Evaluation of Nutritional Value and Safety of Black Soldier Flies Fed on Dead Pig Meat and Bone Meal

[Objectives]This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and safety of black soldier flies fed with dead pig meat and bone meal(DPMBM)and to explore the resource utilization of DPMBM.[Methods]The general nutrient composition,amino acids,fatty acids and mineral elements of black soldier fly meal(BSLM)were detected and analyzed.[Results]The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in BSLM were 3.42%,42.31%,34.04%and 5.40%,respectively.The contents of total amino acids(TAA),essential amino acids(∑EAA)and non-essential amino acids(∑NEAA)and umami amino acids(∑DAA),the EAA/TAA value and the EAA/NEAA value were 37.93%,13.08%,24.85%,13.43%,34.47%,52.61%,respectively.A total of eight kinds of saturated fatty acids and seven kinds of unsaturated fatty acids were detected,accounting for 63.65%and 32.67%of the total fatty acids.Among the major mineral elements,the content of Ca was the highest,followed by K,Mg and Na.Among the trace mineral elements,the content of Mn was the highest,followed by Fe,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Cd,As,Pb,Se,Sn,Ti,Sb and Hg.The contents of heavy metal mineral elements in BSLM were far lower than the limits specified in Hygienical Standard for Feeds.[Conclusions]In conclusion,BSLM has high nutritional value and good safety of heavy metals,and thus great potential for development and utilization as a high quality dietary protein,fat and mineral elements source.

Comparative Nutritional Analysis on Fish Meal and Meat and Bone Meal of Harmless Treatment of Dead Pig Carcass

In order to explore the resource utilization of the harmless treatment product(pork meat and bone meal,abbreviated PM)of pigs died of non-communicable diseases,the general nutritional components and amino acid composition of PM and fish meal were determined and compared.The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in PM and fish meal were 3.25%and 8.92%,66.65%and 66.67%,13.52%and 8.23%,18.25%and 21.50%,respectively.The contents of essential amino acids(EAA)in PM and fish meal were 19.94%and 22.35%,respectively.For PM and fish meal,the first limiting amino acid was Met(methionine)+Cys(cysteine),and the second limiting amino acid was Lys(lysine);their essential amino acid indexes(EAAI)were 66.60 and 77.04,respectively;and their delicious amino acid(DAA)contents were 26.89%and 23.15%,respectively.In summary,the meat and bone meal of pigs died of non-communicable diseases has the characteristics of high protein and low ash contents,and has certain development and utilization potential as a recycled waste resource,especially in aquatic feed to replace fish meal.

Protein digestive dynamics of meat and bone meals in broiler chickens

This study determined the variations in protein digestibilities and digestion rates in broiler chickens offered diets containing 7 different meat and bone meals(MBM).A total of 252 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were offered 7 atypical diets largely based on maize and MBM from 24 to 28 d post-hatch.Each experimental diet was offered to 6 replicates with 6 birds per replicate cage.Excreta were collected in their entirety from 25 to 27 d post-hatch and on 28 d post-hatch.Digesta samples were collected from the proximal jejunum,distal jejunum,proximal ileum and distal ileum.Apparent digestibilities of protein were determined in each segment and apparent digestibilities of amino acids were measured in the distal ileum.There were significant differences in apparent protein digestibility coefficients in the proximal jejunum(P=0.006),where broiler chickens offered the high ash beef meal(diet 7)generated the lowest protein digestibility in the proximal jejunum(0.318).Similarly,there were significant differences in apparent digestibility coefficients in the distal jejunum(P<0.001)and distal ileum(P<0.001)but not in the proximal ileum.More pronounced differences were found in the disappearance rate of protein and there were significant differences in all 4 segments of the small intestine(P<0.001).Broiler chickens offered the high ash beef meal had the lowest protein disappearance rate(P<0.001).No difference was observed in the predicted protein digestion rate(P=0.486)but chickens offered the high ash beef meal had the lowest potential digestible protein(0.662,P=0.034)whereas the highest potential digestible protein(0.739)was detected in diet 5(containing a beef meal).This study contributed to the establishment of a preliminary database to include digestion rates of starch and protein into practical diet formulation.

Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: Part 2. Inositol phosphate esters hydrolysis, intestinal permeability, hematology,jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology

This study investigated the hypothesis that feeding broilers over-processed meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair gut health in the absence of phytase and in turn,affect inositol phosphate(inositol xphosphate,IPx:IP3,IP4,IP5 and IP6)ester hydrolysis,intestinal permeability,hematology,jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology during necrotic enteritis(NE).Ross 308 male broilers(n=768)were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement,with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per pen in a completely randomized design.Factors were:NE challenge(no or yes),phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg)and MBM processing(as-received or over-processed).For the NE challenge,half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp.on d 9 and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15.A 3-way challenge,phytase and MBM processing interaction was detected for IP5(P<0.05)and IP6(P<0.05)levels in the ileum.Birds fed low phytase had increased IP5 and IP6 in unchallenged birds only when diets contained over-processed MBM.Challenge with NE increased intestinal permeability as measured by serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran(FITC-d;P<0.001),increased white blood cells(WBC;P<0.001),decreased mean corpuscular volume(MCV;P<0.001)and mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH;P<0.05),and decreased crypt-tovilli ratio(P<0.05).The over-processed MBM reduced the villi-to-crypt ratio(P<0.05).A 3-way challenge x phytase x MBM processing interaction was detected for mucin 2(MUC-2)expression(P<0.05)where only in unchallenged birds fed over-processed MBM did high phytase reduce MUC-2 expression.A lower expression of aminopeptidase N(APN;P<0.001)and vitamin D receptor(VDR;P<0.001)were recorded in NE challenged birds.In conclusion,NE has a negative impact on the gut and hematology of broilers,but its effect on phytate hydrolysis is minimal.

Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis:Part 1.Performance,intestinal lesions and pH,bacterial counts and apparent ileal digestibility

This feeding study investigated the hypothesis that over-processing of meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair the performance,gut health and ileal digestibility of nutrients in birds challenged with necrotic enteritis(NE).The effect of phytase(500 vs.5,000 FTU/kg)was also examined using manufacturers recommended matrix values for 500 FTU for both levels.Ross 308 male broilers(n=768)were assigned to 8 diets,with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per replicate pen using a randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments.Factors were NE challenge(no or yes),MBM(as received or overprocessed),and phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg).Half of the birds were challenged with 5,000 oocysts of field strains of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria brunetti,and 2,500 oocysts of Eimeria maxima on d 9 and 10^8 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15 post-hatch.Challenge×MBM interactions were detected for weight gain(WG),feed conversion ratio(FCR)and feed intake(FI)at d 14,21 and 28,showing that challenged birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased WG(P<0.05)and FI(P<0.05)at d 14,increased FCR(P<0.05)at d 21 and decreased WG(P<0.05)and FI(P>0.05)at d 28.Birds fed low phytase had increased livability(P<0.05)at d 42.The challenge increased the prevalence and severity of NE induced lesions in the jejunum(P<0.05)and ileum(P<0.05).The birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased pH in the jejunum(P<0.05)and ileum(P<0.05)at d 16.High phytase increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Ca(P<0.05)and P(P<0.05),and over-processed MBM increased AID of carbon(C;P<0.05)and Ca(P<0.05)at d 29.The challenge increased the caecal counts of Lactobacillus spp.(P<0.05)and C.perfringens(P<0.05)at d 16.The results indicated that supplementation of diets with high phytase reduces the negative impact on performance from over-processed MBM during NE as a result of increased nutrient digestibility.

Thermochemical pretreatment of meat and bone meal and its effect on methane production

Since the solubilization of meat and bone meal(MBM)is a prerequisite in many MBM disposal approaches,enhancement of the solubilization by means of thermochemical pretreatment was investigated in this study at two temperatures(55℃and 131℃)and six sodium hydroxide(NaOH)concentrations(0,1.25,2.5,5,10 and 20 g/L).The MBM volatile solid(VS)reduction ratio was up to 66%and 70%at 55℃and 131℃,respectively.At the same temperature,the VS reduction ratio increased with the increase in the dosage of NaOH.The study on the methane(CH4)production potential of pretreated MBM shows that the addition of NaOH at 55℃did not cause the inhibition of the succeeding CH4 production process.However,CH4 production was inhibited by the addition of NaOH at 131℃.The CH4 production potential was in the range of 389 to 503 mL CH4/g VS MBM and 464 to 555 mL CH4/g VS MBM at 55℃and 131℃,respectively.

Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis:Part 3.Bone mineralization and litter quality

This study was conducted to determine the effect of necrotic enteritis(NE),phytase level and meat and bone meal(MBM)processing on bone mineralization of broilers and litter quality.Ross 308 male broiler chicks(n=768)were allotted to 48 pens with 16 birds each.There were 8 dietary treatments in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement.Factors were NE challenge(no or yes),phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg),and MBM(as-received or over-processed).Half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp.at d 9 and 108 CFU per mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15.The middle toe,tibia and femur of 2 birds per pen were excised at d 16 and 29 for determination of ash,breaking strength(BS)and bone mineralization.At d 42,all were assessed for hock burns and litter was scored and assessed for dry matter(DM).At d 16,challenged birds had lower toe ash(P<0.01),femur ash(P<0.001),tibia ash(P<0.001)and tibial BS(P<0.001)than unchallenged birds.At d 16,challenged birds fed high phytase and over-processed MBM had higher toe Mn than those fed low phytase and as-received MBM.At d 29 unchallenged birds fed high phytase and as-received MBM had a higher toe Mn than those fed over-processed MBM.At d 16,a phytase×MBM interaction was detected for femur Zn concentration(P<0.05),where a higher level of Zn was observed in the high phytase group fed over-processed MBM.At d 16,tibial Ca(P<0.05)and P(P<0.05)were lower in the chal-lenged whereas the femur K(P<0.001),Mn(P<0.01)and Na(P<0.001)were higher in the chal-lenged at d 16.At d 42,challenged birds had higher litter DM(P=0.058)and fewer hock burns than those unchallenged(P<0.05).In conclusion,NE impaired bone traits but high phytase and over-processed MBM increased bone mineral contents.Cases of hock burns may be lower under NE in-cidences due to lower livability of birds reducing litter wetness.