Accuracy estimation of site coordinates derived from GNSS-observations by non-classical error theory of measurements

The velocities of tectonic plates derived from GNSS time series are regularly used as input data for geophysical models. However, as shown by numerous researches, the coordinates time series contain residual errors of a systematic nature, which can significantly affect the reliability of the obtained velocity estimates. This research shows that using non-classical error theory of measurement(NETM)for processing GNSS time series allows detecting the presence of weak, not removed from GNSS processing, sources of systematic errors. Based on the coordinate time series of selected permanent GNSS stations in Europe, we checked the empirical distributions of errors by the NETM on G. Jeffries’ recommendations and on the principles of the theory of hypothesis tests according to Pearson’s criterion. It is established that the obtained coordinates time series of GNSS-stations only partially confirm the hypothesis of their conformity to the normal Gaussian distribution law, and this may be the main reason for their unrepresentative classification. In the future, it is necessary to identify and take into account the causes of residual errors that distort the real distribution of the results of the GNSS time series.

Optimization model of unascertained measurement for underground mining method selection and its application

An optimization model of underground mining method selection was established on the basis of the unascertained measurement theory.Considering the geologic conditions,technology,economy and safety production,ten main factors influencing the selection of mining method were taken into account,and the comprehensive evaluation index system of mining method selection was constructed.The unascertained evaluation indices corresponding to the selected factors for the actual situation were solved both qualitatively and quantitatively.New measurement standards were constructed.Then,the unascertained measurement function of each evaluation index was established.The index weights of the factors were calculated by entropy theory,and credible degree recognition criteria were established according to the unascertained measurement theory.The results of mining method evaluation were obtained using the credible degree criteria,thus the best underground mining method was determined.Furthermore,this model was employed for the comprehensive evaluation and selection of the chosen standard mining methods in Xinli Gold Mine in Sanshandao of China.The results show that the relative superiority degrees of mining methods can be calculated using the unascertained measurement optimization model,so the optimal method can be easily determined.Meanwhile,the proposed method can take into account large amount of uncertain information in mining method selection,which can provide an effective way for selecting the optimal underground mining method.

Optimal phase estimation with photon-number difference measurement using twin-Fock states of light

Quantum phase measurement with multiphoton twin-Fock states has been shown to be optimal for detecting equal numbers of photons at the output ports of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer(i.e., the so-called single-fringe detection), since the phase sensitivity can saturate the quantum Cramér–Rao lower bound at certain values of phase shift. Here we report a further step to achieve a global phase estimation at the Heisenberg limit by detecting the particle-number difference(i.e., the ?_z measurement). We show the role of experimental imperfections on the ultimate estimation precision with the six-photon twin-Fock state of light. Our results show that both the precision and the sensing region of the ?_z measurement are better than those of the single-fringe detection, due to combined contributions of the measurement outcomes. We numerically simulate the phase estimation protocol using an asymptotically unbiased maximum likelihood estimator.

Measurement of Electron-Drift Velocity in Ar＋CH4 Mixtures Using Double-Grid Method

Based on analyzing the induced signals from the double-grids of an ionization chamber, the electron-drift time between the two grids is determined and the electron-drift velocity is derived. A waveform digitizer is employed to record pulses from the two grids of the ionization chamber. The electron-drift velocity is measured as a function of the reduced electric field E/p for eight different ratios of Ar＋CH4 mixtures. By analyzing the experimental data of this study, self-consistency of experimental data is achieved, and formulae for calculating electron-drift velocity in any ratio of Ar＋CH4 mixtures are obtained.

Progress in AMS Measurement of 182Hf at CIAE

Accelerator mass spectrometry （AMS） is one of the most promising methods to detect minute amounts of 182Hf. However, the sensitivity of 5×10^-11 for ^182Hf/180Hf obtained previously by the AMS method at China Institute of Atomic Energy （CIAE） cannot meet the requirement of some applications. We present some new improvements of measurement method for AMS measurement of 182Hf at the CIAE HI？13 tandem accelerator system. As a result, a sensitivity of 1.0×10^-11 for 182Hf/180Hf is achieved.

Time-Resolved Measurement of Radiatively Heated Iron 2p-3d Transmission Spectra

An experimental measurement of radiatively heated iron plasma transmission spectra was performed on Shenguang II laser facility. In the measurement, the self？emission spectrum, the backlighting spectrum, and the absorption spectrum were imaged with a flat filed grating and recorded on a gated micro channel plate detector to obtain the time-resolved transmission spectra in the range 10-20 ？ （approximately 0.6-1.3 keV）. Experimental results are compared with the calculation results of an unsolved transition array （UTA） code. The time-dependent relative shift in the positions of the 2p-3d transmission array is interpreted in terms of the plasma temperature variations.

Bell’s Theorem and Einstein’s Worry about Quantum Mechanics

With the use of a local dependency on instrument setting parameters of the probability density of local hidden variables, it is demonstrated that a Kolmogorov formulation reproduces the quantum correlation. This is the novelty of the work. In a Bell experiment, one cannot distinguish between Bell’s formula and the here presented local Kolmogorov formula. With the presented formula, no CHSH can be obtained. Therefore, the famous CHSH inequality has no excluding power concerning local extra Einstein parameter models. This result concurs with other previous research concerning difficulties with Bell’s formula.

Multiple vehicle routing problem integrated reverse logistics with fuzzy reverse demands

A new type of vehicle routing problem （VRP）, multiple vehicle routing problem integrated reverse logistics （MVRPRL）, is studied. In this problem, there is delivery or pickup （or both） and uncertain features in the demands of the clients. The deliveries of every client as uncertain parameters are expressed as triangular fuzzy numbers. In order to describe MVRPRL, a multi-objective fuzzy programming model with credibility measure theory is constructed. Then the simulationbased tabu search algorithm combining inter-route and intra-route neighborhoods and embedded restarts are designed to solve it. Computational results show that the tabu search algorithm developed is superior to sweep algorithms and that compared with handling each on separate routes, the transportation costs can be reduced by 43% through combining pickups with deliveries.

ON STATIONARY HYPERSURFACES IN EUCLIDEAN SPACES

Some techniques in the Geometric Measure Theory are used to study the hypersurfaces in Euclidean spaces and some fundamental properties with this subject are discussed in this article.

THE GAUSS–GREEN THEOREM IN CLIFFORD ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

In this article, we establish the Gauss Green type theorems for Clifford-valued functions in Clifford analysis. The boundary conditions in theorems obtained are very general by using the geometric measure theoretic method. The Cauchy-Pompeiu formula for Clifford-valued functions under the weak condition will be derived as their simple application. Furthermore, Cauchy formula for monogenic functions under the weak condition is derived directly from the Cauchy-Pompeiu formula.

Coseismic gravity and displacement changes of Japan Tohoku earthquake(Mw 9.0)

The greatest earthquake in the modern history of Japan and probably the fourth greatest in the last 100 years in the world occurred on March 11, 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku.Large tsunami and ground motions caused severe damage in wide areas, particularly many towns along the Pacific coast. So far, gravity change caused by such a great earthquake has been reported for the 1964 Alaska and the 2010 Maule events. However, the spatial-temporal resolution of the gravity data for these cases is insufficient to depict a co-seismic gravity field variation in a spatial scale of a plate subduction zone. Here, we report an unequivocal co-seismic gravity change over the Japanese Island, obtained from a hybrid gravity observation（combined absolute and relative gravity measurements）. The time interval of the observation before and after the earthquake is within 1 year at almost all the observed sites, including 13 absolute and 16 relative measurement sites, which deduced tectonic and environmental contributions to the gravity change. The observed gravity agrees well with the result calculated by a dislocation theory based on a self-gravitating and layered spherical earth model. In this computation, a co-seismic slip distribution is determined by an inversion of Global Positioning System（GPS） data. Of particular interest is that the observed gravity change in some area is negative where a remarkable subsidence is observed by GPS, which can not be explained by simple vertical movement of the crust. This indicated that the mass redistribution in the underground affects the gravity change. This result supports the result that Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment（GRACE） satellites detected a crustal dilatation due to the 2004 Sumatra earthquake by the terrestrial observation with a higher spatial and temporal resolution.

Space, Time, and the Creation of Universe

The understanding about the creation of our universe is explored in many philosophies, natural sciences, religions, ideologies, traditions, and disciplines. Current natural science cannot answer this question at the fundamental level. In this work, we combine the ancient Chinese Tao wisdom about the creation with quantum physics. We propose that everything comes from the emptiness. Our universe is manifested from the emptiness through two pairs of duality measurements： space and time duality pair and inclusion and exclusion duality pair. From this understanding, we are able to derive one mathematic formula describing our universe. It also yields a new metaphysical approach to derive and interpret string theory as well as produce more testable predictions from string theory. This work gives a new way to understand and mathematically describe how our universe is created and evolved. It provides another way to comprehend the meaning and function of space and time. It indicates that our universe is manifested from the emptiness through human actions. Space and time is a pair of duality action and codes that help manifest our universe. It provides answer to an important philosophical question about whether and why we can understand and mathematically describe our universe.

Theoretical Design of a 104MHz Ladder Type IH-RFQ Accelerator

Beam dynamics and rf designs of a 104 MHz ladder type IH-RFQ （L-IH-RFQ） accelerator are finished at Peking University for the acceleration of 14C＋ from 40 keV to 500 keV. As a specific feature, the output beam energy spread is as low as 0.6% achieved with the internal discrete bunching method, which makes potential applications of RFQ feasible, such as accelerator mass spectrometry and ion implantation. Tolerances of the beam dynamics design are studied by means of changing the input beam parameters, and the results are quite satisfying. On the other hand, the L-IH-RFQ structure is employed, taking advantage of its mechanical stability and the absence of inter-electrode voltage asymmetry. Radio-frequency properties are studied and optimized for reducing power loss with Microwave Studio （MWS）. Tuning of the field flatness and frequency is investigated in principle.

High Power THz Undulator Radiation from Linear Accelerator

A 30-MeV femto-second electron linac is built at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, which can produce high power, coherent THz undulator radiation. We report the experimental facility and measurement of the power, frequency spectrum. First experiments show the averaged power at THz to be about 20mW.

Success and Incoherence of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics

Orthodox quantum mechanics is a highly successful theory despite its serious conceptual flaws. It renounces realism, implies a kind of action-at-a-distance and is incompatible with determinism. Orthodox quantum mechanics states that Schr&oumldinger’s equation (a deterministic law) governs spontaneous processes while measurement processes are ruled by probability laws. It is well established that time dependent perturbation theory must be used for solving problems involving time. In order to account for spontaneous processes, this last theory makes use of laws valid only when measurements are performed. This incoherence seems absent from the literature.

Proton Ratio of HL-2A Bucket Ion Source

For heating the tokamak plasma effectively, the ion source must be capable of producing ions with high proton ratio. The proton ratio, which is found to be more than 65.6% at the ion current of 19.6A with the extraction voltage of 39.6 k V, is measured with an image spectrograph by Doppler shift effect of Balmer-α-radiation spectrum emitted from fast hydrogen particles. The tendency of proton ratio with the ion density in experiment is almost the same as the mode devised by Zhang et al. Okumura et al. only gave the affection of the plasma volume and ion loss area on the proton ratio, but the relationship between the ion density in chamber and the proton ratio was not presented. We give the relationship.

Assessment of Primordial Radionuclides in Pakistani Red Bricks and Associated Radiation Doses

Specific activity of primordial radionuclides and associated radiation hazards due to 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th have been measured in backed red brick samples, collected from five highly populated areas of the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. For the detection, analysis and data acquisition, a high purity germanium detector was used. Associated external doses were calculated using a Monte Carlo neutron photon transport code. A theoretical model to determine the gamma dose rate at 1 m height from the floor, made of bricks, was employed for the calculation of mass attenuation coefficient and self-absorption in the floor for the gamma energies of these radionuclides and their progeny. Monte Carlo simulation shows that in this study the floor, having more than an effective thickness of 15 cm, contributes very little to the external gamma dose rate. The values of the external dose rate and annual effective dose are found to be much lower than the world average as well as from other countries of the world.

Evaluating 3D position and velocity of subject in parabolic flight experiment by use of the binocular stereo vision measurement

A practical method for evaluating the three-dimensional（3D） position and velocity of a moving object used in the parabolic flight experiment is developed by using the binocular stereo vision measurement theory. The camera calibration mathematic model without considering the lens distortion is introduced.The direct linear transformation（DLT） algorithm is improved to accomplish the camera calibration.The camera calibration result and optimization algorithm are used to calculate the object＇s world coordinate from image coordinate.The 3D position and the velocity of the moving object are obtained.The standard uncertainty in estimating the velocity is 0.0024 m/s,which corresponds to 1%level of the velocity of the object in the experiment.The results show that this method is very useful for the parabolic flight experiments.

Stochastic Nicholson's blowflies model with delays

In this research work,we introduce a new concept of double measure ergodic processes to identify the space of double measure pseudo almost periodic(or pap)processes in the pth mean sense.We display some findings regarding the completeness as well as the composition theorems and the invariance of the space consisting in double measure pap processes.Motivated by the above-mentioned results,the Banach fixed point theorem and the stochastic analysis techniques,we prove the existence,uniqueness and the global exponential stability of doubly measure pseudo almost periodic mild solution for a class of stochastic Nicholson's blowflies model with mixed delays in a separable real Hilbert space.The concluding part of the work is crowned with an example to confirm the reliability and feasibility of our findings.

Estimation of measuring uncertainty for optical micro-coordinate measuring machine

Based on the evaluation principle of the measuring uncertainty of the traditional coordinate measuring machine (CMM), the analysis and evaluation of the measuring uncertainty for optical micro-CMM have been made. Optical micro-CMM is an integrated measuring system with optical, mechanical, and electronic components, which may influence the measuring uncertainty of the optical micro-CMM. If the influence of laser speckle is taken into account, its longitudinal measuring uncertainty is 2.0 μm, otherwise it is 0.88 μm. It is proved that the estimation of the synthetic uncertainty for optical micro-CMM is correct and reliable by measuring the standard reference materials and simulating the influence of the diameter of laser beam. With Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and quantum mechanics theory, a method for improving the measuring accuracy of optical micro-CMM through adding a diaphragm in the receiving terminal of the light path was proposed, and the measuring results are verified by experiments.