An Overview of the Study of the Materialist Dialectics of Late Engels and the Marxist Dialectical Debate

This year marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of the great proletarian revolutionary mentor Engels,and the theoretical community has once again started a wave of research on his thought.On the basis of Hegel’s dialectic,Engels inherited and developed Marx’s dialectic,and founded the materialist dialectic,which he called“the best tool and the sharpest weapon”.However,the relationship between Engels’materialist dialectics and Marx’s dialectics has been debated for more than a hundred years in the theoretical circles both at home and abroad,and it is of great significance to correctly summarize and elaborate the domestic and international views in order to clarify the internal logic and truth of Engels’materialist dialectics.

Five Dialectics of Xi Jinping's Theory on Ecological Progress

Xi Jinping's theory on ecological progress expands and deepens Marx's views on ecology and spells out the five dialectics between economic development and ecological conservation, the will of the nation and the will of the people, Chinese characteristics and global approaches, cultural concepts and institutional design, as well as the community of life and the community of shared future for mankind. It carries significance for our time and is weighted with theoretical value. At this stage, learning and studying the dialectics and value orientation of Xi Jinping's theory on ecological progress offers scientific guidance and value-based directions for China's efforts to promote an ecological civilization.

Study on the Background,Scientific Connotation and Contemporary Value of Marx’s and Engels’s Peasant Thoughts

In the process of leading the international communist movement,Marx and Engels faced the profound influence of social revolution and multi-social thoughts caused by the development of capitalism.They always stood at the historical height and the forefront of the times with their attention attached to and study the peasant issues,on the basis of the need to provide scientific theoretical guidance for the workers’ movement and the revolutionary allied forces.Marx and Engels insisted on the connection between theory and practice,the unity of materialism and dialectics,the combination of principle and flexibility,the principle of complementing macro and micro analysis,and the features of peasantry class,personality characteristics,revolutionary nature,political attitudes and history of peasants and other in-depth analysis being accomplished and put forward practical and feasible joint measures to form a peasant thought with great scientific connotation.This idea is still of important value for the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy by our party in the new era and the proper resolution of the “three rural issues”.

The Formation of Marx’s Critical View

Marx’s spirit of pursuing truth,his hatred of exploitation system and sympathy for laborers prompted him to move from the young Hegelian school to fehbaism and eventually to communism,and completed the transformation from idealism to thorough dialectical materialism in the world view.To do so,he constructed his own theoretical system based on criticism and targeted the social practice,providing ideological weapon for the transformation of unreasonable social forms.Thereby,the unit of"critical weapon"and"weapon of criticism"was accomplished historically and logically,fulfilling the construction of his critical view.

Marx's Agricultural Intensive Management Thought and Its Guiding Significance

Through analyzing Marx's agricultural intensive management thought,this paper points out that the existence and development of agricultural management mode experience historical course and the development of agricultural intensification depends on many objective conditions.On the basis of this,it discusses the guiding significance of Marx's agricultural intensive management thought to China's agricultural development.It is required to fully realize basic current situations of China's agriculture,widely popularize agricultural mechanization and electrification,speed up artificial transformation of soil structure,promote chemical application of agriculture,make rational use of water resource,and spread improved seeds.

Marx's Ground Rent Theory and Innovation of China's Urban Land System

China's traditional urban land system is established in highly centralized planned economy. This system negates functions of value law and economic law fundamentally,so it is not favorable for establishment of market mechanism and development of market economy. This study took Marx's ground rent theory as guidance,combined existing problems of China's land use system,and made analysis on innovation of China's urban land system from property right system,land market and land price.

Marx’s Alienated Labor Theory

“Alienated labor”came from Marx’s Manuscript of Philosophy and Economics in 1844.This theory was formed on the basis of Marx’s critical inheritance of predecessors’thoughts on alienation and the reality under the capitalist system.It is of great significance to understand the final formation of Marx’s historical materialism.

Marx's Theory of Ground Rent and Nationalization of Land in China

Marx's theory of ground rent is an indispensable part of Marx's economic theory. It is essential to grasp scientific connotation of Marx's theory of ground rent,and actively explore and study theories and policies of socialist ground rent and nationalization of land through combining the certainty of existence of ground rent and actual situations of nationalization of land in China.

On Beijing Dialect Translation from the Perspective of Domestication and Foreignization --A Case Study of Shi Xiaojing＇ s English Version of Luotuo Xiangzi

In Lao She＇s works, the use of the Beijing dialect has a strong local characteristic, and readers can fully appreciate the essence of old Beijing＇ s flavor. His famous work Luotuo Xiangzi has embodied the characteristics of Beijing, that is why it is popular among both the public and mmslators. Threrfore, it is significant to study the English translation of Luotuo Xiangzi. Shi Xiaojing has the background of living abroad, and she has also been influenced by Chinese culture. So, her translation ofLuotuo Xiangzi is worth analyzing. This paper will analyze some examples of Beijing dialect in Shi Xiaojing＇s English Version of Luotuo Xiangzi by using the theory of domestication and foreignization to make a summary and to identify deficiencies.

The Labiodentalization of [ts], [ts‘], [s] in Ningyang Dialect

This paper aims to analyze the Labiodentalization of the retroflexes[ts],[ts‘],[s]in Ningyang dialect.From the general knowledge of phonology,this paper will firstly focus on the introduction of Ningyang dialect and the articulation of these three sounds.Then,with the results from the field work,the labiodentalization of[ts],[ts‘],[s]is explained from two aspects,one is the assimilation of the vowel[u],the other is the hierarchical change of phonology.This study concludes with the reason of the labiodentalized process of[ts],[ts‘],[s]in Ningyang dialect over time,and points out a further trend of this kind of phonological change.

重释马克思辩证法的“批判”本质

马克思在论述辩证法的“合理形态”时明确指出,辩证法在本质上是“批判的和革命的”。然而,关于“批判”本质的本体论根基、理论指向以及在现实运用中的表现形式,学界还尚未达成共识。在特定的叙述语境中,马克思论述了“社会存在”为辩证法的“批判”功能发挥本质性作用奠定根基,使得辩证法的批判性在社会存在的本体论根基上获证自身的本质地位;马克思在深入社会历史总体以揭示资本主义生成逻辑的过程中,呈现了辩证法“批判”本质的理论指向在于历史总体的批判性思维;在政治经济学批判的现实运用中,马克思揭露了劳动与资本之间的本质对立,并在审视人与人之间差异性统一关系中形成了应然批判的现实运用方式。只有回到马克思的“批判”理论与实践语境中,才能获得对辩证法“批判”本质的充分理解。

论马克思空间辩证法的四重向度

马克思开启了独特的空间辩证法的视野,这一空间辩证法主要关涉四重向度:一是“在场”与“缺场”的空间辩证法,其基本指向是人的对象化活动,人的对象化活动既是在物的世界中人从“缺场”走向“在场”的过程,亦是在人的世界中物从“缺场”走向“在场”的过程。在资本主义条件下,“在场”与“缺场”的空间辩证法现实地体现为物的世界的“强势在场”与人的世界的“空前缺场”。二是“同一”与“差异”的空间辩证法,其基本指向是历史空间的总体性与多样性,马克思的历史哲学阐释了现实历史运动的总体的结构性特征,同时,马克思视野中的历史不是无空间差异的均质的线性历史。在资本主义条件下,“同一”与“差异”的空间辩证法具体体现为空间生产的普遍物化与差异化的空间生产的式微。三是“部分”与“整体”的空间辩证法,具体关涉三个维度:现代视野中的民族与世界、个人与社会、经济生活与作为整体的社会生活。四是“中心”与“边缘”的空间辩证法,它在不同的历史阶段中具有不同的形态,在资本主义条件下,“中心”与“边缘”的空间辩证法主要关涉资本宰制下空间生产的不平衡性,这种不平衡性的场域涉及全球空间、城市与乡村之间、城市内部。通过以上四重向度的探讨,马克思既呈现了空间辩证法的“一般”,即一般意义上空间的生产与社会历史过程的辩证关系,同时又呈现了空间辩证法的“特殊”,即资本主义条件下资本积累与空间生产的辩证关系。其中,后者是马克思关注的重点领域。

论人工智能对人的主体性的冲击及化解路径——基于马克思机器论视角的考察

在马克思看来,新机器的发明和应用既具有推动社会生产力发展的积极面,也会引发一些消极后果。人工智能作为数字时代的典型产品,其本质是一种合目的的手段,是人的本质的对象化,它的出现使人制造和使用某种工具的能力在层次上有了一个巨大的飞跃。但是,作为一项新技术,人工智能同样不可避免地面临科林格里奇困境,并凭借其大数据的精确计算实质性地加剧现代社会中人的异化状态,对人的主体性造成冲击。具体表现为,侵犯人的人格尊严,削弱人的自主性和独立性,挤压人在社会中的主体地位以及导致人的交往异化问题。化解人工智能对人的主体性造成的冲击,首先,要坚持人是实践主体原则,为人的主体性复归提供理论遵循;其次,要坚持技术理性和价值理性的统一,使人摆脱人工智能的牵引和钳制;最后,严格遵循科技伦理,明确作为主体的人与作为工具的人工智能之间的边界。

马克思共同体思想视域下中国式现代化的逻辑意蕴研究

在中国共产党的带领下,中国在现代化实践中合理处理人与自然、个人与社会、国家与世界的关系,绘就更高历史位阶的社会主义文明图景与和平共享的世界文明图景,开辟人类现代文明新境界,为创造人类文明新形态贡献中国力量。基于马克思共同体思想,分析中国式现代化化解西方现代化悖论的实践维度和拓展世界现代化道路的理论维度,探索中国式现代化的创新意义。

马克思《1844年经济学—哲学手稿》中的“劳动辩证法”——从康德哲学的观念看

马克思《1844经济学—哲学手稿》中的劳动学说,有其对人作为类的存在物的本质的深刻关怀,由此超越了国民经济学家的局限视域。这种关怀体现在对劳动辩证法的理解上。劳动中蕴含的功利性谋生意义和超越性自由意义之对立,构成康德所揭示的哲学史上辩证法的真实含义。据此展开的以共产主义为目的的历史哲学,也成为德国古典哲学现代性发展上的重要环节。由此可见马克思的哲学展现了深广的哲学史背景,值得我们再度反思。

一种基于IGBT的Marx发生器的研制

为了解决地球探测仪器等领域所需脉冲电压在几十至几kV之间输出电流相对较小的问题,提出了在中小功率场合采用IGBT代替空气放电球隙,从而改进充放电回路的控制方式。给出了以IGBT作为控制开关的Marx发生器的构成框图,IGBT驱动电路和AT89S52单片机控制电路;分析了以放电球隙作为控制开关的Marx发生器基本回路的动作过程;设计了一种以IGBT为控制开关的3级Marx发生器,并进行了放电等效电路的计算和元件参数的选择。采用单片机内部定时/计数器产生周期性脉冲信号,作为IGBT驱动电路的原始控制信号,最终实现了幅值1200 V,脉宽1-10 ms,脉冲频率为10-240/min可调的脉冲电压。采用示波器分压测试的方法给出了负载电阻输出脉冲电压的实际测试结果。测试结果表明,中小功率场合采用IGBT作为控制开关构建Marx发生器切实可行。

青年马克思对黑格尔批判方法的再现实化

马克思在“对黑格尔的辩证法和整个哲学的批判”中,首次明确肯定“黑格尔辩证法的积极的环节”。这个隐藏于批判主题下常被忽视的变化,成为马克思从费尔巴哈总问题必然地走向黑格尔总问题的开端,即从解构式批判到建构式批判的过渡。马克思正是借助对黑格尔异化概念的“批判的形式”和作为“推动原则和创造原则的否定性”的肯定和再现实化,才创立起真正的批判方法,意识到黑格尔思辨哲学与国民经济学异化现实的同构关系,辩证地揭示出私有财产的普遍本质和历史意义。正是马克思的批判引入了更具现实性的“历史性”维度,才为超越费尔巴哈的伦理逻辑、迈向唯物史观提供了理论契机。

马克思自然观的三重理论来源及其当代价值

马克思的自然观是空想社会主义学说、古典政治经济学和德国古典哲学三大知识传统综合创新的产物。“自然”概念在三大知识传统中发挥着奠基性的作用。空想社会主义把“自然权利”视为社会建构的尺度。古典政治经济学将现代社会分工体系看作满足人们“自然需要”的必要手段。德国古典哲学将“自在自然”理解为主体反思的起始环节。马克思自然观上的创新呈现为三条回环相扣的批判线索。其一是吸收古典政治经济学对社会分工的解剖,进而突破“自然权利”中私人利益与公共利益永恒对立的理论预设。其二是贯彻德国古典哲学对自在之物的批判,进而指认出“自然需要”观念在认识论意义上的局限性。其三是回溯空想社会主义的人本学唯物论源头、承继古典政治经济学解剖现代社会的理论构想,进而把德国古典哲学中思辨的自然观转化为对于“人化自然”的现实的批判。在此基础上,马克思最终确立了以人化自然为前提、以历史化了的自然为具体认识起点的辩证自然观。马克思的自然观为当代生态文明建设确立了科学的本体论根基、价值论立场和实践论导向。

施密特自然辩证法界说中的“马恩对立论”——基于《马克思的自然概念》释读

恩格斯自然辩证法的施密特批判是西方马克思主义者在自然观上制造“马恩对立论”的一个缩影。自卢卡奇到法兰克福学派,都致力于对辩证法的适用限度省审,认为辩证法只在马克思分析与研究资本主义社会的过程中展现自身,如果把辩证法“应用”或“推广”到自然领域,则是对马克思辩证法思想的僭越。施密特沿着卢卡奇和法兰克福学派开辟的辩证法批判路向,同样主张辩证法的社会实践性,并提出独具特色的社会和自然的“双向中介”思想。在施密特看来,恩格斯的自然辩证法是一种“独断的形而上学”“素朴的实在论”,是向自然“本体论”的回返。实际上,施密特对恩格斯自然辩证法定出如此这般的哲学判断,一个极为关键的因素就在于他忽视自然辩证法中关于“自然概念”的历史内涵,“人与自然”关系的双向作用以及内纳的深厚实践底蕴。也就是说,在对自然辩证法内涵与实质的把握程度上,恩格斯和马克思具有一致性。

青年马克思的内在批判方法及其哲学基础

从康德到黑格尔的理性主义批判方法尽管在概念上有着内在批判的渊源,但又没有完全进入现实的内在批判。青年马克思通过对黑格尔法哲学的批判内在地揭示了理性国家的二律背反,并发现了现代国家中由政治理智和政治解放都无力解决的非理性因素,由此使真正的哲学批判聚焦到无产阶级这一现代社会的内在分裂点上。不同于表象上的批判和非历史的、抽象的教条主义批判,青年马克思通过哲学把握时代问题的内在线索,聚焦于现代社会与其自身的内在矛盾,并以此为现实的否定性中介而内在揭示了德国的时代困境,最终为德国的现代化发展与人的解放打开了可能性。青年马克思具有现实性、历史性与规范性基础的内在批判方法是对理性主义批判方法的内在超越。