Measurement Uncertainty Analysis of the Rotary-scan Method for the Measurable Dimension of Cylindrical Workpieces

The measurement uncertainty analysis is carried out to investigate the measurable dimensions of cylindrical workpieces by the rotary-scan method in this paper.Due to the difficult alignment of the workpiece with a diameter of less than 3 mm by the rotary scan method,the measurement uncertainty of the cylindrical workpiece with a diameter of 3 mm and length of 50 mm which is measured by a roundness measuring machine,is evaluated according to GUM(Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement)as an example.Since the uncertainty caused by the eccentricity of the measured workpiece is different with the dimension changing,the measurement uncertainty of cylindrical workpieces with other dimensions can be evaluated the same as the diameter of 3 mm but with different eccentricity.Measurement uncertainty caused by different eccentricities concerning the dimension of the measured cylindrical workpiece is set to simulate the evaluations.Compared to the target value of the measurement uncertainty of 0.1μm,the measurable dimensions of the cylindrical workpiece can be obtained.Experiments and analysis are presented to quantitatively evaluate the reliability of the rotary-scan method for the roundness measurement of cylindrical workpieces.

EULER SCHEME AND MEASURABLE FLOWS FOR STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH NON-LIPSCHITZ COEFFICIENTS

For a stochastic differential equation with non-Lipschitz coefficients, we construct, by Euler scheme, a measurable flow of the solution, and we prove the solution is a Markov process.

OPTIONAL AND PREDICTABLE PROJECTIONS OF SET-VALUED MEASURABLE PROCESSES

In this paper,the optional and predictable projections of set-valued measurable processes are studied.The existence and uniqueness of optional and predictable projections of set-valued measurable processes are proved under proper circumstances.

INITIAL-OBLIQUE DERIVATIVE PROBLEMS FOR NONLINEAR PARABOLIC SYSTEMS WITH MEASURABLE COEFFICIENTS

This paper deals with some initial-oblique derivative boundary value problems for nonlinear nondivergent parabolic systems of several second order equations with measurable coefficients in multiply connected domains. Firstly, a priori estimates of solutions for the initial-boundary value problems are given, and then by using the above estimates of solutions and the Leray-Schauder theorem, the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the problems are proved.

Quasi-cardinality of a Fuzzy Set on a Measurable Universe of Discourse

The concepts of quasi-cardinality, possibility and expectation of a fuzzy set on a measurable set, as a generalization of the quasi-cardinality of a fuzzy set on a finite universe of discourse is proposed. Also some properties of them are given out and thus some relevant results are elucidated.

Measuring the immeasurable? Operationalising social capital in health research

During the last decennia, social capital has been a popular topic in social sciences. However, the concept is often used as a “catch all” for divers social characteristics. Consensus on how the concept should be measured is lacking. This keeps health researchers from drawing firm conclusions on the influence of social capital on health and hampers the decision on which social capital indicators to use in health research. This study compares five ways to operationalise social capital (generalized trust, a social network index, an expanded social network index, bonding, bridging and linking social capital and a multidimensional social capital index) in their ability to explain self-rated health and pain. To evaluate the models’ capacity to explain health, two logistic regression models were built, resulting in Nagelkerke R2 measures. Data were collected in a cross-sectional study in eight neighbourhoods in the region of Ghent (Belgium) by randomly sampling 50 adult inhabitants per neighbourhood. Findings show that the explanation of the observed variance in health by the studied social capital models ranges from 1.9% to 23.1%, but is more pronounced for self-rated health than for pain. The multidimensional social capital index explains most of the variance in health, but poses an important strain on the respondents due to a large number of surveyquestions. With some prudence, we presume that the explanatory added value of the more extended social capital models is rather limited from a practical point of view as the addition in explained variance of the other models seems not in relation to the number of questions needed. Researchers should weigh up the pros and cons of different manners to measure social capital carefully, taking the goals and focus of their study into account.

Measurable Dielectric Permittivity Range for TE and TM Modes in a Shielded Dielectric Resonator

Dielectric resonator methods constitute one of the most useful techniques for the measurement of electromagnetic material properties in the microwave frequency range. Several geometric configurations are used for this purpose and, in the present paper, we consider the case of a dielectric rod enclosed in a cylindrical metallic enclosure. To carry out dielectric measurements in this system it is necessary to know the highest permittivity constant value for which the resonance condition still can be attained into the cavity. Using an approach based on magnetic and electric Hertzian potentials we have derived the set of TE and TM modes for the relevant geometry described and, then we have calculated the valid dielectric permittivity constant range of measurements for low-loss materials in a cylindrical cavity using a simple resonance frequency condition. Finally, we present a simple application of this method in order to determine the dielectric permittivity constant of heavy oil with 11 API.

Current assessment and management of measurable residual disease in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the setting of CAR-T-cell therapy

Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-modified T-cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL).Measurable/minimal residual disease(MRD)monitoring plays a significant role in the prognostication and management of patients undergoing CAR-T-cell therapy.Common MRD detection methods include flow cytometry(FCM),polymerase chain reaction(PCR),and next-generation sequencing(NGS),and each method has advantages and limitations.It has been well documented that MRD positivity predicts a poor prognosis and even disease relapse.Thus,how to perform prognostic evaluations,stratify risk based on MRD status,and apply MRD monitoring to guide individual therapeutic decisions have important implications in clinical practice.This review assesses the common and novel MRD assessment methods.In addition,we emphasize the critical role of MRD as a prognostic biomarker and summarize the latest studies regarding MRD-directed combination therapy with CAR-T-cell therapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT),as well as other therapeutic strategies to improve treatment effect.Furthermore,this review discusses current challenges and strategies for MRD detection in the setting of disease relapse after targeted therapy.

Measurable speckle gradation Hadamard single-pixel imaging

The array spatial light field is an effective means for improving imaging speed in single-pixel imaging.However,distinguishing the intensity values of each sub-light field in the array spatial light field requires the help of the array detector or the time-consuming deep-learning algorithm.Aiming at this problem,we propose measurable speckle gradation Hadamard single-pixel imaging(MSG-HSI),which makes most of the refresh mechanism of the device generate the Hadamard speckle patterns and the high sampling rate of the bucket detector and is capable of measuring the light intensity fluctuation of the array spatial light field only by a simple bucket detector.The numerical and experimental results indicate that data acquisition in MSG-HSI is 4 times faster than in traditional Hadamard single-pixel imaging.Moreover,imaging quality in MSG-HSI can be further improved by image stitching technology.Our approach may open a new perspective for single-pixel imaging to improve imaging speed.

Drilling-based measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock and its field application

The technology of drilling tests makes it possible to obtain the strength parameter of rock accurately in situ. In this paper, a new rock cutting analysis model that considers the influence of the rock crushing zone(RCZ) is built. The formula for an ultimate cutting force is established based on the limit equilibrium principle. The relationship between digital drilling parameters(DDP) and the c-φ parameter(DDP-cφ formula, where c refers to the cohesion and φ refers to the internal friction angle) is derived, and the response of drilling parameters and cutting ratio to the strength parameters is analyzed. The drillingbased measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock is constructed. The laboratory verification test is then completed, and the difference in results between the drilling test and the compression test is less than 6%. On this basis, in-situ rock drilling tests in a traffic tunnel and a coal mine roadway are carried out, and the strength parameters of the surrounding rock are effectively tested. The average difference ratio of the results is less than 11%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for obtaining the strength parameters based on digital drilling. This study provides methodological support for field testing of rock strength parameters.

Existence of the optimal measurable coupling and ergodicity for Markov processes

The existence theorem of the optimal measurable coupling of two probability kernels on a complete separable metric measurable space is proved. Then by this theorem, a general ergodicity theorem for Markov processes is obtained. And as an immediate application to particle systems the uniqueness theorem of the stationary distribution is supplemented, i.e. the uniqueness theorem also implies the existence of the stationary distribution.

Geospatial Information Service Based on Digital Measurable Image——Take Image City·Wuhan as an Example

LBS (location-based service) is a remarkable outcome of the development from GIS to geospatial information service. Faced by the requirements of geospatial information from the masses and the opportunity provided by the next generation Internet and Web 2.0, a new model of geospatial information service based on DMI (digital measurable image) is presented. First, the concept of LBS and the opportunities of Web 2.0 are introduced, then the characteristic of DMI is discussed. Taking the Image City·Wuhan as an example, the function of geospatial information service based on DMI is introduced. Finally, the feasibility for its industrialization is discussed.

A note on rough set and non-measurable set

It is proved that rough set is equivalent to non-measurable set in measure theory. Hence, rough set is not a new concept in some sense. At the same time, we defined the measurable degree of a set by inner measure and outer measure. Its special case is the accuracy measure of rough set.

Bunch-length measurement at a bunch-by-bunch rate based on time–frequency-domain joint analysis techniques and its application

This paper presents a new technique for measuring the bunch length of a high-energy electron beam at a bunch-by-bunch rate in storage rings.This technique uses the time–frequency-domain joint analysis of the bunch signal to obtain bunch-by-bunch and turn-by-turn longitudinal parameters,such as bunch length and synchronous phase.The bunch signal is obtained using a button electrode with a bandwidth of several gigahertz.The data acquisition device was a high-speed digital oscilloscope with a sampling rate of more than 10 GS/s,and the single-shot sampling data buffer covered thousands of turns.The bunch-length and synchronous phase information were extracted via offline calculations using Python scripts.The calibration coefficient of the system was determined using a commercial streak camera.Moreover,this technique was tested on two different storage rings and successfully captured various longitudinal transient processes during the harmonic cavity debugging process at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF),and longitudinal instabilities were observed during the single-bunch accumulation process at Hefei Light Source(HLS).For Gaussian-distribution bunches,the uncertainty of the bunch phase obtained using this technique was better than 0.2 ps,and the bunch-length uncertainty was better than 1 ps.The dynamic range exceeded 10 ms.This technology is a powerful and versatile beam diagnostic tool that can be conveniently deployed in high-energy electron storage rings.

Beyond functional MRI signals:molecular and cellular modifiers of the functional connectome and cognition

Our brain is constantly active.Even at rest,the brain carries out essential functions such as maintenance of resting potentials,subthreshold synaptic activity,and spiking activity related to information processing.This resting activity can be assessed with several in vivo tools,such as resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.This technique measures subtle changes in blood flow,volume,and oxygenation that occur over time.Although vascular in nature,resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is considered a reliable proxy of neural activity and several studies have shown that the brain is functionally divided into interacting neural networks called the“functional connectome”.

TBAB hydrate formation and growth in a microdevice under static and dynamic conditions

The natural gas hydrate has become one of the most promising future green energy sources on the earth.The natural gas hydrates mostly exist in the sediments with porous structure, so a solid understanding of the hydrate formation and growth processes in the porous medium is of significance for the exploitation of natural gas hydrate. The micro-packed bed device is one of the efficient microfluidic devices in the engineering field, but it has been rarely used for the hydrate-based research. In this study, a transparent micro-packed bed device filled with glass beads was developed to mimic the porous condition of sediments, and used to in-situ visualize the hydrate formation and growth habits in the pore spaces under both static and dynamic conditions. For the static experiment, two types of hydrate growth patterns in porous medium were observed and identified in the micro-packed bed device, which were the graincoating growth and pore-filling growth. For the dynamic condition, the hydrate formation, growth,distribution habits and hydrate blockage phenomena in the pore spaces were in-situ visually captured.The impacts of flowrate and subcooling on the pressure variation of the micro-packed bed and the duration of the hydrate growth under dynamic flow condition in pores were in-situ monitored and analyzed. The higher flowrate could result in the faster hydrate growth and more severe blockage in pores, but the effect of subcooling condition might be less significant at the high flowrate.

FPGA and computer-vision-based atom tracking technology for scanning probe microscopy

Atom tracking technology enhanced with innovative algorithms has been implemented in this study,utilizing a comprehensive suite of controllers and software independently developed domestically.Leveraging an on-board field-programmable gate array(FPGA)with a core frequency of 100 MHz,our system facilitates reading and writing operations across 16 channels,performing discrete incremental proportional-integral-derivative(PID)calculations within 3.4 microseconds.Building upon this foundation,gradient and extremum algorithms are further integrated,incorporating circular and spiral scanning modes with a horizontal movement accuracy of 0.38 pm.This integration enhances the real-time performance and significantly increases the accuracy of atom tracking.Atom tracking achieves an equivalent precision of at least 142 pm on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(HOPG)surface under room temperature atmospheric conditions.Through applying computer vision and image processing algorithms,atom tracking can be used when scanning a large area.The techniques primarily consist of two algorithms:the region of interest(ROI)-based feature matching algorithm,which achieves 97.92%accuracy,and the feature description-based matching algorithm,with an impressive 99.99%accuracy.Both implementation approaches have been tested for scanner drift measurements,and these technologies are scalable and applicable in various domains of scanning probe microscopy with broad application prospects in the field of nanoengineering.

A seismic elastic moduli module for the measurements of low-frequency wave dispersion and attenuation of fluid-saturated rocks under different pressures

Knowledge about the seismic elastic modulus dispersion,and associated attenuation,in fluid-saturated rocks is essential for better interpretation of seismic observations taken as part of hydrocarbon identification and time-lapse seismic surveillance of both conventional and unconventional reservoir and overburden performances.A Seismic Elastic Moduli Module has been developed,based on the forced-oscillations method,to experimentally investigate the frequency dependence of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio,as well as the inferred attenuation,of cylindrical samples under different confining pressure conditions.Calibration with three standard samples showed that the measured elastic moduli were consistent with the published data,indicating that the new apparatus can operate reliably over a wide frequency range of f∈[1-2000,10^(6)]Hz.The Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the shale and the tight sandstone samples were measured under axial stress oscillations to assess the frequency-and pressure-dependent effects.Under dry condition,both samples appear to be nearly frequency independent,with weak pressure dependence for the shale and significant pressure dependence for the sandstone.In particular,it was found that the tight sandstone with complex pore microstructure exhibited apparent dispersion and attenuation under brine or glycerin saturation conditions,the levels of which were strongly influenced by the increased effective pressure.In addition,the measured Young's moduli results were compared with the theoretical predictions from a scaled poroelastic model with a reasonably good agreement,revealing that the combined fluid flow mechanisms at both mesoscopic and microscopic scales possibly responsible for the measured dispersion.

Development of a toroidal soft x-ray imaging system and application for investigating three-dimensional plasma on J-TEXT

A toroidal soft x-ray imaging(T-SXRI)system has been developed to investigate threedimensional(3D)plasma physics on J-TEXT.This T-SXRI system consists of three sets of SXR arrays.Two sets are newly developed and located on the vacuum chamber wall at toroidal positionsφof 126.4°and 272.6°,respectively,while one set was established previously atφ=65.50.Each set of SXR arrays consists of three arrays viewing the plasma poloidally,and hence can be used separately to obtain SXR images via the tomographic method.The sawtooth precursor oscillations are measured by T-SXRI,and the corresponding images of perturbative SXR signals are successfully reconstructed at these three toroidal positions,hence providing measurement of the 3D structure of precursor oscillations.The observed 3D structure is consistent with the helical structure of the m/n=1/1 mode.The experimental observation confirms that the T-SXRI system is able to observe 3D structures in the J-TEXT plasma.

Triple-path feature transform network for ring-array photoacoustic tomography image reconstruction

Photoacoustic imaging(PAI)is a noninvasive emerging imaging method based on the photoacoustic effect,which provides necessary assistance for medical diagnosis.It has the characteristics of large imaging depth and high contrast.However,limited by the equipment cost and reconstruction time requirements,the existing PAI systems distributed with annular array transducers are difficult to take into account both the image quality and the imaging speed.In this paper,a triple-path feature transform network(TFT-Net)for ring-array photoacoustic tomography is proposed to enhance the imaging quality from limited-view and sparse measurement data.Specifically,the network combines the raw photoacoustic pressure signals and conventional linear reconstruction images as input data,and takes the photoacoustic physical model as a prior information to guide the reconstruction process.In addition,to enhance the ability of extracting signal features,the residual block and squeeze and excitation block are introduced into the TFT-Net.For further efficient reconstruction,the final output of photoacoustic signals uses‘filter-then-upsample’operation with a pixel-shuffle multiplexer and a max out module.Experiment results on simulated and in-vivo data demonstrate that the constructed TFT-Net can restore the target boundary clearly,reduce background noise,and realize fast and high-quality photoacoustic image reconstruction of limited view with sparse sampling.