Effect of radiation-induced mean wavelength shift in optical fibers on the scale factor of an interferometric fiber optic gyroscope at a wavelength of 1300 nm

In order to analyze the effect of wavelength-dependent radiation-induced attenuation （RIA） on the mean trans- mission wavelength in optical fiber and the scale factor of interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes （IFOGs）, three types of polarization-maintaining （PM） fibers are tested by using a 60Co γ-radiation source. The observed different mean wave- length shift （MWS） behaviors for different fibers are interpreted by color-center theory involving dose rate-dependent absorption bands in ultraviolet and visible ranges and total dose-dependent near-infrared absorption bands. To evaluate the mean wavelength variation in a fiber coil and the induced scale factor change for space-borne IFOGs under low radiation doses in a space environment, the influence of dose rate on the mean wavelength is investigated by testing four germanium （Ge） doped fibers and two germanium-phosphorus （Ge-P） codoped fibers irradiated at different dose rates. Experimental results indicate that the Ge-doped fibers show the least mean wavelength shift during irradiation and their mean wavelength of optical signal transmission in fibers will shift to a shorter wavelength in a low-dose-rate radiation environment. Finally, the change in the scale factor of IFOG resulting from the mean wavelength shift is estimated and tested, and it is found that the significant radiation-induced scale factor variation must be considered during the design of space-borne IFOGs.

The Hawking Hubble Temperature as the Minimum Temperature, the Planck Temperature as the Maximum Temperature, and the CMB Temperature as Their Geometric Mean Temperature

Using a rigorous mathematical approach, we demonstrate how the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature could simply be a form of geometric mean temperature between the minimum time-dependent Hawking Hubble temperature and the maximum Planck temperature of the expanding universe over the course of cosmic time. This mathematical discovery suggests a re-consideration of Rh=ctcosmological models, including black hole cosmological models, even if it possibly could also be consistent with the Λ-CDM model. Most importantly, this paper contributes to the growing literature in the past year asserting a tightly constrained mathematical relationship between the CMB temperature, the Hubble constant, and other global parameters of the Hubble sphere. Our approach suggests a solid theoretical framework for predicting and understanding the CMB temperature rather than solely observing it.1.

光纤陀螺用集成光收发模块耦合移位对耦合损耗和平均波长的影响研究

集成光收发模块作为集成化光纤陀螺的关键器件之一,能够实现光源、探测器和耦合器等功能,其光路的耦合移位会显著影响光路耦合效率和平均波长,从而影响陀螺的零偏和标度因数等性能。文章对空间光路进行理论建模,使用重叠积分法计算耦合效率;使用Beamprop方法进行仿真分析,得到不同耦合位移下的耦合损耗以及平均波长漂移;最后通过对比实验对理论和仿真情况进行了验证。结果表明,耦合损耗受y轴方向耦合移位的影响最大,平均波长漂移受z轴方向耦合移位的影响最大,并给出了不同耦合损耗下的平均波长漂移,为集成光收发模块的光路耦合及优化工作提供参考。

Relationship Between Mean Length and MeanPeriod of Wind Waves

The mean wavelength of ocean waves is an important environmental parameter in ocean engineering. Owing to the difficulty in its measurement, it is usually estimated from the mean wave period according to the theoretical relationship between the two wave parameters. However, the relationships that have been proposed are not very satisfactory. In this paper, some suggestions are made for improvement of the data analysis method by which the mean wavelength is estimated from surface elevation records. Laboratory experiments are conducted in a wind-wave flume, and a new relationship between the mean wavelength and mean wave period is obtained by the application of the improved data analysis method. The new relationship deviates from that of Xu et al. （1999） while it is very close to the one proposed by Kinsman （1965）, although the last one is theoretically deficient.

基于气相沉积法的掺铒光纤制备与温度特性

为了研制温度稳定性满足中高精度光纤陀螺仪中超荧光光源使用要求的掺铒光纤,采用螯合物气相沉积法制备了Al-Er共掺和Al-Ge-Er共掺两种掺铒光纤。同时对两种光纤的吸收系数和本底损耗进行了测试研究,并搭建超荧光光源测试平台,对Al-Ge-Er共掺光纤的温度稳定性进行了实验验证。结果表明,在制备光纤时通入等量的铒的螯合物,Al-Er共掺光纤具有更高的吸收系数,但本底损耗较高;两种光纤在1530 nm的吸收系数分别为35.6 dB/m和20.0 dB/m,在1200 nm的本底损耗为31.7 dB/km和6.3 dB/km;在-45.0℃~70.0℃变温范围内,Al-Ge-Er共掺光纤的自发辐射光谱在中心波长为1560.84 nm,10.51 nm带宽的平均波长变化约为6.52×10^(-7)nm/℃,该光纤可满足高精度光纤陀螺的超荧光光源使用要求。该研究为掺铒光纤的研制提供了参考。

基于FRM的直升机载光纤惯导用抗振型光源研究

振动性能是评价高精度直升机载光纤陀螺环境可靠性与性能稳定性的一个重要指标,光源作为直升机载光纤惯导的源头部件,需要保证其在振动条件下性能的稳定输出。针对光源平均波长随振动变化的问题,从基本机理出发,通过建立光路琼斯矩阵模型,深入研究了光纤中传输光的偏振态与偏振相关损耗之间的关系,在不增加光源系统复杂性的情况下提出了一种基于法拉第旋转镜的直升机载光纤惯导用抗振型光源,并实验验证了其抗振动性能。实验表明,提出的方案可以大大提高光源和光纤惯导振动条件下的稳定性,特别是高频振动条件下(1000~2000 Hz),光源的平均波长稳定性提高了6.8×10^(-6)。

激光金等离子体谱中3d-5f、3p-5s跃迁子阵计算

激光金等离子体Ｍ带０．３４６～０．３７２ｎｍ范围内精细结构谱，是金等离子体的类Ｃｏ、类Ｎｉ、类Ｃｕ、类Ｚｎ离子的３ｄ－５ｆ、３ｐ－５ｓ跃迁子阵形成的。在自旋轨道劈裂阵模型下，对平均波长在该范围内的各子阵的主要特征参数如平均波长、半高宽和总跃迁强度进行详细计算，得到与实验测量基本一致的结果，可用于等离子体的精确诊断。

掺铒光纤超荧光光源平均波长温度稳定性实验研究

研究了掺铒光纤超荧光光源平均波长温度稳定性与光源结构和泵浦功率的关系,分析了不同结构和泵浦功率情况下平均波长随温度变化的原因.通过改变光源的结构和泵浦功率,改善了光源的输出光谱形状和吸收发射特性,从而改善了平均波长的温度稳定性.满足一定参量条件的双程后向结构光源,平均波长全温稳定性可达到1 ppm/℃,比目前实测的10 ppm/℃高将近10倍,且输出功率高而稳定.

铒纤长度对掺铒光源性能影响的实验研究

实验演示了铒纤长度的选择对1550nm双通后向超荧光掺铒光纤光源(DPBSFS)的平均波长以及谱宽性能的影响,特别是对平均波长稳定性的影响,实验分析了-20℃～60℃之间光源固有平均波长的变化,最终得到了铒纤固有热系数以及整个样机的平均波长稳定性随铒纤长度变化的实验曲线,对超荧光掺铒光纤光源的器件选择和优化设计具有重要参考价值.

光纤电流互感器平均波长漂移变比误差(英文)

全温条件下（-40-60℃）测量精度误差较大是影响光纤电流互感器实用化进程的主要原因之一。传感光纤的维尔德常数随光纤内光波平均波长变化，导致系统输出变比漂移，从而降低系统的测量精度。理论分析了光谱平均波长与系统输出变比之间的关系，并通过实验验证了关系式的准确性。分别对光纤电流互感器光路各组成器件对通过光平均波长的影响进行了分析，实验测量了变温条件下平均波长变化的趋势以及程度。提出了起偏器与延迟光纤在变温条件下对平均波长影响的自补偿方案，有效的减小了传感光纤中平均波长的漂移程度。保证光纤电流互感器在变温条件下到达0.2 s级精度要求。同时为适应更高测量精度应用场合提供了参考。

双程前向结构掺铒光纤光源稳定性的实验研究

为了获得高稳定的光纤陀螺掺铒光纤光源,理论分析了平均波长受温度变化的影响因素,实验研究了双程前向(DPF)结构掺铒光纤光源平均波长温度稳定性。主要通过优化铒纤长度来减小铒纤的本征温度系数对光源稳定性的影响,优化泵浦功率使其引起平均波长的变化达到最小。最终获得了掺铒光纤光源在双程前向结构下的优化铒纤长度12.2m和优化泵浦功率150mW,对比分析了包括优化铒纤长度在内的三个长度下,不同泵浦功率对光源的平均波长、输出功率和谱宽的影响;测量了不同长度铒纤的本征温度系数,获得了平均波长稳定性为-0.452ppm/°C的双程前向光纤光源。

超荧光光源中掺铒光子晶体光纤辐射效应

研究伽马辐射对基于掺铒光子晶体光纤超荧光光源输出特性的影响.对比基于掺铒光子晶体光纤和传统掺铒光纤超荧光光纤光源.分别将这两套光源的掺铒光纤部分置于伽马辐射环境中,研究不同辐射剂量对光源输出功率和平均波长的影响,测试辐射结束后光源的恢复情况.结果表明,两种掺铒光纤的辐射效应所引起的超荧光光纤光源性能退化基本相近,但相比传统掺铒光纤,掺铒光子晶体光纤具有更好的恢复特性,在空间领域应用具有潜在优势.

泵浦功率对掺铒光纤光源性能影响的实验研究

超荧光掺铒光纤光源技术是高精度光纤陀螺的关键技术之一,其优劣直接影响陀螺的性能。在完成铒纤长度优化设计的基础上,实验分析了泵浦功率对掺铒光纤光源平均波长以及带宽的影响,同时在-20￣60℃的温度范围内,测量了不同泵浦功率条件下掺铒光纤光源平均波长、带宽和输出功率随温度的漂移。实验结果表明,当泵浦功率在60￣120 mW范围内时,平均波长受泵浦功率的影响约为-6.5 ppm/mW,可以根据光纤陀螺对输出功率和带宽大小的要求在此范围内选择合适的泵浦功率。最终装配样机的平均波长的长期稳定性(6 h)达到5 ppm(峰-峰值),短期稳定性(1 h)达到2 ppm,可以在此基础上定制合适的光纤光栅滤波器,对ASE光谱进行滤波,使谱形满足高精度光纤陀螺的要求。

基于功率取样的光纤光源平均波长控制技术

为提高宽谱光纤光源温度稳定性,对平均波长温度稳定性进行了分析;对不同泵浦功率下输出光的平均波长与输出功率的变化进行了仿真和实验研究,揭示了宽谱光纤光源平均波长与输出功率的相关性;提出并实现了一种基于数学模型的平均波长控制技术.从光源输出取出小部分功率作为反馈信号,通过调整泵浦激光器电流实现了中心波长的精确控制.对研制的样机进行了实际测试,结果表明控制方案是可行的,在-45~70℃的温度范围内,宽谱光纤光源的平均波长稳定性达到0.3×10-6℃-1.

双程后向结构掺铒光纤光源的实验研究

为了获得高稳定光纤陀螺掺铒光纤光源,分析了光源平均波长受温度变化的主要影响因素,实验研究了双程后向结构光源平均波长温度稳定性。主要通过优化铒纤长度和泵浦功率来减小铒纤本征温度系数及泵浦功率对光源平均波长温度稳定性的影响。同时分析了铒纤长度和泵浦功率对光源的平均波长、输出功率和谱宽的影响,最终选取掺铒光纤光源在双程后向结构下的铒纤优化长度10.1 m和泵浦优化功率160 mW。测量了10.1 m铒纤的本征温度系数为0.434×10-6/C。研制了掺铒光纤光源整机,对其进行温度稳定性测试,获得了平均波长稳定性1.18×10-6/C高稳定双程后向掺铒光纤光源。

双程前向结构掺铒光纤光源的稳定性研究

为了获得高稳定宽谱光源,实验研究了双程前向结构掺铒光纤光源稳定性.分析了铒纤长度和泵浦功率对光源的平均波长、输出功率和谱宽的影响,通过优化铒纤长度和泵浦功率来减小铒纤本身和泵浦功率对光源稳定性的影响.实验结果表明:在铒纤优化长度10.10m和泵浦优化功率160mW时,掺铒光纤光源的稳定性达到最优,其平均波长和输出功率变化分别为0.005nm和0.035mW.

Effect of radiation-induced color centers absorption in optical fibers on fiber optic gyroscope for space application

The effects of color centers＇ absorption on fibers and interferometric fiber optical gyroscopes（IFOGs） are studied in the paper. The irradiation induced attenuation（RIA） spectra of three types of polarization-maintaining fibers（PMFs）, i.e.,P-doped, Ge-doped, and pure silica, irradiated at 100 Gy and 1000 Gy are measured in a wavelength range from 1100 nm to1600 nm and decomposed according to the Gaussian model. The relationship of the color centers absorption intensity with radiation dose is investigated based on a power model. Furthermore, the effects of all color centers＇ absorption on RIA and mean wavelength shifts（MWS） at 1300 nm and 1550 nm are discussed respectively. Finally, the random walk coefficient（RWC） degradation induced from RIA and the scale factor error induced by MWS of the IFOG are simulated and tested at a wavelength of 1300 nm. This research will contribute to the applications of the fibers in radiation environments.

Radiation-induced attenuation self-compensating effect in super-fluorescent fiber source

The compact super-fluorescent fiber source （SFS） output spectra variations at different pump currents and under different dose of gamma-ray radiation were measured and compared respectively. The radiation-induced attenuation （RIA） self-compensating effect in SFS based on photo-bleaching was found and the general mathematic model of SFS output spectra variations was made. The radiation-induced background attenuation （RIBA） at the pump wavelength was identified to be the main cause of the total output power and spectra variations and the variations can then be compensated by active control of the pump power to enhance the self-compensating effect. With closed-loop feedback control of pump current, double-pass backward （DPB） configuration and spectrum re-shaping technology, an SFS prototype was made and tested. The mean-wavelength stability of about 87.4 ppm and output power instability of less than 5% were achieved under up to 200 krad （Si） gamma-ray irradiation.

Experimental Research on Erbium-doped Superfluorescent Fiber Source

The effects of the variations in fiber length,fiber mirror reflectance on efficiency and output power are experimentally investigated for erbium-doped double pass backward superfluorescent fiber sources (SFSs).The influence of fiber length on mean wavelength stability (MWS) has also been demonstrated.By incorporating a short section of un-pumped erbium-doped fiber (EDF) at the output port,the pump power dependent on MWS becomes independent of pumped EDF length.This is a novel phenomenon that hasn’t been reported up to now,and should be helpful to SFS fabrication and theory analysis.By using a fiber Michelson interferometer as spectrum slicing component,a multi-wavelength fiber source (MWFS) with ～20 channels (from 1 542 nm to 1 559 nm) is got.The MWFS has a channel spacing of ～0.8 nm which satisfies ITU-standard.The intensity fluctuation among channels is less than 0.5 dB,and the extinction ratio of all channels is above 14 dB.This kind of MWFS should be useful to wavelength division multiplexing systems.

东亚飞蝗光谱特征波长筛选与龄期识别方法研究

利用高光谱图像采集系统在400~1 000 nm波段范围内采集东亚飞蝗成虫、5龄、4龄和3龄的前胸背甲光谱信息;每个龄期提取15像素×15像素目标区域平均反射率信息作为样本信息;提出了一种基于K均值聚类和主成分分析（K-PCA）相结合特征波段提取方法,对比分析K-PCA和SPA（投影连续变换）2种特征波长提取方法,采用Fisher判别分析方法分别对K-PCA和SPA筛选的特征波长建立东亚飞蝗龄期识别判别模型,实验结果表明K-PCA筛选出的特征波长数少且正确识别率为98.25%。K-PCA筛选的特征波长为468 nm、555 nm、635 nm、710 nm、729 nm、750 nm、786 nm和899 nm。本文提取的东亚飞蝗特征波长为东亚飞蝗的龄期识别奠定基础,进而对蝗灾的监测与预防提供了技术支持。