Influence of counter electrode material during accelerated durability test of non-precious metal electrocatalysts in acidic medium

Significant progress has been made in the development of non-precious metal electrocatalysts （NPMEs） during the past decade. Correspondingly, there is an urgent demand for an appropriate measurement method to be established for the reliable evaluation of NPMEs. In this study, platinum and graphite counter electrodes were used to investigate the impact of counter electrode material on the accelerated durability testing （ADT） of NPMEs in acidic medium. Platinum used as the coun- ter electrode in a traditional three-electrode electrochemical cell was found to dissolve in acidic medium and re-deposit on NPME coated on the working electrode during ADT. Such re-deposition causes the oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） performance of NPMEs to remarkably improve, and thus will seriously mislead our judgment of NPMEs if we are unaware of it. The phenomenon can be avoided using a graphite counter electrode.

Effects of sintered metal distributor on fluidization quality of the air dense medium fluidized bed

Dry coal beneficiation using an air dense medium fluidized bed (ADMFB) requires the formation of a sta- ble and uniform bed from the dense medium. Others have shown that the structure and geometric parameters of the air distributor have a significant influence on the experimentally observed fluidization quality. In this study we used a sintered metal distributor (SMD) in the ADMFB separator and study its effect on the fluidization quality. The results show that for the same open area ratio (OAR), a smaller aper- ture in the SMD will provide improved fluidization quality. If aperture size is held constant bigger open area ratios result in improved fluidization quality. And, the fluidization quality also improves when the pressure drop across the SMD increases. A model relating distributor pressure drop and the geometric parameters of the SMD is also proposed.

Leaching Behavior and Mechanism of Cement Solidified Heavy Metal Pb in Acid Medium

The relationship between Pb leaching concentration and the solution＇s pH with time was analyzed when cement in its solidified form was leached in an acid medium. The effects of the particle size of the solidified form, the cement adding method, and the hydration degree on Pb solidification were also investigated. The experimental results indicate that cement is quickly dissolved and hydrated in the acid medium, forming a C-S-H gel or silicic acid sol with good adsorption. When cement-Pb solidified form is leached in an acetate solution, the hydrated product erodes with time, so the Pb concentration increases slightly in the beginning. Then, some of the Pb ions are absorbed by the newly generated silicic acid sol, C-S-H. Others produce Pb（OH）2 precipitation for secondary solidification, leading to a gradual decrease in the Pb concentration in a leaching time of more than two hours. Moreover, the particle size of the solidified form has important effects on the Pb dissolution. When the amount of added cement is low, with a pH of less than 9.5, the solidification affects the sequence of the original cement powder, the cement hydrated powder, and the cement- Pb solidified form. When the added amount of cement increases with a pH of more than 11, the effect of adding methods on solidification decreases, and the solidified form is a little better than others.

Optimal design of sub-wavelength metal rectangular gratings for polarizing beam splitter based on effective medium theory

A novel optimal design of sub-wavelength metal rectangular gratings for the polarizing beam splitter （PBS） is proposed. The method is based on effective medium theory and the method of designing single layer antireflection coating. The polarization performance of PBS is discussed by rigorous couple-wave analysis （RCWA） method at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The result shows that sub-wavelength metal rectangular grating is characterized by a high reflectivity, like metal films for TE polarization, and high transmissivity, like dielectric films for TM polarization. The optimal design accords well with the results simulated by RCWA method.

Heavy Metal Control in Domestic Rubbish by Source Screening and Suitability of Nutrient Elements as Turfgrass Medium

This paper, probing into heavy metal control in domestic rubbish by source screening and nutrient element analysis, revealed the feasibility of source control of heavy metals and the suitability of rubbish as turfgrass medium. Heavy metals in domestic rubbish were controlled by source screening before composting. The study consisted of a control with garden soil. The contents of main mineral elements and heavy metals in rubbish compost and control were determined by the method of ICP-AES. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations in rubbish were lower than those in garden soil, and little difference occurred between rubbish and garden soil in main mineral element concentrations. Based on this, it was concluded that rubbish compost was favorable for using as turfgrass medium and heavy metal control in rubbish by source screening was effective.

近烟色离褶伞生物学特性及驯化

自云南省曲靖市采集近烟色离褶伞(Lyophyllum pallidofumosum)子实体,通过组织分离获得菌株YAASM6292,研究其最适碳源、氮源、无机盐、温度和pH,并驯化,测定子实体重金属含量。结果表明:在实验范围内,菌株YAASM6292的最适碳源、氮源、pH分别为麦芽糖、蛋白胨、5.0,培养基中添加硫酸镁在24、26℃培养时菌丝生长速度较快。通过覆土栽培首次获得近烟色离褶伞子实体,其重金属含量均低于食品安全国家标准规定的食品中污染物限量。研究结果可为离褶伞属物种栽培和新资源利用提供参考。

还原介质对镍渣直接还原提铁的影响

如何从富铁镍渣中高效提铁是该资源综合再利用的关键。本文采用焦炭和烟煤作为还原剂,对镍渣进行直接还原提铁试验研究,对比两种还原剂在镍渣还原过程中产生有效还原介质的差异,借助热力学软件对不同还原介质的还原能力进行热力学分析,然后通过试验及表征研究两种还原剂对镍渣还原过程金属化率变化及微观结构演变的影响。结果表明:烟煤含有的高挥发分会产生CO-H_(2)混合的还原介质,而焦炭则主要以CO还原介质为主;热力学分析结果表明,CO-H_(2)混合气对铁氧化物的还原能力优于纯CO。镍渣还原焙烧试验结果显示,使用烟煤作为还原剂,1 300℃下还原20 min,镍渣球团的金属化率可达90.20%;而采用焦炭作为还原剂时其金属化率仅达到72.97%,烟煤对镍渣的还原能力优于焦炭。

金属网格-透明导电氧化物复合型透明电极的瑞利分析和仿真

以氧化铟锡(indium tin oxide,ITO)为代表的透明导电氧化物(transparent conducting oxide,TCO)在当前光电器件中的重要性日益增长.通过在TCO中引入金属网格构成复合电极,可以在保持良好透明性的前提下有效提升电学性能,同时降低对铟的需求量,并为可穿戴设备所需的柔性电极提供可能方案.对此类电极的电学性能分析,如复合电极方阻随金属网格结构参数的变化,可为电极设计与制备提供基本的出发点,但相关理论尚十分缺乏.本文针对典型的方孔方格型金属网格-TCO复合电极,分别展开基于瑞利模型和基于有限元仿真的电学性能分析.结果表明,孔型近似导致的金属通道显著畸变是复合电极的电学计算中瑞利模型在中高开口率下失效的主要原因.据此,我们采用格型修正,通过提升瑞利模型中的原胞外边界对称性来改善金属通道的畸变.与电极仿真的对比表明,修正后瑞利模型的适用范围明显扩大,其结果可与实验数据很好地拟合,为此类复合透明电极的电学数据分析与结构设计提供了简洁高效的理论工具.

液态金属在电子热控中的应用进展与挑战

液态金属作为当下科学和工业前沿的璀璨明珠,不仅是实际应用中不可或缺的重要组成部分,更是一个充满未知奇迹的探索领域。其独特的物理性质使得它在电子热控方面备受瞩目。文中剖析了热控应用中至关重要的典型液态金属的物理参数和性能,深入挖掘了液态金属在电子热控中的应用场景,介绍了它作为热界面材料、相变储能材料和循环工质的现状和研究进展,并进一步阐述了液态金属在电子热控应用中面临的主要技术挑战,提出了应对这些技术挑战的技术途径,指出了液态金属未来的研究方向。

质子交换膜电解水用非贵金属基析氧反应催化剂的研究进展

质子交换膜(PEM)电解水制氢技术是可再生能源存储与转化的重要技术手段。目前,国内外研究者在非贵金属析氧反应(OER)催化剂方面开展了大量的工作。但是,在PEM电解水阳极的强酸性条件下,催化剂仍难以兼顾催化活性和稳定性。为此,本文对PEM电解水用非贵金属酸性介质OER催化剂的研究进行了系统总结和分析。首先,基于PEM装置的工作特点提出了PEM电解水用OER催化剂的性能指标;第二,阐述了OER催化过程的基本原理;第三,系统介绍了碳基材料、过渡金属氧化物、过渡金属硫化物、过渡金属磷化物和多金属氧酸盐等非贵金属OER催化剂的研究进展,重点分析了其催化活性和稳定性的改进策略;最后,从PEM电解水需求和材料改性两方面对OER催化剂的设计进行了展望。

基于多区多求解器的金属-介质复合目标电磁散射特性分析

在导弹类金属-介质复合目标电磁散射特性求解过程中,采用常规迭代求解方法存在难以收敛以及内迭代边界积分区域重复求解的问题。针对该问题,在传统有限元边界积分区域分解法(finite element boundary integral domain decomposition method,FE-BI-DDM)的基础上,采用了更为灵活的多区多求解器的方法(multi domain multi solver method,MDMSM)。该方法对导弹类金属-介质复合目标中难以收敛的金属区域,使用快速直接求逆的方法求解,由于可以使用独立的网格模型进行电磁建模,避免了内迭代部分的模型重复建立过程,从而大幅减少了整体模型求解时间。实验结果表明:所提方法可以在相同计算精度的条件下,以不过多增加内存空间为前提,大幅缩短了导弹类目标的金属-介质复合模型的电磁求解时间。该方法为开展导弹类目标特性分析提供了一条可行的技术途径。

乌梁素海重金属在冰-水介质中迁移的微观机理

为探究乌梁素海重金属在冰-水介质中迁移的微观机理,对冰封期乌梁素海不同重金属(Fe、As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Mn、Cd、Hg、Pb)水样进行室内单向结冰模拟,总结重金属在冰体和冰下水体中的分布特征,并根据第一性原理进行结合能计算,从结合能的角度分析其微观机理。结果表明:各重金属与水体的结合能均大于与冰体的,表明重金属在水体中比在冰体中更稳定,驱使重金属从冰体向冰下水体迁移。

基于分子动力学模拟下CuZr金属玻璃的局域连接度对拉伸性能的影响

二十面体连接网络是由二十面体相互连接而形成的中程有序结构。利用分子动力学模拟方法研究了CuZr金属玻璃在拉伸过程中的二十面体连接网络的演变。结果表明,二十面体连接网络会因为变形而断裂,从而出现孤立的二十面体,或是转变成其他团簇。高的米瑟斯应力和屈服时更少的连接度数量百分比可以解释Cu含量低的样品中的较低强度和良好塑性。此外,在Cu含量高的样品中,低连接度在变形后更倾向于向高连接度转变,让样品在变形后仍保持着较高的连接度,呈现为强度高、塑性低的力学性能。

湖南香花岭矿田中细晶岩型锂矿资源找矿潜力分析

为探究锂元素在中细晶岩中的分布特征和赋存规律,及与钨、锡、铌、钽、铍、铷等矿产的共伴生关系,对香花岭矿田有色—稀有金属的分布特征和成岩成矿过程进行了分析研究。以出露的花岗岩岩体为中心划分出了癞子岭—南吉冲、尖峰岭—香花铺、通天庙—瑶山里等3个稀有金属锂的成矿区段,且已在癞子岭—南吉冲和尖峰岭—香花铺成矿区段的中细晶岩中发现有富锂矿化体赋存。锂元素在中细晶花岗质岩体的内部、顶部及高侵位岩枝、岩脉前锋部位和边缘相等处的自变质蚀变作用部位,或在与富含硅质的围岩体接触带处的富硅石英脉封闭的区域中汇聚并富集成矿,划分这些矿化蚀变地段是香花岭矿田探获中细晶岩型锂矿体的一个重要思路。

Variants of Nuclear Power Plants of Small and Medium Power with Heavy Liquid-Metal Coolants

New design solutions have been proposed for a BRS-GPG type reactor circuit, which are different from transport and stationary low and medium-powered reactor installations cooled with heavy liquid-metal coolants, and which correspond to the evolutionary development of such installations. While developing these solutions, the available experience in creating and operating Soviet pilot and commercial power plants cooled with lead-bismuth coolants was used, including investigations, primarily experimental ones, carried out by team of authors in justification of a capacity range (50 - 250 MW) of low and medium-powered reactor plants with horizontal steam generators (BRS- GPG) proposed and elaborated at the NNSTU.

Experimental Study of the Selective Adsorption of Heavy Metals onto Clay Minerals

The interaction between minerals and heavy metals has been a hot object of study in environmental science, mineralogy and soil science. Through the selective adsorption experiment of Ca\|montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite to Cu\+\{2+\}, Pb\+\{2+\}, Zn\+\{2+\}, Cd\+\{2+\} and Cr\+\{3+\} ions at certain conditions, it could be concluded that Cr\+\{3+\} is most effectively sorbed by all the three minerals. Also, it can be found that Pb\+\{2+\} shows a strong affinity for illite and kaolinite while Cu\+\{2+\} for montmorillonite. Based on the adsorption experiment at varying pH of solution, it can be found that the amount of heavy metals sorbed by minerals increases with increasing pH of the solution.

Measurement of Residual Stress Field of Hardfacing Metal with RE Oxide and Its Numerical Simulation

The temperature and residual stress fields of a medium-high carbon steel, welded by a cracking resistance electrode with rare earth (RE) oxide, were measured by thermo-vision analyzer and X-ray stress analyzer respectively. Meanwhile, the martensitic transformation temperatures of matrix, hard-face welding (hardfacing) metal welded by conventional hardfacing electrode and that welded by cracking resistance electrode with RE oxide were determined. According to the experimental data and the thermo-physical, mechanical parameters of materials, finite element method (FEM) of temperature and stress fields was established. In this FEM, the effect of martensitic transformation on residual stress of hardfacing metal of medium-high carbon steel was taken into account. The results show that, by adding RE oxide in the coat of hardfacing electrode, the martensitic transformation temperature can be decreased, so that the residual tensile stress on the dangerous position can be decreased. Therefore, the cracking resistance of hardfacing metal can be improved.

Styrene Epoxidation in Aqueous over Triazine-Based Microporous Polymeric Network as a Metal-Free Catalyst

Tirazine based microporous polymeric (TMP) network was found to be an efficient metal-free catalyst for the epoxidation of styrene. The reactions were performed in water as an environmentally benign medium using H2O2 as a green oxidant at ambient temperature. The reaction afforded higher yield with 90% conversion of styrene and 98% selectivity to styrene oxide in 6 h. The triazine based microporous polymeric network can be readily recovered and reused up to 4 cycles without significant loss in catalytic activity and selectivity.

Ab initio molecular dynamics study on the local structures in Ce_(70)Al_(30) and La_(70)Al_(30) metallic glasses

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the effect of similar elements on the shortto medium-range atomic packing features in Ce70Al30 and La70Al30 glass-forming alloys. 4 f electrons of Ce element in Ce70Al30 alloy were properly treated in electronic calculations. The local atomic structures in both alloys are qualitatively similar. However, the local environments of Al atoms in Ce70Al30 alloy show fluctuation with temperature in the cooling process, which could result from 4 f electrons of Ce elements. Surprisingly, the medium-range atomic packing features of Al atoms in both MGs are quite different, although Ce and La elements are similar. These findings are useful for understanding the enhanced glass-forming ability by similar element substitution in RE-based MGs from a medium-range structure perspective.

Ultrasonic-enhanced Stereoselective Debromination of vic-Dibromides to Alkenes with Metallic Zinc Powder in Aqueous Media

Carbon-carbon double bond functional groups are often protected through a popular bromination/debromination method because of their reactivity. An ultrasonic-enhanced stereoselective debromination of vic-dibromides with metallic zinc powder in aqueous media has been developed, which generates E-alkenes with excellent yields. The reactivity of vic-dibromides decreases in the order of 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane>1,2-dibromo-1-phenylethane>1,2-dibromo-1,2-dialkylethane.