Analysis on the Meso-scale System Activity and the Structure Characteristics of A Short-time Rainstorm

By using the rainfall data in the regional automatic station,FY-2E satellite data,NCEP reanalysis data,the evolution features and the structure characteristics of a meso-scale convective system(MCS) which happened on May 6 in 2010 in Loudi City of Hunan Province were analyzed.The results showed that MCS was the important influence system for the generation and development of strong precipitation.The equivalent blackbody brightness temperature(TBB) field of satellite inversion could directly reflect the convective activity of cumulus,the precipitation distribution and the intensity characteristics in the rainstorm process.TBB low value belt had the good corresponding relationship with the rainstorm falling zone.The disturbance flow field and the height field which passed Barnes band-pass wave filtering represented that there existed the obvious high-layer anticyclonic circulation and the low-layer cyclonic circulation near the rainstorm zone.The divergence in the high layer and the convergence in the low layer enhanced the occurrence and development of MCS.In addition,the disturbance temperature field revealed the main source of energy which the occurrence and development of strong convective weather needed.

Design of Web System for Meso-scale Meteorological Observational Station Based on SVG

The web of meso-scale meteorological observational station based on WebGIS realized by SVG technology was briefly introduced.Through grasping and applying SVG technology,the high-density automatic observational station in Anhui Province was developed.The web of meso-scale meteorological observational stations constructed by SVG technique can display the network graphics of weather data and intuitionistic vector graphics interface.

The Impact of Meso-Scale Eddies on the Subtropical Mode Water in the Western North Pacific

Based on the temperature and salinity from the Argo profiling floats and altimeter-derived geostrophic velocity anomaly (GVA) data in the western North Pacific during 2002-2011, the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW) distribution is investigated and cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddies (CEs and AEs) are constructed to study the influence of their vertical structures on maintaining NPSTMW. Combining eddies identified by the GVA data and Argo profiling float data, it is found that the average NPSTMW thickness of AEs is about 60 dbar, which is thicker than that of CEs. The NPSTMW thicker than 150 dbar in AEs accounts for 18%, whereas that in CEs accounts for only 1%. About 3377 (3517) profiles, which located within one diameter of the nearest CEs (AEs) are used to construct the CE (AE). The composite AE traps low-PV water in the center and with a convex shape in the vertical section. The 'trapped depth' of the composite CE (AE) is 300 m (550 m) where the rotational velocity exceeds the transitional velocity. The present study suggests that the anticyclonic eddies are not only likely to form larger amounts of NPSTMW, but also trap more NPSTMW than cyclonic eddies.

Flame Imaging in Meso-scale Porous Media Burner Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of meso-scale combustion.The technique of electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) was used to locate flame position and monitor the effect corresponding to varied air/fuel ratio in a meso-scale combustor.Combustion phenomena including igniting,quenching and unsteady combustion have been visualized using ECT.The method of metallization protecting ECT sensor from high temperature damage and the novel calibration method adapted to ECT monitoring of unknown permittivity flame have been shown to be successful.At the same time,electrical nature of combustion and dielectric characteristics of hy-drocarbon flame were studied.The relationship between flame permittivity and state parameters of combustion gas was demonstrated preliminarily.

Meso-scale modeling of chloride diffusion in concrete with consideration of effects of time and temperature

A meso-scale truss network model was developed to predict chloride diffusion in concrete. The model regards concrete as a three-phase composite of mortar matrix, coarse aggregates, and the interfacial transition zone （ITZ） between the mortar matrix and the aggregates. The diffusion coefficient of chloride in the mortar and the ITZ can be analytically determined with only the water-to-cement ratio and volume fraction of fine aggregates. Fick＇s second law of diffusion was used as the governing equation for chloride diffusion in a homogenous medium （e.g., mortar）; it was discretized and applied to the truss network model. The solution procedure of the truss network model based on the diffusion law and the meso-scale composite structure of concrete is outlined. Additionally, the dependence of the diffusion coefficient of chloride in the mortar and the ITZ on exposure duration and temperature is taken into account to illustrate their effect on chloride diffusion coefficient. The numerical results show that the exposure duration and environmental temperature play important roles in the diffusion rate of chloride ions in concrete. It is also concluded that the meso-scale truss network model can be applied to chloride transport analysis of damaged （or cracked） concrete.

Meso-scale available gravitational potential energy in the world oceans

The pitfalls of applying the commonly used definition of available gravitational potential energy （AGPE） to the world oceans are re-examined. It is proposed that such definition should apply to the meso-scale problems in the oceans, not the global scale. Based on WOA98 climatological data, the meso-scale AGPE in the world oceans is estimated. Unlike previous results by Oort et al. , the meso-scale AGPE is large wherever there is a strong horizontal density gradient. The distribution of meso-scale AGPE reveals the close connection between the baroclinic instability and the release of gravitational potential energy stored within the scale of Rossby deformation radius.

Statistical characteristics of meso-scale vortex effects on the track of a tropical cyclone

This paper examines initial meso-scale vortex effects on the motion of a tropical cyclone （TC） in a system where coexisting two components of TC and meso-scale vortices with a barotropic vorticity equation model. The initial mesoscale vortices are generated stochastically by employing Reinaud＇s method. The 62 simulations are performed and analysed in order to understand the statistical characteristics of the effects. Results show that the deflection of the TC track at t = 24 h induced by the initial meso-scale vortices ranges from 2 km to 37 km with the mean value of 13.4 km. A more significant deflection of the TC track can be reduced when several initial meso-scale vortices simultaneously appear in a smaller TC circulation area. It ranges from 22 km to 37 km with the mean value of 28 km, this fact implies that the initial meso-scale vortices-induced deflection may not be neglected sometimes.

Case study on the three-dimensional structure of meso-scale eddy in the South China Sea based on a high-resolution model

Meso-scale eddies are important features in the South China Sea（SCS）. The eddies with diameters of 50–200 km can greatly impact the transport of heat, momentum, and tracers. A high-resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model was developed to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS in this study. The aim of this study is to examine the model ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations The simulated Sea Surface Height（SSH） anomalies agree with the observed the AVISO SSH anomalies well. The simulated subsurface temperature profiles agree with the CTD observation data from the ROSE（Responses of Marine Hazards to climate change in the Western Pacific） project. The simulated upper-ocean currents also agree with the main circulation based on observations. A warm eddy is identified in winter in the northern SCS. The position and domain of the simulated eddy are confirmed by the observed sea surface height data from the AVISO. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilation.The three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddy in the SCS is analyzed using the model result. It is found that the eddy center is tilted vertically, which agrees with the observation. It is also found that the velocity center of the eddy does not coincide with the temperature center of the eddy. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations. Further study on the forming mechanism and the three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddies will be carried out using the model result and cruise observation data in the near future.

THE DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF Β MESO-SCALE DOUBLE RAINBANDS IN MEIYU FRONT

In this paper, an idealized perturbation following the ＂surge-flow conceptual model＂ for typical Meiyu frontal structure is designed to explain the β meso-scale structure ofrainbands in the Meiyu front using a non-hydrostatic, full-compressible storm-scale model including multi-phase microphysical parameterization. In addition, sensitivity numerical experiment on the vertical distribution of the ambient meridional wind is conducted to investigate the generation mechanism of D meso-scale double rainbands. The results of numerical experiments show that the cool and dry downdraft invading strengthened by the environmental aloft northerly wind plays a very important role to the generation and maintenance of the β meso-scale double rainbands. Moreover, the intensity and scale of the dry and cool downdraft invading are related to the intensity of the second circumfluence induced by mass adjustment when the acceleration of the westerly jet aloft occurs.

Modeling development on the meso-scale reacting transport phenomena in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

The catalyst layer （CL） of proton exchange mem-brane fuel cell （PEMFC） involves various particles and pores in meso-scale, which has an important effect on the mass, charge （proton and electron） and heat transport coupled with the electrochemical reactions. The coarse-grained molecular dynamics （CG-MD） method is employed as a meso-scale structure reconstruction technique to mimic the self-organization phenomena in the fabrication steps of a CL. The meso-scale structure obtained at the equilibrium state is further analyzed by molecular dynamic （MD） software to provide the necessary microscopic parameters for understanding of multi-scale and-physics processes in CLs. The primary pore size distribution （PSD） and active platinum （Pt） surface areas are also calculated and then compared with the experiments. In addition, we also highlight the implementation method to combine microscopic elementary kinetic reaction schemes with the CG-MD approaches to provide insight into the reactions in CLs. The concepts from CG modeling with particle hydrodynamics （SPH） and the problems on coupling of SPH with finite element modeling （FEM） methods are further outlined and discussed to understand the effects of the meso-scale transport phenomena in fuel cells.

Propagation of shock waves in dry and wet sandstone:Experimental observations,theoretical analysis and meso-scale modeling

Methods of experimental observations, theoretical analysis and meso-scale modeling were used to study the propagation processes of shock waves in dry and wet sandstone under dynamic impact in this paper.According to the results from the dynamic impact experiments with velocity of 0.2-0.5 km/s, it was found that the velocity of shock wave increases linearly with water content. Additionally, the velocity of the shock wave in the sandstone showed a linearly increased regularity with the increasement of the impact velocity, which was proved by theory in this paper. Furthermore, meso-scale simulation models were performed and the simulation results showed that sandstone's porosity reduced the shock waves velocity compared to nonporous materials. Pore space filled with water counteracts the effects of porosity, resulted in larger shock wave velocity.

On the Development of Meso-Scale Heavy Rain Parcels in China

Heavy rains occur in China frequently, which often bring us floods and serious disasters in the summer half-year. The meso-scale heavy rain parcels (MHRP) in the mid-latitude are usually developed in following cases:I.By the approaching, meeting and / or overlapping of different weather systems, when two or more different rainfall systems are getting to conjugate, some MHRPs could be developed, such as: 1) a new cold/warm front or squall line approaches an old front or squall, even when the old one is somewhat decrepit; 2) at the places where two or more synoptic systems with different characteristics are meeting together, such as the meeting of tropical cyclone with the cold airs coming from the mid- and / or high-latitudes, or the low latitude vortex meeting with the westerly trough; 3) at the intersections of some different weather systems, such as the intersection of drylines, squall lines or fronts moving from different directions; and 4) by the overlapping of rainfall parcels produced continuously from a meso-generation centre.II.Resonance Effect and Tibetan Plateau Influence are two reasons why high frequency of heavy and torrential rains arround the meiyu front is discussed also.

Electrical Characteristics,Electrode Sheath and Contamination Layer Behavior of a Meso-Scale Premixed Methane-Air Flame Under AC/DC Electric Fields

Electrical characteristics of a nozzle-attached meso-scale premixed methane-air flame under low-frequency AC （0-4300 V, 0-500 Hz） and DC （0-3300 V） electric fields were studied. I-V curves were measured under different experimental conditions to estimate the magnitude of the total current 10^0-10^2μA, the electron density 10^15-10^16 m^-3 and further the power dissipation 〈 0.7 W in the reaction zone. At the same time, the meso-scale premixed flame conductivity 10^-4-10^-3 Ω^-1. m^-1 as a function of voltage and frequency was experimentally obtained and was believed to represent a useful order-of magnitude estimate. Moreover, the influence of the collision sheath relating to Debye length （31-98 μm） and the contamination layer of an active electrode on measurements was discussed, based on the combination of simulation and theoretical analysis. As a result, the electrode sheath dimension was evaluated to less than 0.5 mm, which indicated a complex effect of the collision sheath on the current measurements. The surface contamination effect of an active electrode was further analyzed using the SEM imaging method, which showed elements immigration during the contamination layer formation process.

Analysis on the Meso-scale Characteristics of a Hail Process in Linyi Area

[Objective] The research aimed to study the meso-scale characteristics of a hail process in Linyi area. [Method] By comprehensively using MICAPS conventional observation data, automatic encryption ground station, MM5 model product and Doppler weather radar data, a strong convective hail weather process which happened in Shandong Peninsula and southeast of Shandong on May 30, 2010 was analyzed. The circulation background and physical mechanism of strong convection weather occurrence, the features of meso- and micro-scale systems were discussed. Some occurrence and development rules of such weather were found. [Result] The strong convective weather was mainly affected by the cold vortex and translot. The high-altitude northwest airflow, low-level southwest airflow, dry and cold air at the high layer, warm and wet air at the low layer, forward-tilting trough caused the strong convective weather. The radar echo analysis showed that the radar echo in the process belonged to the typical multi-monomer windstorm echo, and the strong echo zone was in the forefront of echo. When the convection development was the strongest, the echo intensity reached 65 dBz, and the echo top height surpassed 11 km. As the development of windstorm monomer, the big-value zone of vertical liquid water content product had the jumping formation and disappearance. Moreover, there was obvious weak echo zone. The windstorm monomer moved to the southeast direction as the precipitation system. In the right front of monomer moving direction, there was hook echo feature. The evolution characteristics of radial speed field at the different elevation angles before and after the hail weather occurrence were analyzed. It was found that the radial speed field had some premonitory variations before the hail weather occurrence. Doppler radar product was used to improve the initial field of MM5 model, which could improve the forecast effect in the certain degree and the accuracy of short-time forecast and nowcasting. [Conclusion] The research accumulated the experience for the short-term forecast and nowcasting work of strong convective weather in future.

Study on circulation and meso-scale eddies in the South China Sea in summer of 1998

By using wide scope ADCP data which were got during SCSMEX (South China Sea Monsoon Experiment) period in the summer of 1998, and comparing these data with numerical modelling result, the distribution and variation characteristics of the circulation and meso-scale eddies in the South China Sea (SCS) were studied. The results show that: (1) in the SCS, 18 different scale eddies or motion systems with characteristics similar to meso-scale eddy were found during the investigation; (2) a strong westward current was found in the south of the Taiwan Shoal; (3) the energy of those eddies west of 114°E was much stronger than that of the east;(4) and there exist many powerful meso-scale eddies in the Nansha region south of 12°N. The distributions of numerous eddies reflect the complexity of the circulation in the SCS. It seems that the formation of those eddies should be caused by joint work of wind, coast feature, bottom topography, water density, inertial force and continental shelf waves.

一次滇西南秋季暴雨的中尺度分析与诊断

应用大尺度物理量场诊断分析和中尺度带通滤波处理技术,对2001年10月25日发生在云南西南部的一次暴雨过程机制进行了分析。结果表明,在副热带高压(下称副高)外围大尺度西南气流环境场中,中尺度系统是此次暴雨产生的直接原因;大尺度环境场为暴雨的发生提供了充沛的水汽来源,而中尺度系统则在水汽的强烈辐合、向上输送,使对流层中下层达到准饱和状态扮演了十分重要的角色。

从多尺度到介尺度——复杂化工过程模拟的新挑战

化工过程普遍面对具有多尺度结构的复杂系统,而作为从基本单元相互作用形成系统整体行为与功能的关键环节,介尺度结构对化工过程的定量描述和定向调控具有重要意义。同时,化学、材料、生物、物理和系统科学等领域也都逐步认识到各自的介尺度问题及其共同特性。这表明对介尺度结构与行为共性的深入研究将对科学界产生全局性的影响,同时也表明这样的研究必须通过多学科充分交流、紧密合作才能取得重大进展。本文试图从多尺度研究的背景出发探讨化工及相关过程中介尺度模拟的意义、挑战和方法,并展望其发展。

一次梅雨锋特大暴雨过程分析及数值模拟

利用常规观测资料、NCEP、卫星、雷达和地面加密观测等资料,对2010年6月1 7 20日江西北部一次罕见大暴雨过程进行天气动力学诊断分析、中尺度分析和WRF模式模拟分析。结果表明:(1)这次罕见大暴雨是一次典型梅雨锋暴雨,是在极为有利的天气形势下导致的强β中尺度系统强烈发展所致。500hPa东亚大槽槽后冷平流与强盛稳定的副高西北侧西南气流汇合,导致冷暖交汇带在江南北部维持。(2)冷暖交汇带的稳定和西南暖湿气流的异常强盛,使暴雨的水汽、动力、热力条件十分充足,非常有利于触发中小尺度对流系统强烈发展。(3)强盛水汽及辐合上升运动、低层西南急流加强、中层弱冷空气活动、对流不稳定层结加剧、地面辐合线维持少动、β中尺度强低涡形成并维持、高层强辐散等多种因素的共同组合叠加作用导致了特大暴雨发生。(4)数值模拟分析显示,19日08时β中尺度低涡形成与暖湿气流和弱冷空气共同作用有关;该低涡垂直厚度在550～950hPa之间,850和900hPa最强;并在该低涡南侧出现一串近东西向排列的30～60km更小尺度的强对流系统,它们与特大暴雨区相吻合。

1998年南海季风爆发时期中尺度对流系统的研究:I中尺度对流系统发生发展的大尺度条件

南海季风试验（SCSMEX）的观测表明，1998年南海北部夏季风爆发（5月16～20日）的主要特征是中尺度对流活动的突然爆发和降水迅速增加。文章通过讨论大尺度背景下中尺度对流活动及降水形成的物理条件，揭示了该时段中尺度对流系统与中尺度雨带形成的可能机制：（1）在季风爆发初期华南及南海北部地区对流层低层较高的假相当位温与对流不稳定性、低层西南风辐合和高层的辐散为该地区的中尺度对流系统的发展提供了有利的大尺度热力与动力条件；来自孟加拉湾与副热带高压西侧的西南气流为南海北部强降水区提供了大量水汽，形成了该区深厚的湿层和强水汽辐合；（2）来自东亚中高纬地区几次冷空气活动是对流活动发生的重要触发机制，其作用是使对流不稳定能量迅速释放和对流活动在大范围地区突然爆发；（3）通过对南海季风试验期间安装在东沙岛和实验3号科学考察船上的双多普勒雷达资料反演的降水量分析表明，活跃的对流在季风槽和相应的风场切变线作用下，不断地组织并形成一些中尺度对流雨带（MCSs）。1998年5月15～19日季风爆发时段内，可观测到约12次中尺度降水过程，它们的生命期为6～10h或更长；（4）南海季风槽与低层切变线的建立以及其中中尺度低涡的产生和发展是中尺度对流系统形成与维持的必要条件。

梅雨锋短时大暴雨的多尺度环境场分析

利用常规观测资料、FY2E卫星TBB资料以及NCEP FNL再分析资料对2011年6月14日江西北部梅雨锋大暴雨的环境场进行分析。结果表明:(1)在极为有利的天气形势下,江南北部锋生以及低空急流对地形的强迫作用导致β中尺度系统强烈发展,是短时暴雨的触发机制。(2)稳定的环流背景下,500 hPa东亚大槽槽后冷平流与南方暖湿气流持续在江南北部对峙,是暴雨带稳定于赣北的原因。强的热力不稳定、较强的垂直风切变、低层充沛的水汽供应以及强烈的辐合抬升是短时暴雨产生的有利环境场。(3)多尺度系统的协同作用和稳定维持,使西南急流异常强盛。暴雨区上空强垂直上升运动、高空强辐散、低空强辐合与中尺度系统的发展互相耦合,导致梅雨锋上出现大暴雨。干冷空气与暖湿气流在地面至对流层中低层汇合,激发正涡度柱沿假相当位温锋区倾斜向上发展;强烈上升气流穿越锋区加大了层结的不稳定,激发大量不稳定能量释放,使暴雨具有强对流性。(4)不同性质气流在赣东北的交锋、边界层强辐合与喇叭口地形的相互作用是赣东北成为暴雨中心的原因。