclast formation through enhancing TRAF6 activity in osteoclasts. In this study we provide novel evidence about the function of CHIP. We found that osteoblast differentiation and bone formation were also decreased in Chip KO mice. In bone marrow stromal（BMS） cells derived from Chip^-/- mice, expression of a panel of osteoblast marker genes was significantly decreased. ALP activity and mineralized bone matrix formation were also reduced in Chip-deficient BMS cells. We also found that in addition to the regulation of TRAF6, CHIP also inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling through promoting TRAF2 and TRAF5 degradation. Specific deletion of Chip in BMS cells downregulated expression of osteoblast marker genes which could be reversed by the addition of NF-κB inhibitor. These results demonstrate that the osteopenic phenotype observed in Chip^-/- mice was due to the combination of increased osteoclast formation and decreased osteoblast differentiation. Taken together, our findings indicate a significant role of CHIP in bone remodeling.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transfected bone marrow stromal cells for the treatment of ischemic stroke

Adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transfected bone marrow stromal cells （GM-CSF-BMSCs） into the ischemic boundary zone at 24 hours after onset of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Results showed reduced infarct volume, decreased number of apoptotic cells, improved neurological functions, increased angiogenic factor expression, and increased vascular density in the ischemic boundary zone in rats that underwent GM-CSF-BMSCs transplantation compared with the BMSCs group. Experimental findings suggested that GM-CSF-BMSCs could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke and are superior to BMSCs alone.

Co-transplantation of Schwann cells and bone marrow stromal cells versus single cell transplantation on repairing hemisected spinal cord injury of rats

BACKGROUND： Bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） or Schwann cells （SCs） transplantation alone can treat spinal cord injury. However, the transplantation either cell-type alone has disadvantages. The co-transplantation of both cells may benefit structural reconstruction and functional recovery of spinal nerves. OBJECTIVE： To verify spinal cord repair and related mechanisms after co-transplantation of BMSCs and SCs in a rat model of hemisected spinal cord injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Department of Histology and Embryology, Mudanjiang Medical College from January 2008 to May 2009. MATERIALS： Rabbit anti-S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron specific enolase and neurofilament-200 monoclonal antibodies were purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： A total of 100 Wistar rats were used in a model of hemisected spinal cord injury. The rats were randomly assigned to vehicle control, SCs transplantation, BMSCs transplantation, and co-transplantation groups; 25 rats per group. At 1 week after modeling, SCs or BMSCs cultured in vitro were labeled and injected separately into the hemisected spinal segment of SCs and BMSCs transplantation groups through three injection points [5 μL （1 x 107 cells/mL）] cell suspension in each point）. In addition, a 15 μL 1 × 10^7 cells/mL SCs suspension and a 15 μL 1 × 10^7 cells/mL BMSC suspension were injected into co-transplantation group by the above method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan （BBB） locomotor rating scale and somatosensory evoked potential （SEP） tests were used to assess the functional recovery of rat hind limbs following operation. Structural repair of injured nerve tissue was observed by light microscopy, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）. In vivo differentiation, survival and migration of BMSCs were evaluated by immunofluorescence. RESULTS： BBB scores were significantly greater in all three transplantation groups compared with vehicle control group 8 weeks after transplantation. In particular, the co-transplantation group displayed the highest scores among the groups （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, recovery of SEP latency and amplitude was observed in all the transplantation groups, particularly after 8 weeks. Again, the co-transplantation group exhibited the greatest improvement （P 〈 0.05）. In the co-transplantation group, imaging showed a smooth surface and intact inner structure at the injury site, with no scar formation, and a large number of orderly cells at the injured site. Axonal regeneration, new myelination, and a large amount of cell division were detected in the co-transplantation group by electron microscopy. Neuron specific enolase （NSE）- and glial fibriilary acidic protein （GFAP）-positive cells were observed in the spinal cord sections 1 week following co-transplantation by immunofluorescence staining. CONCLUSION： Co-transplantation of SCs and BMSCs effectively promoted functional recovery of injured spinal cord in rats compared with SCs or BMSCs transplantation alone. This repair effect is probably achieved because of neuronal-like cells derived from BMSCs to supplement dead neurons in vivo.

Tissue Extracts From Infarcted Myocardium of Rats in Promoting the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Into Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Objective To investigate whether cardiac tissue extracts from rats could mimic the cardiac microenvironment and act as a natural inducer in promoting the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） into cardiomyocytes. Methods Three kinds of tissue extract or cell lysate [infarcted myocardial tissue extract （IMTE）, normal myocardial tissue extract （NMTE） and cultured neonatal myocardial lysate （NML）] were employed to induce BMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells. The cells were harvested at each time point for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） detection, immunocytochemical analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Results After a 7-day induction, BMSCs were enlarged and polygonal in morphology. Myofilaments, striated sarcomeres, Z-lines, and more mitochondia were observed under transmission electron microscope. Elevated expression levels of cardiac-specific genes and proteins were also confirmed by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Moreover, IMTE showed a greater capacity of differentiating BMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Conclusions Cardiac tissue extracts, especially IMTE, can effectively differentiate BMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells.

Improvement of learning and memory abilities and motor function in rats with cerebral infarction by intracerebral transplantation of neuron-like cells derived from bone marrow stromal cells

BACKGROUND： Transplantation of fetal cell suspension or blocks of fetal tissue can ameliorate the nerve function after the injury or disease in the central nervous system, and it has been used to treat neurodegenerative disorders induced by Parkinson disease. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of the transplantation of neuron-like cells derived from bone marrow stromal cells （rMSCs） into the brain in restoring the dysfunctions of muscle strength and balance as well as learning and memory in rat models of cerebral infarction. DESIGN ： A randomized controlled experiment.SETTING ： Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University.MATERIALS ： Twenty-four male SD rats （3-4 weeks of age, weighing 200-220 g） were used in this study （Certification number：2001A027）. METHODS： The experiments were carried out in Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University between December 2003 and December 2004. ① Twenty-four male SD rats randomized into three groups with 8 rats in each： experimental group, control group and sham-operated group. Rats in the experiment al group and control group were induced into models of middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO）. After in vitro cultured, purified and identified with digestion, the Fischer344 rMSCs were induced to differentiate by tanshinone IIA, which was locally injected into the striate cortex （18 area） of rats in the experimental group, and the rats in the control group were injected by L-DMEM basic culture media （without serum） of the same volume to the corresponding brain area. In the sham-operated group, only muscle and vessel of neck were separated. ② At 2 and 8 weeks after the transplantation, the rats were given the screen test, prehensile-traction test, balance beam test and Morris water-maze test. ③ The survival and distribution of the induced cells in corresponding brain area were observed with Nissl stained with toluidine blue and hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining in the groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： ① Results of the behavioral tests （time of the Morris water-maze test screen test, prehensile-traction test, balance beam test）; ② Survival and distribution of the induced cells.RESULTS： All the 24 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Two weeks after transplantation, rats with neuron-like cells grafts in the experimental group had significant improvement on their general muscle strength than those in the control group [screen test： （9.4±1.7）, （4.7±1.0） s, P 〈 0.01]; forelimb muscle strength [prehensile-traction test： （7.6±1.4）, （5.2±1.2） s, P 〈 0.01], ability to keep balance [balance beam test： （7.9±0.74）, （6.1±0.91） s, P 〈 0.01] and abilities of learning and memory [latency to find the platform： （35.8±5.9）, （117.5±11.6） s, P 〈 0.01; distance： （623.1±43.4）, （1 902.3±98.6） cm, P 〈 0.01] as compared with those in the control group. The functional performances in the experimental group at 8 weeks were better than those at two weeks, which were still obviously different from those in the sham-operated group （P 〈 0.05）. ② The HE and Nissl stained brain tissue section showed that there was nerve cell proliferation at the infarcted cortex in the experiment group, the density was higher than that in the control group, plenty of aggregative or scattered cells could be observed at the site where needle was inserted for transplantation, the cells migrated directively towards the area around them, the cerebral vascular walls were wrapped by plenty of cells; In the control group, most of the cortices were destroyed, karyopyknosis and necrosis of neurons were observed, normal nervous tissue structure disappeared induced by edema, only some nerve fibers and glial cells remained.CONCLUSION： The rMSCs transplantation can obviously enhance the motor function and the abilities of learning and memory in rat models of cerebral infarction.

Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide in cultured rabbit bone marrow stromal cells via altering the oxidative stress level and down-regulating caspase-3

Objective： To investigate the effects of Panax notoginseng saponins （PNS） on hydrogen peroxide （H2O2）-induced apoptosis in cultured rabbit bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs）. Methods： The effects of different concentrations of PNS on proliferation and early osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs were determined by the MTT assay and an alkaline phosphatase （ALP） assay. An optimal effective concentration of PNS was determined and used in subsequent experiments. The cultured BMSCs were divided into three groups： untreated control, H2O2 treated, and PNS pretreatment of H2O2 treated. The oxidative stress level was assessed by superoxide dismutase （SOD） and malondialdehyde （MDA） assays. Flow cytometry was used to determine BMSC apoptosis by staining with annexinV-FITC/propidium iodide （PI）. The activity of caspase-3 enzyme was measured by spectrofluorometry. Results： PNS （0.1g/L） significantly increased both BMSC proliferation rate and ALP activity, while it decreased the indicators of oxidative stress, caspase-3 activity, and the apoptosis rate of BMSCs induced by H2O2.. Conclusion： PNS, acting as a biological antioxidant, had a protective effect on H2O2-induced apoptosis in cultured rabbit BMSCs by decreasing oxidative stress and down-regulating caspase-3.

Neuronal differentiation effects of vascular endothelial factor on bone marrow stromal cells

BACKGROUND：Studies have demonstrated that bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） undergo neuronal differentiation under certain in vitro conditions.However,very few inducers of BMSC differentiation have been used in clinical application.The effects of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） on in vitro neuronal differentiation of BMSCs remain poorly understood.OBJECTIVE：To investigate the effect of VEGF on neuronal differentiation of BMSCs in vitro,and to determine the best VEGF concentration for experimental induction.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING：In vitro comparative study was performed at the Central Laboratory and Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine,Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University from October 2008 to August 2009.MATERIALS：Recombinant human VEGF165 was purchased from Peprotech Asia,Rehovot,Israel.Neuron-specific enolase （NSE） was purchased from Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology,China.METHODS：BMSCs were harvested from adult Sprague Dawley rats.The passaged cells were pre-induced with 10 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor for 24 hours,followed by differentiation induction with 0,5,10,and 20 ng/mL VEGF,respectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：Morphological changes in BMSCs prior to and following VEGF induction.Expression of NSE following induction was determined by immunocytochemistry.RESULTS：Shrunken,round cells,with a strong refraction and thin bipolar or multipolar primary and secondary branches were observed 3 days after induction with 5,10,and 20 ng/mL VEGF.However,these changes were not observed in the control group.At 10 days after induction,the number of NSE-positive cells was greatest in the 10 ng/mL VEGF-treated group （P〈 0.05）.The number of NSE-positive cells was least in the control group at 3 and 10 days post-induction （P〈 0.05）.Moreover,the number of NSE-positive cells was greater at 10 days compared with at 3 days after induction （P〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION：Of the VEGF concentrations tested,10 ng/mL induced the greatest number of neuronal-like cells in vitro from BMSCs.

Neuron-like differentiation of adult rat bone marrow stromal cells induced by transforming growth factor-beta and brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BACKGROUND： It has been demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） and brain- derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） can induce stem cell differentiation into neuron-like cells. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the efficacy of TGF-β and BDNF at inducing the differentiation of adult rat bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） into neuron-like cells, both in combination or alone. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A comparative observation experiment was performed at the Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University between October 2007 and January 2008. MATERIALS： TGF-~ and BDNF were purchased from Sigma, USA; mouse anti-rat neuron specific enolase, neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic protein were purchased from Beijing HMHL Biochem Ltd., China. METHODS： BMSCs were isolated from rats aged 4 weeks and incubated with TGF-β（1μ g/L） and/or BDNF （50 μ g/mL）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Expression of neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic protein were determined by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS： BMSCs differentiated into neuron-like cells following induction of TGF-β and BDNF, and expressed both neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament. The percent of positive cells was significantly greater in the combination group than those induced with TGF-β or BDNF alone （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Treatment of BMSCs with a combination of TGF-β and BDNF induced differentiation into neuron-like cells, with the induction being significantly greater than with TGF-β or BDNF alone.

miR-124 and miR-128 differential expression in bone marrow stromal cells and spinal cord-derived neural stem cells

BACKGROUND： MicroRNA （miRNA） expression in stem cells provides important clues for the molecular mechanisms of stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Bone marrow stromal cells and spinal cord-derived neural stem cells exhibit potential for neural regeneration. However, miRNA expression in these cells has been rarely reported. OBJECTIVE： To explore differential expression of two nervous system-specific miRNAs, miR-124 and miR-128, in bone marrow stromal cells and spinal cord-derived neural stem cells. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： An In vitro, cell biology experiment was performed at the Department of Biotechnology, Shanxi Medical University from June 2008 to June 2009. MATERIALS： TaqMan miRNA assays were purchased from Applied Biosystems. METHODS： Rat bone marrow stromal cells were isolated and cultured using the whole-bone marrow method, and rat spinal cord-derived neural stem cells were obtained through neurosphere formation. TaqMan miRNA assays were used to measure miR-124 and miR-128 expression in bone marrow stromal cells and spinal cord-derived neural stem cells. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Morphology of bone marrow stromal cells and spinal cord-derived neural stem cells were observed by inverted microscopy. Expression of the neural stem cell-specific marker, nestin, the bone marrow stromal cell surface marker, CD71, and expression of miR-124 and miR-128, were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS： Cultured bone marrow stromal cells displayed a short fusiform shape. Flow cytometry revealed a large number of CD71-positive cells （〉 95%）. Cultured spinal cord-derived neural stem cells formed nestin-positive neurospheres, and quantitative detection of miRNA demonstrated that less miR-124 and miR-128 was expressed in bone marrow stromal cells compared to spinal cord-derived neural stem cells （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Bone marrow stromal cells and spinal cord-derived neural stem cells exhibited differential expression of miR-124 and miR-128, which suggested different characteristics in miRNA expression.

Feridex-labeled bone marrow stromal cells for analysis of sciatic nerve defects in rabbits

BACKGROUND： Traumatic approaches, such as sacrifice and perfusion sampling, have been used to evaluate efficiency of stem cell transplantation. However, these methods are not applicable to human studies. Cell tracing, in combination with non-invasive imaging technology, can be utilized to trace cell survival following transplantation to evaluate the efficacy of cell transplantation therapy. OBJECTIVE： To explore feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） to observe in vivo repair of injured sciatic nerves following feridex and polylysine （FE-PLL） complex-labeled bone marrow stromal cell （BMSC） transplantation. DESIGN, TIME AND SE＇I-rlNG： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Laboratory of the Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital from March to December 2008. MATERIALS： Feridex was purchased from Advanced Magnetic, USA, and polylysine was purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： BMSCs were harvested from adult rabbit femurs and were cultured in vitro with neural stem cell culture medium, leukemia inhibitory factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Bone marrow stromal cell-derived neural stem cells （BMSC-D-NSCs） were obtained and labeled with FE-PLL complex. The right sciatic nerve （0.8 mm） was excised from healthy, New Zealand rabbits, aged 1.5 months, and the epineuria of distal stumps underwent turnover and were anastomosed at the proximal ends. FE-PLL labeled BMSC-D-NSC suspension or culture medium was transplanted into the epineunal lumen using a microsyringe. The left sciatic nerve was left intact and sewed as the normal control. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Cellular morphology, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as expression of nestin and neuron-specific enolase （NSE）, of BMSCs-D-NSCs were observed. Efficacy of FE-PLL labeling and effects on cells were measured. In addition, neural regeneration at 2, 8, and 16 weeks following transplantation was observed by MRI. Histopathology and mean number of regenerated nerve fibers in the proximodistal-injured sciatic nerve were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin and Bielschowsky staining. RESULTS： Results demonstrated that BMSCs expanded, proliferated, and differentiated into neural-like cells with slim, long processes. The cells expressed nestin and NSE, as detected by immunocytochemistry. BMSC-D-NSCs were effectively labeled by FE-PLL, with a labeling efficiency of 98%. In addition, cell viability was not influenced by the FE-PLL complex. MRI results revealed low signals in the FE-labeled BMSC-D-NSC-implanted region of the sciatic nerve. A low-signal region was observed at 2 weeks, which was widely spread at 8-16 weeks after cell transplantation. The regenerated nerve fibers were orderly arranged in the cell transplantation group and exhibited no significant differences compared with the normal control side （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： BMSCs were successfully cultured in vitro, and the cells proliferated and trans-differentiated into neuronal-like cells, which expressed nestin and NSE. The FE-PLL complex effectively labeled rabbit BMSC-D-NSCs in vitro and did not affect peripheral neural regeneration following cell transplantation. Results demonstrated that MRI could be used to track FE-labeled BMSC-D-NSCs transplanted in the sciatic nerve.

Reduced glutathione alleviates the toxic effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on bone marrow stromal cells

We studied the effect of reduced glutathione on bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） treated with 6-hydroxydopamine （6-OHDA）, which shows a toxic effect on dopaminergic neurons. The proliferation of BMSCs treated with 6-OHDA decreased, while that of BMSCs treated with reduced glutathione increased. The proliferation of BMSCs treated with both 6-OHDA and reduced glutathione was significantly higher compared with that treated with 6-OHDA alone. These findings indicate that reduced glutathione alleviates the toxic effect of 6-OHDA on BMSCs.

Bone morphogenetic protein-7 induced bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neuron-like cells

Bone morphogenetic protein-7 is widely accepted as an inducer for bone marrow stem cells differentiating into osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Whether bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neuron-like cells remains unclear. The current study examined the presence of positive cells for intermediate filament protein and microtubule associated protein-2 in the cytoplasm of bone marrow stromal cells induced by bone morphogenetic protein-7 under an inverted microscope, while no expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein was found. Reverse transcription PCR electrophoresis also revealed a positive target band for intermediate filament protein and microtubule-associated protein 2 mRNA. These results confirmed that bone morphogenetic protein-7 induces rat bone marrow stromal cells differentiating into neuron-like cells.

Synergistic effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and retinoic acid on inducing the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into neuron-like cells in adult rats in vitro

BACKGROUND： Under induction of retinoic acid （RA）, bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） can differentiate into nerve cells or neuron-like cells, which do not survive for a long time, so those are restricted to an application. Other neurotrophic factors can also differentiate into neuronal cells through inducing BMSCs; especially, brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） can delay natural death of neurons and play a key role in survival and growth of neurons. The combination of them is beneficial for differentiation of BMSCs. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of BDNF combining with RA on inducing differentiation of BMSCs to nerve cells of adult rats and compare the results between common medium group and single BDNF group. DESIGN： Randomized controlled animal study SETTING： Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College MATERIALS： The experiment was carried out in the Clinical Neurological Laboratory of Xuzhou Medical College from September 2003 to April 2005. A total of 24 SD rats, of either gender, 2 months old, weighing 130-150 g, were provided by Experimental Animal Center of Xuzhou Medical College [certification： SYXK （su） 2002-0038]. Materials and reagents： low-glucose DMEM medium, bovine serum, BDNF, RA, trypsin, separating medium of lymphocyte, monoclonal antibody of mouse-anti-nestin, neuro-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） antibody, SABC kit, and diaminobenzidine （DAB） color agent. All these mentioned above were mainly provided by SIGMA Company, GIBCO Company and Boshide Company. METHODS： Bone marrow of SD rats was selected for density gradient centrifugation. BMSCs were undertaken primary culture and subculture; and then, those cells were induced respectively in various mediums in total of 3 groups, including control group （primary culture）, BDNF group （20 μg/L BDNF） and BDNF＋RA group （20 μg/L BDNF plus 20 μg/L RA）. On the 3^rd and the 7^th days after induction, BMSCs were stained immunocytochemically with nestin （sign of nerve stem cells）, neuron-specific enolase （NSE, sign of diagnosing neurons） and GFAP （diagnosing astrocyte）, and evaluated cellular property. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： Induction and differentiation in vitro of BMSCs in 3 groups RESULTS： （1） Induction and differentiation of BMSCs： Seven days after induction, cells having 2 or more apophyses were observed. Soma shaped like angle or erose form, which were similar to neurons and glial cells having strong refraction. （2） Results of immunocytochemical detection： Three days after induction, rate of positive cells in BDNF＋RA group was higher than that in BDNF group and control group [（86.15±4.58）%, （65.43±4.23）%, （4.18±1.09）%, P 〈 0.01]. Seven days after induction, rate of positive cells was lower in BDNF group and BDNF＋RA group than that in both groups at 3 days after induction [（31.12±3.18）%, （29.35±2.69）%, P 〈 0.01]; however, amounts of positive cells of NSE and GFAP were higher than those at 3 days after induction （P 〈 0.01）; meanwhile, the amount in BDNF＋RA group was remarkably higher than that in BDNF group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Combination of BDNF and RA can cooperate differentiation of BMSCs into neurons and astrocyte, and the effect is superior to single usage of BDNF.

Biocompatibility Studies on Bone Marrow Stromal Cells with Chitosan-gelatin Blends

To study the effect of chitosan-gelatin blends on the growth and proliferation of in vitro cultured bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs) and explore a new carrier for the application of tissure engineering, cells from long bones of young rabbitsaged less than two weeks were expanded in vitro for one week and seeded onto the surface of pure chitosan and chitosan-gelatin blends. Cells attached to and proliferated on both pure chitosan and chitosan-gelatin blends were monitored with the aid of an inverted light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The cell viability was monitored by MTT after 2, 4, 6, 8 days seeding. BMSCs could be attached to and proliferated on both pure chitosan and chitosan-gelatin blends and remain their morphologies seen in vivo. Chitosan-gelatin blends could promote BMSCs to proliferate(P<0.01). It is confirmed that chitosan-gelatin blends maintain the bioactivity feature of chitosan and even enhance the growth and proliferation of in vitro cultured BMSCs because of the adding of gelatin. It is a potential carrier for the delivery of cells tissue engineering.