Tea tree oil is extracted from the leaves and twigs of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, and it is widely used in medicines, food preservatives, cosmetics and health care products. Traditional propaga...Tea tree oil is extracted from the leaves and twigs of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, and it is widely used in medicines, food preservatives, cosmetics and health care products. Traditional propagation of M. alternifolia from seeds does not necessarily transfer the desired characteristics from their mother trees, the seedlings are not uniform, and the multiplication rate from cuttings is relatively low. For these reasons, it is necessary to develop tissue culture techniques for this species. This study showed that an efficient explant initiation medium for M. alternifolia was MS 1/2 + BA 0.6mg L^-1 +NAA 0.1 mg L^-1+sucrose 30g L-l, which yielded a 75.9 % initiation rate. An efficient multi- plication medium was MS + BA 0.3 mg L^-1+ NAA 0.15 mg L^-1 + sucrose 30 g L^-1, which yielded a 4.3 multiplication rate and 3.2 cm shoot length. The rooting medium was MS 1/2 + IBA 0.1-0.25 mg L^-1 + sucrose 15 g L^-1, which yielded a 100 % rooting rate, 2.94-3.32 roots per individual and 1.36-1.44 cm root length. Local red-core soil was suitable as a transplant medium, and yielded 98 % survival. This study improved the tissue culture technique for mass-propagation of M. alternifolia, enabling the production of high quality plants for market.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Melaleuca (tea tree) oil has become increasingly commonly used in recent decades. The essential oil in Australia for the past 120 years is now available globally as a...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Melaleuca (tea tree) oil has become increasingly commonly used in recent decades. The essential oil in Australia for the past 120 years is now available globally as an active component in various products. Historically, Melaleuca oil is known for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions. Currently, microwave technology is applied to extract Melaleuca oil, but this extraction technology is not commercially under practice. Traditionally, Melaleuca oil extraction is possible through steam distillation of the <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Melaleuca alternifolia<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></span></i></span> terminal branches and leaves, and the resultant extract is always either clear or pale yellowish. Melaleuca oil has been promoted as a therapeutic agent because scientific studies indicate that the Rideal-Walker (RW) coefficients of its extract composition include 8 for cymene, 16 for terpineol, 13.5 for tepinen-4-ol and 3.5 for cineole. The mode of action against bacteria is now partially elucidated, and assumptions exist. Hydrocarbons partition into biological membranes to disrupt the vital functions of Melaleuca oil, and also its components behave in the same manner. Therefore, the inhibition of respiration and the leakage of ions or loss of intracellular material and the inability to maintain homeostasis reflect the loss of membrane integrity and lysis in Melaleuca oil products containing lower than usual terpenes concentrations. Melaleuca oil possesses antifungal properties and is known exclusively for the treatment of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Candida albicans<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span>. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>This essential oil<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> strongly changes the permeability of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Candida albican<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span> cells. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>C. albicans<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span> treatment with 0.25% tea tree oil leads to propidium iodide uptake. However, a significant loss of 260-nmlight-absorbing materials after staining with methylene blue occurs after 6 hours. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Melaleuca<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> extracts alter the permeability of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Candida glabrata<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> that occurs when the membrane is treated with 0.25% Melaleuca oil. Melaleuca oils possess antiviral properties but most findings evidence that this oil fights against both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses, although the range of viruses tested to date is minimal. Melaleuca oil is known for its antiprotozoal activity because it causes a 50% reduction in the growth of protozoa <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Leishmania major<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Trypanosoma brucei<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span> at concentrations of 403 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively, based on the studies done (in comparison to controls). An investigation has shown that terpinen-4-ol also contributes significantly to antiprotozoal activity. Tea tree oils at 300 mg/ml killed all cells of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Trichomonas vaginalis<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span>, and also anecdotal <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>in-vivo<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> studies evidence that Melaleuca oil may be effective in treating infections caused by <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Trichomonas vaginalis<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span>. This review article summarizes the developments in our understanding of the phytochemistry, bioactivity, metabolism and the economic aspects of <em>Melaleuca alternifolia, and it</em> details how <em>Melaleuca alternifolia</em> species have evolved in the ecosystem.展开更多
文摘Tea tree oil is extracted from the leaves and twigs of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, and it is widely used in medicines, food preservatives, cosmetics and health care products. Traditional propagation of M. alternifolia from seeds does not necessarily transfer the desired characteristics from their mother trees, the seedlings are not uniform, and the multiplication rate from cuttings is relatively low. For these reasons, it is necessary to develop tissue culture techniques for this species. This study showed that an efficient explant initiation medium for M. alternifolia was MS 1/2 + BA 0.6mg L^-1 +NAA 0.1 mg L^-1+sucrose 30g L-l, which yielded a 75.9 % initiation rate. An efficient multi- plication medium was MS + BA 0.3 mg L^-1+ NAA 0.15 mg L^-1 + sucrose 30 g L^-1, which yielded a 4.3 multiplication rate and 3.2 cm shoot length. The rooting medium was MS 1/2 + IBA 0.1-0.25 mg L^-1 + sucrose 15 g L^-1, which yielded a 100 % rooting rate, 2.94-3.32 roots per individual and 1.36-1.44 cm root length. Local red-core soil was suitable as a transplant medium, and yielded 98 % survival. This study improved the tissue culture technique for mass-propagation of M. alternifolia, enabling the production of high quality plants for market.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Melaleuca (tea tree) oil has become increasingly commonly used in recent decades. The essential oil in Australia for the past 120 years is now available globally as an active component in various products. Historically, Melaleuca oil is known for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions. Currently, microwave technology is applied to extract Melaleuca oil, but this extraction technology is not commercially under practice. Traditionally, Melaleuca oil extraction is possible through steam distillation of the <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Melaleuca alternifolia<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></span></i></span> terminal branches and leaves, and the resultant extract is always either clear or pale yellowish. Melaleuca oil has been promoted as a therapeutic agent because scientific studies indicate that the Rideal-Walker (RW) coefficients of its extract composition include 8 for cymene, 16 for terpineol, 13.5 for tepinen-4-ol and 3.5 for cineole. The mode of action against bacteria is now partially elucidated, and assumptions exist. Hydrocarbons partition into biological membranes to disrupt the vital functions of Melaleuca oil, and also its components behave in the same manner. Therefore, the inhibition of respiration and the leakage of ions or loss of intracellular material and the inability to maintain homeostasis reflect the loss of membrane integrity and lysis in Melaleuca oil products containing lower than usual terpenes concentrations. Melaleuca oil possesses antifungal properties and is known exclusively for the treatment of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Candida albicans<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span>. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>This essential oil<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> strongly changes the permeability of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Candida albican<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span> cells. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>C. albicans<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span> treatment with 0.25% tea tree oil leads to propidium iodide uptake. However, a significant loss of 260-nmlight-absorbing materials after staining with methylene blue occurs after 6 hours. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Melaleuca<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> extracts alter the permeability of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Candida glabrata<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> that occurs when the membrane is treated with 0.25% Melaleuca oil. Melaleuca oils possess antiviral properties but most findings evidence that this oil fights against both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses, although the range of viruses tested to date is minimal. Melaleuca oil is known for its antiprotozoal activity because it causes a 50% reduction in the growth of protozoa <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Leishmania major<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Trypanosoma brucei<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span> at concentrations of 403 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively, based on the studies done (in comparison to controls). An investigation has shown that terpinen-4-ol also contributes significantly to antiprotozoal activity. Tea tree oils at 300 mg/ml killed all cells of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Trichomonas vaginalis<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span>, and also anecdotal <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>in-vivo<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> studies evidence that Melaleuca oil may be effective in treating infections caused by <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></i></span><i>Trichomonas vaginalis<span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span>. This review article summarizes the developments in our understanding of the phytochemistry, bioactivity, metabolism and the economic aspects of <em>Melaleuca alternifolia, and it</em> details how <em>Melaleuca alternifolia</em> species have evolved in the ecosystem.