CFD-Based Optimization of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

The main objective of this study is the technical optimization of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger(STHE).In order to do so,a simulation model is introduced that takes into account the related gas-phase circulation.Then,simulation verification experiments are designed in order to validate the model.The results show that the tem-peraturefield undergoes strong variations in time when an inlet wind speed of 6 m/s is considered,while the heat transfer error reaches a minimum of 5.1%.For an inlet velocity of 9 m/s,the heat transfer drops to the lowest point,while the heat transfer error reaches a maximum,i.e.,9.87%.The pressure drop increasesfirst and then decreases with an increase in the wind speed and reaches a maximum of 819 Pa under the 9 m/s wind speed con-dition.Moreover,the pressure drops,and the heat transfer coefficient increases with the Reynolds number.

Heat Transfer Process of Bubble during the Occurrence of Cavitation in Hydraulic System

Thermal characteristic of cavitation has great influence on the process of occurrence,development and collapse of bubble in hydraulic system. By choosing the stage of bubble growth as the research object,combining with the characteristic of the process of bubble occurrence and development in hydraulic system, and ignoring the impact of thermal radiation,the heat transfer situation of bubble growth was analyzed under appropriate assumptions of thermodynamic conditions in the bubble generation and development process. The mathematical expression of the temperature change of bubble was deduced using thermodynamic principle. Through combining the expression with classic Rayleigh-Plesset Equation,numerical calculation was carried out and the temperature variation over time( or bubble radius) was obtained. The influences of convective heat transfer coefficient of bubble and polytropic exponent on the thermodynamic process of bubble were analyzed. Finally,the thermal characteristic of bubble growth after cavitation occurrence was summarized.

CFD Analysis of Fluid-Dynamic and Heat Transfer Effects Generated by a Fixed Electricity Transmission Line Interacting with an External Wind

The flow past a fixed single transmission conductor and the related heat transfer characteristics are investigated using computational fluid dynamics and a relevant turbulence model.After validating the method through comparison with relevant results in the literature,this thermofluid-dynamic problem is addressed considering different working conditions.It is shown that the resistance coefficient depends on the Reynolds number.As expected,the Nusselt number is also affected by Reynolds number.In particular,the Nusselt number under constant heat flux is always greater than that under a constant wall temperature.

Analysis of the Hydraulic and Heat Transfer Evolution Mechanism of a Single Rock Fracture

Mineral dissolution and mechanical deformation of granite are two main mechanisms that affect permeability evolution of rock fracture.In this study,two water flow-through experiments with large granite fractures were conducted at 200 0C with a constant flow rate for 24 h,under confining pressures of 5 and 10 MPa,respectively.Water pressure and temperature were measured,fracture aperture and permeability were calculated,and chemical element concentrations in effluent water were tested for mechanism analysis.The permeability fluctuates up and down between 2.62 × 10^(-12)and 3.16 ×10^(-12)m^(2)at confining pressure of 5 MPa;while it decreased monotonously by 24% from 1.92 × 10^(-12)to1.45 × 10^(-12)m^(2)at a confining pressure of 10 MPa.The heat transfer rates at both experiments stay stable at about 0.25 J/s.The mass concentration of Ca,Na,K,and Si in effluent water are between 5 to 23mg/L,indicating slight dissolution of Ca-plagioclase,Na-plagioclase,and K-feldspar,as well as possible precipitation of minor amount of kaolinite or quartz.The total amount of free-face dissolution and pressure dissolution are similar at 5 and 10 MPa.The geochemical reaction counts for only small part of the aperture change,while the mechanical deformation counts the major part of the aperture change.

Optimization of Heat-Sink Cooling Structure in EAST with Hydraulic Expansion Technique

Considering utilization of the original chromium-bronze material, two processing techniques including hydraulic expansion and high temperature vacuum welding were proposed for the optimization of heat-sink structure in EAST. The heat transfer performance of heat-sink with or without cooling tube was calculated and different types of connection between tube and heat-sink were compared by conducting a special test. It is shown from numerical analysis that the diameter of heat-sink channel can be reduced from 12 mm to 10 mm. Compared with the original sample, the thermal contact resistance between tube and heat-sink for welding sample can reduce the heat transfer performance by 10%, while by 20% for the hydraulic expansion sample. However, the welding technique is more complicated and expensive than hydraulic expansion technique. Both the processing technique and the heat transfer performance of heat-sink prototype should be further considered for the optimization of heat-sink structure in EAST.

Thermal Characterization of Lauric Acid and Stearic Acid Binary Eutectic Mixture in Latent Heat Thermal Storage Systems with Tube and Fins

In order to obtain the suitable phase change material（PCM） with low phase change temperature and improve its heat transfer rate, experimental investigation was conducted. Firstly, different mass ratios of lauric acid（LA） and stearic acid（SA） eutectic mixtures were prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）. Then, the performance of eutectic mixture during charging process under different fin widths in vertical condition, and performance during charging and discharging processes under different inlet temperature heat transfer fluid（HTF） in horizontal condition were investigated, respectively. The results revealed that the LA-SA eutectic mixture had the suitable phase change temperature and desired latent heat for low-temperature water floor heating system. Wide fins and high inlet temperature HTF significantly enhanced the transfer rate and decreased the melting time.

Effect Analysis of Volume Fraction of Nanofluid Al2O3-Water on Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient in Small Modular Reactor

Development and use of nuclear energy is currently growing very rapidly, in order to achieve increasingly advanced technology, both in terms of design, economic factors and safety factors. Thermal-hydraulics aspects of nuclear reactors should be done with calculation and near-perfect condition. Including today began development of a nuclear reactor with low power below 300 MW, or commonly called the Small Modular Reactor (SMR). One is CAREM-25 developed by Argentina with a power of 25 MW, where in CAREM already using natural circulation system and the use of nanofluid as coolant fluid. In this research, analytic modeling of thermal-hydraulics nuclear reactor SMR CAREM-25, when the nanofluid Al2O3-Water used as cooling fluid in the cooling system of a nuclear reactor. Further to this analytic modeling will be done on CFD. Analytic modeling with CFD to determine the flow phenomena and distribution as well as the effect of nano-particles of Al2O3-Water based on the volume fraction (1% and 3%) of the coefficient of heat transfer by natural convection.

The regulation mechanism and heat transfer enhancement of composite mixed paraffin and copper foam phase change materials

Phase change materials(PCMs)have remarkable energy storage capacity and promising applications in the field of thermal control of electronic products.The problem of thermal property improvement and heat transfer of PCMs in metal-foam heatsinks is an important task for thermal management of electronic components.Mixed paraffin samples were prepared by mixing appropriate proportions of paraffin(mass)at various temperatures.Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the maximum enthalpy of 206.3 J/g is obtained by mixing 20%of 17°C liquid paraffin and 80%of 29℃ solid paraffin.Heating and cooling cycling tests revealed that mixed paraffin exhibits excellent thermal stability and that the regulation method marginally affects thermal stability.Moreover,composites were prepared by embedding PCM into a copper foam by melt impregnation.The thermal conductivity of the composites increased to 4.35 W/(m K),corresponding to 20 times its original value.In addition,density functional theory and experimental results were in good agreement,indicating that the regulation method is practical and effective.

Characterization of Low Pressure RF Plasma Heating

Compacts of a-Al2O3 and Mo powder were heated in radio-frequency (RF) induced low pressure N2, H2,Ar, and their mixture plasma. An optical pyrometer, a radiation pyrometer, and a system called Accufiber Model310 were used to measure the temperature of compacts heated in the plasma. The results indicate that there are different heat transfer mechanisms from plasma to specimens of different physical properties. The Ar plasma showed thehighest heating ability among N2, H2, and Ar plasma for Al2O3 specimens, whereas the H2 plasma could heat Mospecimens to a higher temperature than the Ar plasma did, even under the same generating conditions.

Coupled hydro-thermo-mechanical modeling of hydraulic fracturing in quasi-brittle rocks using BPM-DEM

This paper presents an improved understanding of coupled hydro-thermo-mechanical(HTM) hydraulic fracturing of quasi-brittle rock using the bonded particle model(BPM) within the discrete element method(DEM). BPM has been recently extended by the authors to account for coupled convective econductive heat flow and transport, and to enable full hydro-thermal fluidesolid coupled modeling.The application of the work is on enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs), and hydraulic fracturing of hot dry rock(HDR) is studied in terms of the impact of temperature difference between rock and a flowing fracturing fluid. Micro-mechanical investigation of temperature and fracturing fluid effects on hydraulic fracturing damage in rocks is presented. It was found that fracture is shorter with pronounced secondary microcracking along the main fracture for the case when the convectiveeconductive thermal heat exchange is considered. First, the convection heat exchange during low-viscosity fluid infiltration in permeable rock around the wellbore causes significant rock cooling, where a finger-like fluid infiltration was observed. Second, fluid infiltration inhibits pressure rise during pumping and delays fracture initiation and propagation. Additionally, thermal damage occurs in the whole area around the wellbore due to rock cooling and cold fluid infiltration. The size of a damaged area around the wellbore increases with decreasing fluid dynamic viscosity. Fluid and rock compressibility ratio was found to have significant effect on the fracture propagation velocity.

Mathematical Modeling of Heat Flux Distribution in Raw Cotton Stored in Bunt

The scientific article examines the physical and mechanical properties of raw cotton stored in buntings in cotton palaces. Because during the storage of raw cotton in bunts, some of its properties deteriorate, some improvements. Therefore, the mathematical modeling of storage conditions of raw cotton in bunts and the physical and mechanical conditions that occur in it is of great importance. In the developed mathematical model, the main factor influencing the physical and mechanical properties of raw cotton is the change in temperature. Due to the temperature, kinetic and biological processes accumulated in the raw cotton in Bunt, it can spread over a large surface, first in a small-local state, over time with a nonlinear law. As a result, small changes in temperature lead to a qualitative change in physical properties. In determining the law of temperature distribution in the raw cotton in Bunt, Laplace’s differential equation of heat transfer was used. The differential equation of heat transfer in Laplace’s law was replaced by a system of ordinary differential equations by approximation. Conditions are solved in MAPLE-17 program by numerical method. As a result, graphs of temperature changes over time in raw cotton were obtained. In addition, the table shows the changes in density, pressure and mass of cotton, the height of the bun. As the density of the cotton raw material increases from the top layer of the bunt to the bottom layer, an increase in the temperature in it has been observed. This leads to overheating of the bottom layer of cotton and is the main reason for the deterioration of the quality of raw materials.

火箭煤油传递特性分子动力学模拟研究

针对火箭煤油中添加减阻剂后导致对流换热系数减小、传热效果减弱问题,从微观尺度研究纳米颗粒的加入对火箭煤油黏度和导热系数的影响关系。通过分子动力学(MD)模拟方法,采用Green-Kubo方程的平衡分子动力学(EMD)模拟对火箭煤油传热规律进行系统研究。模拟常温下(T=303K)加入传热增强剂纳米颗粒后的火箭煤油黏度与传热特性。以纳米颗粒质量分数与纳米颗粒粒径为变量,对纳米流体的导热强化规律进行研究,在此基础上将导热油与碳氢燃料分别加入减阻火箭煤油中并与纳米流体的黏度与导热系数进行比较,模拟结果表明增加纳米颗粒质量分数可使粒子间距离减小,加强了粒子间的相互作用以及热传递过程,可有效增加流体黏度和导热系数。

地热储层岩体粗糙裂隙的热流耦合效应研究

为了解决地热开采涉及复杂的多物理场耦合问题,提高开采效率,本文针对开采过程中的渗流-传热问题以离散元软件3DEC构建岩体粗糙裂隙热-流耦合数值模型。考虑不同三维形貌特征的岩体裂隙,模拟水力开度为19.17μm在不同流速时的水-岩温度变化规律。结果表明:由于裂隙形貌的阻滞作用,粗糙面出水口温度下降较慢,出水口温度有所上升,模型达到稳态所需的时间随流速和对流换热系数的增大而减小。裂隙形貌对流体和岩体温度分布均有影响,粗糙裂隙面的冷锋形态和裂隙面的形貌密切相关。光滑裂隙热突破快于粗糙裂隙,增加裂隙面的粗糙度有助于延长热突破时间。粗糙裂隙面相对于光滑裂隙面的总热量提取率略有提升,流速和对流换热系数的增加显著提高总热量提取率。通过本文研究可以为地热能系统的设计提供重要参数和指导,能够提高地热能开发利用效率。

基于电化学-热-力耦合模型的锂离子电池热失控研究

为提升锂离子电池的安全性能,减少由热失控导致的安全事故,分析电池温升的原因并有效降低其温度,依据电化学反应中浓度、电势与热模型中温度的相互影响关系,建立电化学-热-力耦合模型。通过模拟单电池和电池组温度分布的实时情况,分析单电池温度不均匀分布和电池组温度正态分布情况的原因,探讨换热面积和流通量对散热量的影响,研究电池组中单体电池的位置分布及不同传热介质的散热情况。研究结果显示:低温和相对高温环境下,欧姆热、极化热及电化学反应热产热占比不同,但产热最高温度未达到电极材料与电解液分解反应的临界温度420 K;高温环境下,电池温度持续升高接近临界温度,出现热失控趋势,对流换热系数对电池影响较大。电池组间隙为10 mm和20 mm时,整体温度比间隙为0时分别降低了1.1%和1.8%;与无间隙电池组相比,以铜板和铝板为传热介质的电池组温度分别降低了2.0%和1.6%。

多结构强化管换热特性的实验研究

基于单管换热实验系统,研究光管和双侧强化管的换热机理,利用Gnielinski公式和热阻分离法分别计算4种强化结构换热管的管内外换热系数,并对光管外的冷凝过程进行数值模拟。结果表明:冷凝液光管模拟结果与实验结果之间误差<15%,能够较好地呈现冷凝过程;EX3强化管平均总换热系数提升207.02%,提升效果最佳。三角形齿相较于梯形齿对水流的扰动效果更大,管内对流换热效果更好。EX3管外强化冷凝换热效果最佳,同时,带有切槽的整体肋管的冷凝换热效果强于三维强化管,近矩形微肋强化管外侧冷凝性能优于近T形微肋管。存在最优肋间距,使得强化管能够最大化提升冷凝换热效果。基于实验数据拟合EX3与EX4的关联式,误差在±20%的范围内,符合预期可靠性。

热管堆固态堆芯燃料辐照-热-力耦合性能分析

热管冷却反应堆(简称:热管堆)具有高可靠性和固有安全性、体积小、模块化和全固态堆芯等特点。固态堆芯燃料服役过程在高温、强辐照、固态约束多因素作用下堆芯的传热和力学性能受到严重影响,基体接触导致应力与间隙换热都随燃耗加深而发生较大非线性改变,且两者相互影响,因此基体在服役过程中的多物理场耦合的辐照-热-力行为复杂。本文基于有限元多物理场分析软件针对固态堆芯燃料开展辐照-热-力耦合分析,考虑UO2芯块与316不锈钢基体的辐照变形效应以及蠕变效应,并在固态堆芯间隙中引入间隙传热模型,探究固态堆芯寿期内间隙变化特点以及传热和力学耦合作用特性。结果显示:基体与燃料包壳的完全接触会导致芯块温度上升以及基体与包壳蠕变现象加强,燃料棒周围平均热管数量较少会导致附近区域较高的温度和应力分布,且寿期中该区域包壳因燃料棒内压和基体-包壳接触压力具有蠕变失效风险。分析结果表明间隙接触会对热管堆固态堆芯的传热和力学性能造成影响,甚至提高包壳的失效风险。

炼焦煤成焦机理再认识:“衍构成焦机理”的提出

深度认识煤质特性、探究炼焦煤成焦机理是开发精细化配煤炼焦技术的关键。传统成焦机理仅宏观地解释了炼焦煤炭化过程中的塑性和黏结现象,缺乏对煤转变为焦炭所涉及的化学反应的深层次认识。基于此,从分子水平阐述了炼焦煤成焦特性的演化机制并提出了“衍构成焦机理”,其核心观点是:煤的焦化本质是煤分子在温度作用下发生的一系列化学反应;成焦过程中的一切宏观特性都取决于煤基体的瞬态空间结构,即“结构决定性质”;炼焦过程中传热传质条件的动态变化将影响煤的热转化行为进而影响成焦特性和焦炭质量,即“环境影响行为”。基于煤分子结构特性及热解过程中共价键的断裂和重建规律,重点分析了炼焦煤的流动性、膨胀性及其演化机制,探究了煤分子空间结构重排与焦炭强度的内在联系。流动性源于煤中弱共价键的断裂,终于芳香碎片的交联缩聚。在流动过程中,煤热解碎片以分子链段的形式向孔穴相继跃迁并封闭孔隙,形成了包含塑性层和部分煤层及半焦层的低透气带,限制了挥发分的释放从而产生了膨胀压力;同时,碳基质结构发生重排,取向性增加,sp^(2)杂化和sp^(3)杂化形式的碳原子的空间排布方式决定了焦炭的强度。加热速率的合理调控将明显改善焦炭强度并实现焦化过程节能降耗。“衍构成焦机理”是对传统煤成焦机理的补充和延伸,以期为现代煤焦化工业精细化发展提供理论指导和技术支撑。

基于机液联合仿真模型的闸门启闭机故障注入及诊断研究

为了对含故障特征的弧形闸门系统运行信号进行评估和故障诊断研究,基于某弧形闸门试验平台检测数据,建立弧形闸门启闭机构的机液联合仿真模型,进行模型相似度分析和修正。通过基于闸门实时开度反馈信号闸门状态控制策略对闸门进行工作状态的控制,提高了仿真效率和稳定性,获得更符合实际的状态特征。在模型中注入液压系统与机械系统故障,分析故障对闸门运行信号产生的影响。为了充分体现故障特征信息,选取多个信号进行融合并调整权重分配,基于加权多通道数据融合方法解决了故障识别精度波动大的问题,为了提高网络模型的泛化能力,在网络模型中加入残差结构进行优化,基于迁移学习的卷积神经网络解决了故障识别精度低的问题。结果表明,构建的模型可以表现出弧形闸门工作过程中重要信号比如压力、流量、振动等信号特征的动态变化;使用改进后的加权多通道数据融合的基于残差结构优化的神经网络准确率达到了97.17%。