Gravity variations before the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

In order to study the relationship between gravity variation and Menyuan Ms6.4 earth- quake, gravity variation characteristics in mid-eastern of Qilian Mountain were analyzed based on the 2012-2015 relative gravity datasets. The results indicated that the gravity changes in mid-eastern of Qilian Mountain increased gradually, while gravity changes around Menyuan remarkably. Besides, great positive-negative gravity changing gradients appeared along the Lengiongling Fault which was located at the north of Menyuan, and the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake occurred near the junction of positive and negative gravity changes.

Gravity changes and crustal deformations before the Menyuan,Qinghai Ms6.4 earthquake of 2016

In this study, the relative gravity data(2012 e2015), GPS data-derived horizontal deformation(2011 e2014) and the background vertical deformation from the leveling measurements(1970 e2011) in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau were processed to systematically analysis the mechanism of temporalespatial patterns and the relationship with Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake. It can be summarized in the following: 1) The regional gravity changes, the GPS and the vertical deformational showed an intense spatial relationship: the gravity increased along with the direction of horizontal movement, and decreased with the crustal uplift and vice versa, which reflected the inherited characteristics of geotectonic activities. 2) The crustal deformations were closely related to the active faults. The contour lines of gravity changes and vertical deformation were generally along with the Qilian-Haiyuan fault(strike is NWW), and the crustal horizontal deformation showed left-lateral strike slip motion near the Qilian-Haiyuan fault. 3) Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake occurred in the high negative gravity variation area and a high gradient formed in regions, positive and negative variation of gravity amount to 110 m Gal.Specifically, a borderline of positive and negative gravity located in the south of epicenter along the north edge of Qilianshan fault and Lenglongling fault, as well as the vertical and/or horizontal deformation is intensely. The extrusion deformation, surface compression rate and gravity changes were obvious near the epicenter of 2016 Menyuan Earthquake.

Representative value of cross-fault in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet block and case analysis of the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

The equation for determining cross-fault representative value is calculated based on hanging wall and foot wall reference level surfaces. The cross-fault data reliability are analyzed base on the stability of reference datum and observation points, thereby facili- tating plotting of the representative value curves after removing interference. The spatial and temporal characteristics of fault deformation abnormalities before the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake, as well as the fault-movement characteristics reflected by representa- tive value, are summarized. The results show that many site trends had changed 1-3 years before the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake in the Qilian Fault, reflecting certain background abnormalities. The short-term abnormalities centrally had appeared in the 6 months to 1 year period before the earthquake near and in the neighborhood of the source region, demonstrating a significantly increased number of short-term abnormalities. Many sites near and in the neighborhood of the source region had strengthened inverse activities or had changed from positive to inverse activities in the most recent 2-3 years, which reflect stress-field enhancements or adjustment features.

Field source characteristic of gravity variation in Hexi region before Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake based on the Euler deconvolution

This study adopted the Euler deconvolution method to conduct an inversion and interpretation of the depth and spatial distribution pattern of field source that lead to gravity variation. For this purpose, mobile gravity data from four periods in the Hexi region between 2011 and 2015 were obtained from an observation network. With a newly established theoretical model, we acquired the optimum inversion parameters and conducted calculation and analysis with the actual data. The results indicate that one is the appropriate value of the structure index for the inversion of the mobile gravity data. The inversion results of the actual data showed a comparable spatial distribution of the field source and a consistent structural trend with observations from the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault zone between 2011 and 2015. The distribution was in a blocking state at the epicenter of the Menyuan earthquake in 2016. Our quantitative study of the field source provides new insights into the inversion and interpretation of signals of mobile gravity variation.

Seismogenic structure of the 2016 Ms6.4 Menyuan earthquake and its effect on the Tianzhu seismic gap

On January 21, 2016, a strong earthquake with a magnitude of Ms6.4 occurred at Menyuan, Qinghai Province of China. In almost the same region, there was another strong earthquake happened in 1986, with similar magnitude and focal mechanism. Based on comprehensive analysis of regional active faults, focal mechanism solutions, precise locations of aftershocks, as well as GPS crustal deformation, we inferred that the Lenglongiing active fault dips NE rather than SW as suggested by previous studies. Considering the facts that the 2016 and i986 Ms6.4 Menyuan earthquakes are closely located with similar focal mechanisms, both of the quakes are on the north side of the Lenglongling Fault and adjacent to the fault, and the fault is dipping NE direction, we suggest that the fault should be the seismogenic structure of the two events. The Lenglongling Fault, as the western segment of the well-known Tianzhu seismic gap in the Qilian-Haiyuan active fault system, is in a relatively active state with frequent earthquakes in recent years, implying a high level of strain accumulation and a high potential of major event. It is also possible that the Lengiongiing Fault and its adjacent fault, the Jinqianghe Fault in the Tianzhu seismic gap, are rupturing simultaneously in the future.

Characteristics of regional crustal deformation before 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

On January 21, 2016, a strong earthquake with a magnitude of Ms6.4 happened at Menyuan, Qinghai Province of China. In almost the same place, there was another strong earthquake happened in 1986, with similar magnitude and focal mechanism. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of regional crustal deformation before the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earth- quake by using the data from 10 continuous Global Positioning System （GPS） stations and 74 campaign-mode GPS stations within 200 km of this event： （a） Based on the velocity field from over ten years GPS observations, a regional strain rate field is calculated. The results indicate that the crustal strain rate and seismic moment accumulation rate of the Qilian- Haiyuan active fault, which is the seismogenic tectonics of the event, are significantly higher than the surrounding regions. In a 20 km~ 20 km area around the seismogenic region, the maximum and minimum principal strain rates are 21.5 nanostrain/a （NW-SE extension） and -46.6 nanostrain/a （NE-SW compression）, respectively, and the seismic moment accumulation rates is 17.4 Nm/a. The direction of principal compression is consistent with the focal mechanism of this event. （b） Based on the position time series of the continuous GPS stations for a time-span of about 6 years before the event, we calculate the strain time series. The results show that the dilatation of the seismogenic region is continuously reduced with a ＂non-linear＂ trend since 2010, which means the seismogenic region has been in a state of compression. However, about 2-3 months before the event, both the dilatation and maximum shear strain show significant inverse trends. These abnormal changes of crustal deformation may reflect the non-linear adjustment of the stress-strain accumulation of the seismogenic region, when the accumulation is approaching the critical value of rupture.

Regional fault deformation characteristics before and after the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

This study analyzes data regarding cross-fault deformations within the seismogenic zone of the 2016 Qinghai Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake and its surrounding area. The results showed that the tendency anomaly sites near the epicenter had relatively long anomaly durations prior to the earthquake, while sudden-jumping anomaly sites started to increase in the middle eastern Qilian Mountains approximately a year before the earthquake and continued to increase and migrate towards the vicinity of the epicenter two to six months before the earthquake. Intensive observations a few days after the earthquake indicated that abnormal returns and turns before the earthquake were significant, but all had small amplitudes, and the coseismic effect was generally minor. In addition, the post-seismic tendency analysis of individual cross faults in the Qilian Mountain fault zone revealed an accelerating thrust tendency at all cross-fault sites in the middle Qilian Mountains after the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. This indicates that the Wenchuan mega-earthquake exerted a great impact on the dynamic environment of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plate and significantly enhanced the extrusion effect of the Indian plate on the middle Qilian Mountains, generating favorable conditions for the occurrence of Menyuan thrust earthquakes.

Dynamic evolution of crustal horizontal deformation before the Ms6.4 Menyuan earthquake

An Ms6.4 earthquake occurred in the Menyuan county of Qinghai Province on Jan 21, 2016. In order to recognize the development of horizontal deformation and distinguish precursory deformation anomalies, we obtained coordinates time series, velocity and strain model around the seismic zones from processing of continuous observations from 2010 and 6 times of surveying Global Positioning System （GPS） data since 2009. The results show that, before the earthquake, the eastern segmentation of the Qilian tectonic zone where the Lenglongling Fault located is in strong crustal shortening and compressional strain state with dilatational rates of -15 to -25 ppb. The Lenglongling Fault has a strike-slip rate of 3.1 mm/a and a far-field differential orthogonal rate of 7 mm/a, while differential rate is only 1.2 mm/a near the fault, which reflects its locking feature with strain energy accumulation and high seismic risks. Dynamic evolution of deformation model shows that preevent dilatational rates around the seismic zones increases from 15 ppb/a to -20 ppb/a with its center moving to the source areas. Time series of N components of G337 station, which is 13.7 km away from the Lenglongling Fault, exhibit a 5 mm/a acceleration anomaly. Time series of base-station QHME （in Menyuan） displays a reverse acceleration from the end of Sep. to Dec., 2016 when it comes to a largest deviation, and the accumulative displacement is more than 4 mm and the value reverse till the earthquake. In our results, coseismic displacement of N, E, U components in QHME site are 3.0 mm, 3.0 mm, -5.4 mm, respectively. If we profile these values onto the Lenglongling Fault, we can achieve a 1.1 mm of strike slip and 4.1 mm updip slip relative to the hanging wall.

A Study on the Seismic Velocity Changes before and after the 2016 M_S6.4 Menyuan Earthquake Using the Active Source Data in the Qilian Mountain

The Qilian Mountain active source network data was processed using the methods of stacking, cross-correlation and interpolation, and the airgun travel time variation characteristics of P and S waves around the January 21,2016 MS6. 4 Menyua,Qinghai earthquake. The results show that about 6 months before the earthquake,the relative travel time of three stations near the epicenter showed a declined change( travel time decrease),and such a change of low value anomaly was recovered about 3 months before the earthquake. The travel time decrease then appeared again, and the earthquake occurred during the recovery process. The maximum decrease of the S-wave travel time was 18 ms,and the change in travel time returned to normal after the earthquake. The variation trend of the 3 stations is consistent,including the S-wave travel time change of station ZDY38,which is nearest to the epicenter and changed obviously,and the variation range of the travel time is smaller at the stations afar. This variation pattern is related to the position of the seismic source. The shorter travel time means the velocity increase,which may be related to the regional stress accumulation.

2022年青海门源M S_(6.9)地震灾害致灾机理

2022年门源M S_(6.9)地震发生在青藏高原东北缘祁连-海原断裂带冷龙岭和托莱山断裂的阶区部位。兰新高铁硫磺沟大桥及南侧大梁隧道被完全毁坏,致使高铁干线首次因地震破坏而完全中断。在地处极震区的硫磺沟内未见大规模地震滑坡和崩塌,只有规模较小的滚石和滚石堆积体及局部河床存在砂土液化现象,显然很不合常理。此次地震除形成2条走滑型地表破裂带外,还在冷龙岭断裂西段北侧的硫磺沟内产生了1条长约7.9km的逆冲型地表破裂带。该破裂带的走向不稳定,倾向S,主要由断续分布的弧形挤压破裂、挤压鼓包、张裂隙和地震陡坎组成;经统计,沿地表破裂带共获得了35个垂直位移量数据,最小位移量为(8±1)cm,最大位移量为(49±3)cm,平均垂直位移量约为24cm,位移沿走向分布不均匀。该条地表破裂带近垂直穿过兰新高铁硫磺沟大桥,产生了宽泛的地表变形与位错,这可能是导致硫磺沟大桥毁坏的直接原因。这些调研成果启示我们在对跨断层重大线状工程进行抗震设防时,需要关注逆冲型地表破裂带宽泛的剪切作用。

Ultra-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Emissions Registered during the 21 May 2021 Yangbi <i>M</i>_S6.4 Earthquake in China

Four ULF (0.01 Hz - 20 Hz) electromagnetic stations had been gradually established and put into service from 2010 to 2011 in Zhaotong area, Yunnan province. Two stations of Qiaojia and Yongshan have been running with continuous and high quality recordings and free of influence of solar activities, like magnetic storms. In this investigation, daily recordings from 1 January 2020 to 22 May 2021 have been examined of these both stations. The results show that weak anomalous signals appeared at the beginning of March 2021 with relative low magnitudes of 0.6 nT at Qiaojia station and 0.3 nT at Yongshan station. At the end of this month, the emissions gained an abrupt increase and the amplitudes reached up to 3.8 nT at Qiaojia station and 1.2 nT at Yongsha station. Then, the amplitude decreased to be 0.5 - 1.5 nT and 0.6 - 1.3 nT respectively at both stations but with a high variation frequency in all components. This situation lasted till the Yangbi MS 6.4 earthquake happened on May 21, 2021, more than 300 km away from these two ULF observing stations. Totally, the ULF magnetic emissions had been characterized by a synchronous variation in all components at two observing stations.

2022年门源MW6.6地震震源破裂滑动分布

基于Sentinel-1和ALOS-2近场InSAR形变,利用有限断层方法反演2022-01-08门源MW6.6地震的震源破裂滑动分布。结果显示,门源MW6.6地震的最大滑动量约3.65 m,释放的地震矩约1.56×10^(19)Nm。破裂传播至地表,分东西两段,破裂滑移自震中沿断层向SEE和NWW向延伸,在震中的东南侧断层滑动量较大。有别于其他研究结果,本文认为门源地震震源破裂主要发生在东段的浅部,深度不超过8.0 km,西段的破裂最深可达15.0 km。同震形变整体上符合左旋走滑破裂特征,显示了青藏高原内部块体间的相对运动特征。

2次门源地震前地电场优势方位角异常特征研究

1研究背景2022年1月8日1时45分,在青海省海北州门源县发生M_(S)6.9地震(37.77°N,101.26°E),震源机制解显示为左旋走滑型地震。地震震中位于祁连地震带托莱山断裂、冷龙岭断裂的交会部位,构造较为复杂。

2016年1月21日门源M_(S)6.4地震前重力非潮汐变化特征分析

选取2015—2018年兰州和高台连续重力观测站整点值数据,分析2016年1月21日门源M_(S)6.4地震前2个台站连续重力数据非潮汐变化特征,发现2个台站在此次地震发生前1年,分别观测到重力数据出现持续约6个月的重力非潮汐上升变化,月均变化速度分别为9.36μGal、6.17μGal,累计变化振幅分别达到56.15μGal、37.05μGal。通过对观测站点周边观测环境的详细核实和理论计算,排除台站周边环境干扰因素,认为震前6个月的重力非潮汐持续性下降变化应与此次M_(S)6.4地震孕震过程有关。本研究结果可为揭示此次门源地震的孕震机理提供一定参考,为后续地震预测中重力观测指标的建立提供一定参考。

2022年门源6.9级地震前后b值时空特征研究

为探讨青海门源M_S6.9地震前后b值变化特征,选取震前10 a进行时间扫描发现,震前震源区b值存在一定程度的下降,震后出现小幅回升,可能与震后应力释放有关。利用青海测震台网2000年以来的小震目录,在最小完备震级基础上进行b值空间扫描和Δb值计算发现,门源6.9级地震发生在低b值区域边缘,且震前1 a震源区Δb值变化不显著,表明门源地震的应力积累主要发生在2021年之前。对余震序列b值变化进行分析认为,早期b值变化可为后期余震的位置预测提供一定参考。

门源MS6.9地震中大梁隧道地震动响应分析

2022年1月8日,青海省门源县发生MS6.9地震,造成震中附近的兰新高铁大梁隧道受损,导致高铁长时停运。文章通过建立二维平面应变模型,加载双向门源波进行动力时程分析,得到了大梁隧道的地震动响应结果,并对模型在震后的受力变形及震害特征进行详细分析。结果表明:在门源波双向加载下,大梁隧道的地震动响应受水平地震荷载影响很大;沿着y轴正向,隧道的截面形状对纵向位移和加速度的地震动响应有加强作用;拱顶处地震动响应最大,其竖向及横向地震动响应加速度分别为5.206 4 m/s2、4.534 8 m/s2,竖向及横向位移分别为7.070 9 cm、0.641 5 cm;拱底处地震动响应最小,其竖向及横向地震动响应加速度分别为3.287 6 m/s2、4.511 2 m/s2,竖向及横向位移分别为4.851 6 cm、0.625 2 cm;拱肩、拱脚处存在明显的应力集中现象,拱顶、拱底、拱肩及拱脚处内力的受力形式发生变化,但是衬砌应力和内力的极值均发生在拱腰及拱脚处,说明拱腰及拱脚处为震害严重区,震后修复时应重点关注。

2022年门源M_(S)6.9地震前断层活动及应力状态的数值模拟

2022年1月8日门源M_(S)6.9地震是继1986年和2016年2次门源M_(S)6.4地震后,冷龙岭断裂西段再次发生的M_(S)>6强震。为探讨此次门源M_(S)6.9地震前近震区的断层运动、应力状态和强震多发的孕震环境,文中以地震前1991—2015期和2017—2021期GPS速度场作为边界约束,通过建立精细的三维黏弹性有限元动力学模型,计算分析了祁连山构造区在长期的构造运动环境下应力积累的基本格局,区域内断层的长期滑动速率、应力累积速率,以及这些量值在门源M_(S)6.9地震前约5a的变化特征。1991—2015期的计算结果显示:门源M_(S)6.9近震区长期受到NE-SW向挤压和NW-SE向拉张的应力场作用,最大剪应力积累比周围区域快,应力积累整体上以促进NWW向断层的挤压和走滑运动为主;与周围断层段相比,受几何拐折形态影响,冷龙岭断裂西段的滑动速率偏低,断层剪切应力的累积速率较高,发震断层上运动的亏损与应力的快速积累有利于孕育走滑型地震。2017—2021期相对于1991—2015期的增量结果显示,在临近地震约5a的时段内,冷龙岭断裂西段走滑速率进一步减小,断层的剪应力累积速率显著增高,利于促进走滑型地震的发生。冷龙岭断裂西段具有较强的动力学背景和有利的强震发生条件,未来依然存在发生强震的危险。

地震作用下夯土城墙动力响应分析——以山丹明长城为例

2022年1月8日门源M6.9地震造成山丹明长城局部破坏。为研究此次地震作用下夯土城墙的动力响应与破坏特征,基于地震现场考察结果,采用振幅等效处理后的记录地震波为输入地震动,开展双向地震荷载作用下夯土城墙的动力响应数值分析,研究不同位置测点的最大位移、峰值加速度与墙体应力分布特征,探讨地震导致夯土城墙破坏的主要内因。研究结果表明:双向地震荷载作用下,墙体位移和峰值加速度(PGA)随着高度的增加逐渐增加,但距墙体底部0.5 m高度范围内PGA放大效应不明显,最大位移、加速度均出现在墙体顶部裂缝位置处;水平地震荷载作用下墙体的地震动响应更为显著;墙体的最大主应力、最大剪应力均出现在有裂缝处的底端掏蚀悬空部位,墙体裂缝、夯筑搭接、掏蚀悬空处应力集中明显;裂缝对夯土城墙的地震动放大效应在一定高度范围内表现为弱化作用,但随高度增加逐渐过渡为强化作用;裂缝可显著增强墙体顶部地震动响应,可能是本次地震诱发城墙破坏的主要内因。研究成果可为古城墙遗址的加固修缮提供科学指导。

2016年门源M_(S) 6.4地震序列视应力特征研究

利用2016年门源M_(S) 6.4地震序列中59个M_(L)≥2.5余震的数字波形资料,计算得到其视应力,进而讨论视应力与震级的关系以及视应力时空变化特征,从视应力的角度给出强余震判定依据。结果表明:门源M_(S)6.4地震的余震视应力值与震级具有良好的拟合关系,呈现明显的正相关性;视应力在强余震前会有升高的趋势,对后续强余震发生时间和地点的判定具有一定的指示意义。

2022年1月8日青海门源M6.9地震余震精确定位与断层面拟合

利用青海和周边87个地震台站于2022年1月8—13日记录的青海门源M6.9地震主震及680次余震资料,经双差地震定位重新进行震源位置的修定,获得633个地震重新定位后的震源信息。结果显示,此次地震的余震分布明显以昌马—俄博断裂南末梢端为界分为东、西两段,西段呈近EW向沿托勒山断裂东段分布,东段呈NWW向沿冷龙岭断裂西段分布。重新定位前余震初始震源深度集中分布在5~15 km,重新定位后变化为在0~20 km深度范围内偏正态分布。根据重新定位后余震分布特点并参考地表破裂带的展布,依据成丛地震发生在断层附近的原则,选取2个矩形区域,基于这2个区域内重新定位后的震源信息,利用模拟退火与高斯-牛顿相结合的算法进行断层面拟合计算,完整地获得每一个拟合区域的断层面参数。结果表明托勒山断裂东段断层面与冷龙岭断裂西段断层面分别为长约15 km总体走向为近EW向的高倾角左旋走滑断裂与长约12 km总体走向为NWW向的高倾角大型左旋走滑断裂。此次青海门源地震可能是上述两断层面末端相互挤压共同破裂形成的。