In situ atomic-scale observation of size-dependent (de) potassiation and reversible phase transformation in tetragonal FeSe anodes

Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to cost-effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of-2.93 V(vs.-3.04 V for Li+/Li).However,the exploration of appro-priate electrode materials with the correct size for reversibly accommodating large K+ions presents a significant challenge.In addition,the reaction mecha-nisms and origins of enhanced performance remain elusive.Here,tetragonal FeSe nanoflakes of different sizes are designed to serve as an anode for PIBs,and their live and atomic-scale potassiation/depotassiation mechanisms are revealed for the first time through in situ high-resolution transmission electron micros-copy.We found that FeSe undergoes two distinct structural evolutions,sequen-tially characterized by intercalation and conversion reactions,and the initial intercalation behavior is size-dependent.Apparent expansion induced by the intercalation of K+ions is observed in small-sized FeSe nanoflakes,whereas unexpected cracks are formed along the direction of ionic diffusion in large-sized nanoflakes.The significant stress generation and crack extension originating from the combined effect of mechanical and electrochemical interactions are elucidated by geometric phase analysis and finite-element analysis.Despite the different intercalation behaviors,the formed products of Fe and K_(2)Se after full potassiation can be converted back into the original FeSe phase upon depotassiation.In particular,small-sized nanoflakes exhibit better cycling perfor-mance with well-maintained structural integrity.This article presents the first successful demonstration of atomic-scale visualization that can reveal size-dependent potassiation dynamics.Moreover,it provides valuable guidelines for optimizing the dimensions of electrode materials for advanced PIBs.

Oxidation Kinetics of Aluminum Powders in a Gas Fluidized Bed Reactor in the Potential Application of Surge Arresting Materials

In this technical paper, the oxidation mechanism and kinetics of aluminum powders are discussed in great details. The potential applications of spherical aluminum powders after oxidation to be part of the surging arresting materials are discussed. Theoretical calculations of oxidation of spherical aluminum powders in a typical gas fluidization bed are demonstrated. Computer software written by the author is used to carry out the basic calculations of important parameters of a gas fluidization bed at different temperatures. A mathematical model of the dynamic system in a gas fluidization bed is developed and the analytical solution is obtained. The mathematical model can be used to estimate aluminum oxide thickness at a defined temperature. The mathematical model created in this study is evaluated and confirmed consistently with the experimental results on a gas fluidization bed. Detail technical discussion of the oxidation mechanism of aluminum is carried out. The mathematical deviations of the mathematical modeling have demonstrated in great details. This mathematical model developed in this study and validated with experimental results can bring a great value for the quantitative analysis of a gas fluidization bed in general from a theoretical point of view. It can be applied for the oxidation not only for aluminum spherical powders, but also for other spherical metal powders. The mathematical model developed can further enhance the applications of gas fluidization technology. In addition to the development of mathematical modeling of a gas fluidization bed reactor, the formation of oxide film through diffusion on both planar and spherical aluminum surfaces is analyzed through a thorough mathematical deviation using diffusion theory and Laplace transformation. The dominant defects and their impact to oxidation of aluminum are also discussed in detail. The well-controlled oxidation film on spherical metal powders such as aluminum and other metal spherical powders can potentially become an important part of switch devices of surge arresting materials, in general.

Augmenting the Heat Sink for Better Heat Dissipation

Heat sinks were invented to absorb heat from an electronic circuit conduct, and then to dissipate or radiate this heat to the surrounding supposedly, ventilated space, at a rate equal to or faster than that of its buildup. Ventilation was not initially recognized as an essential factor to thermal dispersion. However, as electronic circuit-boards continued to heat up, circuit failure became a problem, forcing the inclusion of miniaturized high speed fans. Later, heat sinks with fins and quiet fans were incorporated in most manufactured circuits. Now heat sinks come in the form of a fan with fans made to function as fins to disperse heat. Heat sinks absorb and radiate excess heat from circuit-boards in order to prolong the circuit’s life span. The higher the thermal conductivity of the material used the more efficient and effective the heat sink is. This paper is an attempt to theoretically design a heat sink with a temperature gradient lower than that of the circuit board’s excess heat.

Formulation of Work-Study Combined and Result-Oriented Integrated Curriculum Standards

According to the Annex Technical Regulations for Integrated Curriculum Development(Trial)in Document No.30 of the General Office of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security(2012),this paper studies the formulation of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production.We focus on the formulation ideas of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production,the formulation process of the curriculum standards for the integration of Chinese medicinal materials production,including the description of typical work tasks,the determination of curriculum objectives,the analysis of study content,the description of referential study tasks,teaching implementation suggestions,assessment and evaluation suggestions,which can provide a reference for the development and research of other related integrated courses.

内蒙古克什克腾旗小东沟斑岩型钼矿床成岩成矿机制探讨

本文选取内蒙古克什克腾旗的小东沟斑岩型钼矿区作为研究区,它位于西拉沐伦钼矿带的西南部。对小东沟岩体进行了主微量元素、SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年等地球化学方面的研究;对岩体中的钾长石和含矿矿物辉钼矿进行了普通铅同位素分析。小东沟岩体具有高硅富钾、REE含量低、Zr含量高、无负铕异常、高ε_(Nd)(t)、低Sr_i等特点,指示岩浆起源于加厚新生下地壳的熔融,同时具有高温、快速熔融、快速析离逃离源区的特点;小东沟岩体的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果为142±2Ma,对应140Ma左右主应力场由南北向转为东西向的构造体制大转折时期,这个时期大兴安岭处于伸展的构造环境下,底侵作用发育,地幔物质可以添加到下地壳熔融形成的岩浆中;对岩体钾长石和辉钼矿进行的普通铅同位素分析显示前者具有从造山带-地幔过渡的特征,后者则显示有地幔特征,说明成岩、成矿物质来自两个不同的源区,下地壳的岩浆和地幔含矿流体发生了混合。通过以上的分析,结合水-岩浆物理反应的实验结果,本文提出小东沟斑岩型钼矿床的成矿模式:大兴安岭地区在早白垩世伸展的构造背景下,地幔含矿流体加入受底侵作用加热的下地壳中使之熔融形成岩浆,随后更多的地幔含矿流体进入岩浆房,促使其迅速析离逃逸出源区,二者一起上升侵位。在岩浆温度较高时,地幔含矿流体和岩浆大致以较稳定的液态不混溶的状态共存;当岩浆和流体侵位到较浅深度时,压力下降,温度降低,晶体增多,流体-岩浆体系变得不稳定,岩浆被流体分割成许多很小的岩浆团。流体中H^+、K^+和各种成矿元素的存在使之必然会和岩浆或冷却后形成的岩石发生蚀变反应,并晶出成矿矿物,形成现在我们看到的具有浸染状矿化现象的小东沟斑岩型钼矿床。

有限宽板孔边弹塑性变形测试

测量应变集中区域的弹塑性变形,对于研究材料损伤或微裂纹的产生,以预防宏观裂纹的产生及扩展具有重要的意义。为给航空发动机轮盘的损伤容限设计研究提供相关材料的力学实验参数,做了两个有限宽中心带孔试件的拉伸试验。试验中,采用单调逐级加、卸载的循环加载方式,并应用自动网格法和数字图像相关技术测量了孔周的全场位移分布。再应用最小二乘法将离散的位移分量拟合成二元多项式函数,求解出拉伸方向的应变分布,并给出孔边应力σ与孔边应变εy的关系曲线。

秦岭山地民居墙体构造技术

中国传统民居建筑起源和发展于经济技术落后的农业和手工业社会,历经千百年来自然与社会变革的影响,逐步演变进化成为地域特征强烈的乡土居住建筑体系。从与资源和环境的关系来审示,传统民居具备结构简洁、就地取材和施工建造方便等优点;从与气候的关系来看,具有适应地区气候、冬暖夏凉的生态性能;从以人对居住的需求来看,能够满足基本的舒适和健康标准要求。目前我国每年乡镇新建住宅已逾10亿m2,应该将传统民居中的生态建筑经验在新建住宅中得以继承。本文针对传统民居的代表之一———秦岭山地夯土墙民居建筑墙体材料、裂缝、防水、稳定性等问题,通过实验室试验和理论分析,得出其构造技术体系上的一些量化结论和定性做法。这对有地域代表的民居给予了技术上的肯定,对于民居的建造具有指导意义(已用于当地民居建造),同时将为我国乡土民居相关设计标准的建立提供科学依据。

抗黄瓜花叶病毒RNAi载体的构建及烟草的转化(摘要)(英文)

[目的]构建抗黄瓜花叶病毒RNAi载体,并将载体转入烟草。[方法]采用RT-PCR方法,扩增黄瓜花叶病毒NS04加工番茄分离物的RNA2基因组的序列。选取CMV RAN2基因组中的复制酶片段作为靶序列,构建pBi35SCR2真核表达载体,并对表达载体时行鉴定;通过农杆菌介导的方法将表达载体转入烟草,用PCR的方法检测载体是否转入。[结果]系统进化树分析结果表明,RNA2中编码CMV-2a的序列与中国浙江的DQ412731分离物有较高核苷酸及氨基酸同源性,分别达到98.0%和96.5%;PCR结果表明,试验成功构建了pBi35SCR2真核表达载体,并成功将表达载体转入烟草。[结论]试验获得的转基因烟草可作为后期攻毒试验的材料,并为研究加工番茄抗黄瓜花叶病毒奠定了基础。

La_(1-x)Ca_xFeO_(3-δ)系阴极材料的GNP法合成及电性能研究

采用甘氨酸鄄硝酸盐(GNP)法合成了LaFeO3及La1-xCaxFeO3-δ(x=0.1￣0.5)系列粉体,用TG鄄DTA、XRD、TEM、SEM等对产物形成过程及微结构进行了表征。结果表明,所合成的系列样品均形成钙钛矿结构的单相固溶体。在x≤20mol%的Ca含量范围内,产物为正交钙钛矿结构;当x>30mol%时,转变为立方钙钛矿相。相同条件下产物的衍射峰强度、晶胞体积及晶粒尺寸都随Ca含量的增大而减小。采用直流四端子法测量了烧结体在中温(450￣800℃)区的电导率。掺杂使样品导电能力显著增强,电导率随Ca2+掺入量的增大先增大后减小,La0.6Ca0.4FeO3-δ样品的电导率最高。在低温段,各样品的导电行为符合小极化子导电机制,导电活化能为13.67￣22.70kJ·mol-1。

Decomposition Analysis on Direct Material Input and Dematerialization of Mining Cities in Northeast China

Material dematerialization is a basic approach to reduce the pressure on the resources and environment and to realize the sustainable development. The material flow analysis and decomposition method are used to calculate the direct material input (DMI) of 14 typical mining cities in Northeast China in 1995–2004 and to analyze the demateri- alization and its driving factors in the different types of mining cities oriented by coal, petroleum, metallurgy and multi-resources. The results are as follows: 1) from 1995 to 2006, the increase rates of the DMI and the material input intensity of mining cities declined following the order of multi-resources, metallurgy, coal, and petroleum cities, and the material utilizing efficiency did following the order of petroleum, coal, metallurgy, and multi-resources cities; 2) during the research period, all the kinds of mining cities were in the situation of weak sustainable development in most years; 3) the pressure on resources and environment in the multi-resources cities was the most serious; 4) the petro- leum cities showed the strong trend of sustainable development; and 5) in recent years, the driving function of eco- nomic development for material consuming has continuously strengthened and the controlling function of material utilizing efficiency for it has weakened. The key approaches to promote the development of circular economy of min- ing cities in Northeast China are put forward in the following aspects: 1) to strengthen the research and development of the technique of resources’ cycling utilization, 2) to improve the utilizing efficiency of resources, and 3) to carry out the auditing system of resources utilization.

聚吡咯/SiO_2作导电助剂的水性环氧抗静电涂料的制备

以导电性聚吡咯/二氧化硅(PPy/SiO2)复合材料作导电助剂,与环氧树脂乳液混合,经聚酰胺X-650固化后,制备了电导率在10-9～10-4S·cm-1之间的水性环氧抗静电涂料。结果表明:PPy/SiO2用量为环氧乳液的2%(质量分数,下同)时,环氧涂层的电导率可从10-16S·cm-1提高到1.2×10-9S·cm-1,而且PPy/SiO2用量低于8%时,涂层具有良好的综合性能,对玻璃和马口铁附着力为1级,耐冲击性大于50cm,铅笔硬度H,耐水性和柔韧性优良。SEM观察结果表明:PPy/SiO2在环氧涂层中具有良好的分散性,且与环氧基体结合比较紧密。

三峡工程二期围堰防渗墙材料快速检测及其力学指标早期预报

鉴于三峡二期围堰的重要性,对现场快速判断防渗墙墙体材料施工质量的试验方法提出了新的要求。根据拌和样,测定出柔性材料的原材料的实际下料数量。根据防渗墙墙体材料成型样的早期强度,提出了其力学指标的早期预报方法。该方法应用于三峡二期围堰实际施工中,取得了良好的效果。

一种新的宏、细观变形全场测量方法(英文)

基于光学干涉和衍射理论,提出了一种新的用于宏、细观面内变形测量的光学方法。利用三束准直相干光之间的干涉,分别得到面内位移U+V和U-V的两幅耦合条纹图。借助于FFT相移技术,直接计算出全场的U和V分布。本实验系统中包含有长距离显微镜,三光束系统,数字图像采集和处理系统等。它具有光路简单,避开条纹级次的确定,直接计算得到U、V场等优点。将它用于热塑性复合材料 56层板AS4/PEEK[0/±45/90]7S三点弯曲梁位移场的宏、细观测量。得到了层间的变形规律。本文还利用三维各向异性弹性有限元法对AS4/PEEK[0/±45/90]7S三点弯曲梁进行了数值计算,得到了自由表面的位移场和应变场的数值解。定量分析了层间的变形传递规律,有助于进一步分析AS4/PEEK[0/±45/90]7S层合板宏、细观变形。

界面反射P-SV波转型超声散斑统计特性

对超声P波入射至强散射粗糙界面上时,反射声场中的转型SV波散斑的统计特性进行研究。根据Frensel-Huygens理论和自相关原理,得到了SV波散斑振幅概率密度函数的Rayleigh分布形式以及散斑平均横向尺寸的计算公式。进而又得到了,在使用具有一定尺寸孔径的横波探头时,所接收的SV波散斑的归一化声强的概率密度函数表达式,它与横波探头内接收到的平均散斑个数有关。在实验中,应用了两种不同孔径尺寸的横波探头对SV波的散斑声强进行测量。对测量所得的散斑合强度的数据进行统计分析的结果表明,实验值与理论值有较好的一致性。由此证实,上述理论分析的结果是正确的。

Achievements of Truss Models for Reinforced Concrete Structures

Achievements are presented for truss models of RC structures developed in previous years: 1. Two constitutive models, biaxial and triaxial, are based on regular trusses, with bars obeying nonlinear uniaxial σ-ε laws of material under simulation;both models have been compared with test results and show a dependence of Poisson ratio on curvature of σ-ε law. 2. A truss finite element has been used in the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of plane RC frames;it has been compared with test results and describes, in a simple way, the formation of plastic hinges. 3. Thanks to the very simple geometry of a truss, the equilibrium equations can be easily written and the stiffness matrix can be easily updated, both with respect to the deformed truss, within each step of a static incremental loading or within each time step of a dynamic analysis, so that to take into account geometric nonlinearities. So the confinement of a RC column is interpreted as a structural stability effect of concrete. And a significant role of the transverse reinforcement is revealed, that of preventing, by its close spacing and sufficient amount, the buckling of inner longitudinal concrete struts, which would lead to a global instability of the RC column. 4. The proposed truss model is statically indeterminate, so it exhibits some features, which are not met by the “strut-and-tie” model.

聚吡咯/二氧化锡杂化材料的制备及气敏性研究

化学氧化法制备了聚吡咯(PPy),并进行了元素分析、TG-DTA分析、FTIR测试。讨论了氧化剂用量对PPy气敏性的影响。用机械共混法制备了含不同聚吡咯的聚吡咯/二氧化锡杂化材料,研究其低温下对有毒气体NH3、H2S、NO的敏感性。结果表明,相同条件下聚吡咯/二氧化锡杂化材料的气敏性和稳定性均优于聚吡咯、二氧化锡。60℃时,当聚吡咯/二氧化锡杂化材料中聚吡咯的质量分数为5%时,其对体积分数为0.05%的H2S的灵敏度(Vg/Va)达到了104.52,且响应恢复时间短。文章讨论了气体与敏感元件的相互作用机制。这一研究有助于开发低能耗、灵敏度高的气敏元件。

高碱度水泥基材料早期开裂敏感性研究

选用粉煤灰、减缩剂和减水剂,采用五路裂缝测定仪和非接触式电阻率测定仪,分别测试了相同水灰比、不同碱类型的水泥砂浆在干燥条件下约束收缩开裂的初始时间与水泥浆体早期水化24 h内的电阻率变化,并测定了水泥砂浆在干燥环境下的抗压、抗折强度.结果表明:碱度增加会加速水泥的早期水化硬化以及微结构的形成与发展;Na+ 提高水泥砂浆早期强度、增加约束收缩开裂敏感性的作用要比 K+ 的明显,尤其在低水灰比、掺减水剂时其影响更为明显;粉煤灰和减缩剂可延缓水泥(尤其是高碱度的水泥基材料)的早期水化硬化,降低水泥砂浆强度的发展,推迟初始开裂时间.

越南西北部Posen花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成特征

本文报道出露于越南西北部的Posen花岗岩岩体锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成特征,讨论岩石成因和该地区新元古代岩浆作用的大地构造意义。分析3个花岗岩样品获得723Ma至760Ma的锆石U-Pb年龄,表明花岗岩形成于新元古代。该花岗岩的锆石Hf同位素组成有较大的变化范围,ε_(Hf)(t)值变化范围为-16.1至+3.4,单阶段Hf模式年龄为1186～1945Ma,暗示Posen花岗岩有着复杂的源区物源组成。在误差范围内,锆石两阶段Hf同位素模式年龄值主要集中在2.0～2.1Ga,与两阶段Nd同位素模式年龄值2.1～2.2Ga一致,说明花岗岩体主要由古元古代地壳物质部分熔融形成的。部分锆石颗粒具有正ε_(Hf)(t)值,可能指示花岗岩岩浆形成过程中存在壳-幔混合相互作用。在越南西北部发育新元古代岩浆作用可能与扬子板块广泛发育的、伴随Rodinia超大陆裂解过程的岩浆活动存在成因的联系,也揭示越南西北部地体可能与扬子板块具有亲缘关系,因此,可以推断马江断裂带应该代表印支板块和华南板块之间的古特提斯缝合带在越南西北部的延伸。

陆地棉与海岛棉两个末端氧化酶差异的比较(摘要)(英文)

[目的]研究陆地棉与海岛棉2个末端氧化酶的差异,为陆海杂交育种材料选择提供理论依据。[方法]选用7份陆地棉、4份海岛棉为供试材料,比较了陆地棉和海岛棉不同发育阶段的抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化的差异性。[结果]陆地棉和海岛棉2种末端氧化酶在整个发育进程中有相似的变化规律,AAO活性前期低后期高,且前期出现峰值;PPO活性表现为2个波峰,PPO前期活性高于后期,海岛棉PPO第1个波峰明显高于第2个波峰,陆地棉差异不大。[结论]海岛棉与陆地棉AAO、PPO活性在7月4日和8月6日的量存在差异,有可能为陆海杂交后代选育提供理论指导。