Synthesis of Reviews on Auscultation, Approaches, and Methods for Engineering Structures

Topometric auscultation is used to monitor the durability of structures, measure deformations linked to the structure of a structure or to the movement of the ground over a part of the globe, set up warning systems, etc. It first appeared as a visual method and rapidly evolved through the various techniques used. Some of these techniques using topography are used in several fields (civil engineering, geodesy, topography, mechanics, nuclear engineering, hydraulics, physics, etc.). These topometric techniques have undergone major changes as a result of technological advances, growing needs in the monitoring of movements or deformations, increased requirements and new challenges. The methodology adopted depends on the measuring instrument used, the parameters to be estimated and access to the area to be measured. There are two types of methods: destructive and non-destructive. In addition to the visual method, they can also be classified as mechanical, physico-chemical, dynamometric, electrophysical and geometric. The estimated parameter varies according to the methodology adopted. It can be defined by coordinates, distances, potential, electrical resistance, etc.

Development of analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particulates: A review

In the present work, the different sample collection, pretreatment and analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates is systematacially reviewed, and the applications of these pretreatment and analytical methods for PAHs are compared in detail. Some comments on the future expectation are also presented.

A Review on Evaluation Methods of Climate Modeling

There is scientific progress in the evaluation methods of recent Earth system models(ESMs).Methods range from single variable to multi-variables,multi-processes,multi-phenomena quantitative evaluations in five layers(spheres)of the Earth system,from climatic mean assessment to climate change(such as trends,periodicity,interdecadal variability),extreme values,abnormal characters and quantitative evaluations of phenomena,from qualitative assessment to quantitative calculation of reliability and uncertainty for model simulations.Researchers started considering independence and similarity between models in multi-model use,as well as the quantitative evaluation of climate prediction and projection efect and the quantitative uncertainty contribution analysis.In this manuscript,the simulations and projections by both CMIP5 and CMIP3 that have been published after 2007 are reviewed and summarized.

A Review of Deepwater Pipeline Construction in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico-Contracts, Cost, and Installation Methods

The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation methods and the evolution of contract strategies. Pipeline projects are identified as export systems, infield flowline systems, and combined export and infield systems, and three dozen deepwater pipeline installations from 1980–2014 are described based on Offshore Technology Conference(OTC) and Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE) industry publications and press release data. Export lines and infield flowlines are equally represented and many projects used a combination of J-lay, S-lay and reel methods with rigid steel, flexible line, and pipe-in-pipe systems. The average 2014 inflation-adjusted cost for pipeline projects based on OTC/SPE publications was $2.76 million/mi and ranged from $520 000/mi to $12.94 million/mi. High cost pipelines tend to be short segments or specialized pipeline. Excluding the two cost endpoints, the majority of projects ranged from $1 to $6 million/mi. The average inflation-adjusted cost to install deepwater pipelines in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico based on available public data is estimated at $3.1 million/mi.

纤维增强复合材料加固混凝土桥梁结构研究进展

为总结纤维增强复合材料(FRP)在混凝土桥梁加固中的研究成果,拓宽FRP加固桥梁的思路,推动其在桥梁加固领域的广泛应用,阐述了FRP加固方法的发展及其特点,系统梳理了FRP加固方法在混凝土桥梁的研究进展。根据加固机理的不同,从抗弯加固、抗剪加固、抗压加固三方面加以归纳总结,介绍了几种常见的FRP加固方式、影响因素、破坏模式及其设计理论;分析了当前研究的不足,由此提出了一些可以继续深入研究的问题。结果表明:目前研究较多的有外贴FRP法、预应力FRP技术、表层嵌入法、FRP网格加固技术,其在不同的设计参数和使用条件下呈现出不同的破坏模式;外贴FRP片材容易过早发生剥离破坏,可以通过一些锚固措施提升界面黏结性,其中HB-FRP加固技术的锚固效果最好;预应力FRP加固技术因具有较高的材料强度利用率而展现出良好的应用前景;后续应深入研究FRP加固设计理论,综合考虑各参数对加固结构性能的影响,建立统一可靠且实用的计算模型;应进一步研究既有混凝土加固结构在多因素耦合作用下的长期性能和耐久性能,完善FRP加固混凝土桥梁设计方法和规范体系。

Two Cases of Complicated Rectovaginal Fistula Treated by Hanging Line Method Were Reported and Reviewed in the Literature

This paper retrospectively analyzes the complicated rectovaginal fistula in 2 cases after the successful treatment. Through literatures collected, with the difficulties and contradictions of the treatment of complicated rectovaginal fistula as the starting point, the currently used hanging line method, the advantage and deficiency of surgical treatment in recent years, and the change of treatment method were reviewed. We wish to explore which current treatments could be a better choice.

A Review of Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis(second edition)

This article gives an overview of Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis(second edition),which respectively introduces six approaches to do critical discourse analysis.Personal comments and suggestions on the book are also presented.It is hoped that the article may help readers particularly who would want to grow and extent their interest in CDA better usher into the field.

A Review of Recent Research on Approaches and Methods in ESP Teaching in China

ESP,namely English for Specific Purposes,has become an integral part of English teaching in higher education.How ever,the majority of research on approaches in ESP teaching is focused on one specific method,which fails to generalize the de velopment of ESP teaching in China.In this thesis,recent Chinese research on approaches and methods in ESP teaching is re viewed,including those in established framework and an innovative one.The advantages and limitations of each methods are ana lyzed and the possible suggestions are made with a view to promoting the research on approaches and methods in ESP teaching in a more all-round way.

站在巨人的肩膀上:文献综述方法的应用与展望

不同的文献综述方法对学术研究的发展有不同的价值和作用。鲜有文章对文献综述方法进行全面介绍和系统梳理。本文以318篇创业领域的综述类文章为例,进行系统梳理和分析,整理出六种主流的文献综述方法。研究发现:叙述性综述和系统文献综述的发展已经相对成熟,元分析和文献计量正处于快速发展阶段,而定性研究综合和历史计量分析处于刚刚起步阶段,学者对此的关注度不足;叙述性综述在某一研究主题的初期研究阶段能够发挥更大价值,定性研究综合和历史计量分析在研究主题的发展期更有价值,系统文献综述、元分析、文献计量在研究主题成熟期更能发挥其作用;综述方法之间存在相通性和互补性,可以将定性和定量综述方法结合使用。学者应结合研究主题发展需要和文献综述目的,选择适宜的文献综述方法,以发挥文献综述的最大价值,促进学科理论的发展与创新。最后,本文介绍了文献综述方法的其他新兴方向,并提出未来展望与建议。

基于中医辨证论治理论探索中成药处方审核方法

目的:依据国家卫生健康委员会等3部门联合发布的《医疗机构处方审核规范》,探索符合该院中医类别医师医疗活动的中成药处方审核方法。方法:参考药品说明书及相关资料,建立有代表性的31种中成药的“应用要点”;回顾历史处方,与梳理的中成药“应用要点”对比,分为“一致诊断”“不规范诊断”“待讨论诊断”和“不适宜诊断”。采用多学科中医专家论证的方式,探索符合中医师思维模式及医疗行为的处方审核要素及审核方法。结果:建立了该院31种中成药处方审核方法,包括处方用药与诊断是否相符,处方剂量、用法是否正确,疗程是否适宜,联合用药是否适宜,是否有用药禁忌等方面。结论:以“药证相符”为核心,建立符合该院中医师临床诊疗思维的中成药处方审核要素及审核方法,规范化中成药审核,对保障患者合理使用中成药、减少中成药使用风险具有重要意义。

蛋白质N-磷酸化修饰富集方法进展

蛋白质磷酸化作为一种最普遍和最重要的翻译后修饰调控着几乎所有的生命过程。随着高效富集方法和生物质谱技术的快速发展,低丰度的蛋白质O-磷酸化修饰获得了规模化鉴定,从而使其生物学功能得到较为透彻的研究。而发生在组氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸侧链氨基的N-磷酸化修饰,由于P-N键化学稳定性差,导致其在酸和热条件下不稳定。而目前依赖酸性条件的O-磷酸化富集方法难以适用N-磷酸化富集,导致蛋白质N-磷酸化生物功能研究严重滞后。因此,迫切需要发展针对蛋白质N-磷酸化的高效富集方法。本文首先介绍了蛋白质N-磷酸化的结构特征和已报道的生物学功能,重点综述并分析了近20年来蛋白质N-磷酸化修饰富集方法,并对每一种富集方法的优缺点进行了评述,最后对潜在的富集方法进行了展望。

Systematic Review of Graphical Visual Methods in Honeypot Attack Data Analysis

Mitigating increasing cyberattack incidents may require strategies such as reinforcing organizations’ networks with Honeypots and effectively analyzing attack traffic for detection of zero-day attacks and vulnerabilities. To effectively detect and mitigate cyberattacks, both computerized and visual analyses are typically required. However, most security analysts are not adequately trained in visualization principles and/or methods, which is required for effective visual perception of useful attack information hidden in attack data. Additionally, Honeypot has proven useful in cyberattack research, but no studies have comprehensively investigated visualization practices in the field. In this paper, we reviewed visualization practices and methods commonly used in the discovery and communication of attack patterns based on Honeypot network traffic data. Using the PRISMA methodology, we identified and screened 218 papers and evaluated only 37 papers having a high impact. Most Honeypot papers conducted summary statistics of Honeypot data based on static data metrics such as IP address, port, and packet size. They visually analyzed Honeypot attack data using simple graphical methods (such as line, bar, and pie charts) that tend to hide useful attack information. Furthermore, only a few papers conducted extended attack analysis, and commonly visualized attack data using scatter and linear plots. Papers rarely included simple yet sophisticated graphical methods, such as box plots and histograms, which allow for critical evaluation of analysis results. While a significant number of automated visualization tools have incorporated visualization standards by default, the construction of effective and expressive graphical methods for easy pattern discovery and explainable insights still requires applied knowledge and skill of visualization principles and tools, and occasionally, an interdisciplinary collaboration with peers. We, therefore, suggest the need, going forward, for non-classical graphical methods for visualizing attack patterns and communicating analysis results. We also recommend training investigators in visualization principles and standards for effective visual perception and presentation.

不安腿综合征的中医辨证研究进展

辨证论治是中医诊病疗症的核心,但目前现行的辨证体系较多,不同的辨证方法对某一疾病的辨治各有其独特的优势及缺陷。不安腿综合征是一类慢性神经系统运动感觉障碍性疾病,众多中医医家对不安腿综合征的中医临床理论基础和疾病转归规律进行了总结,逐渐形成了丰富多样的辨证论治体系,因此本文对不安腿综合征现有的中医辨证论治方法进行概述。

我国高校创新创业教育研究现状与展望——基于北大核心和CSSCI数据库文献的计量学分析

为全面系统地把握我国高校创新创业教育研究现状,采用文献计量分析法对中国知网(CNKI)1999—2023年收录的1166篇有关高校创新创业教育研究的北大核心和CSSCI数据库文献,从发文数量、作者分布、研究机构、期刊来源、基金分布、关键词与研究主题等方面进行深度剖析。研究发现:当前相关研究已进入成熟阶段,成果数量逐年增多;逐步出现核心作者,但未完全形成核心作者群;研究机构以师范类、综合类高校等为主阵地,区域研究力量分布不均;文献刊载期刊分布有向部分核心期刊集中的趋势;国家级和省部级基金项目是研究成果的主要资助来源,构建多元化基金资助体系尤为重要;当前研究主题多元,但仍有广阔视域和拓展空间。未来的研究需要在以下五个方面深化拓展:一是加大政策指引;二是深化研究主题;三是拓宽研究视野;四是注重多维融合;五是突出中国特色,从而提高该领域的研究层次和成果质量。

自动粪便分析仪与人工复核法检测粪便结果的比较分析

目的比较自动粪便分析仪与人工复核法两种粪便检测方法的检验效果。方法收集2022年9月—2023年8月三明市第二医院就诊患者的9402份新鲜粪便标本,分别使用FA160自动粪便分析仪和人工复核法检测粪便有形成分(白细胞、红细胞、脂肪球、真菌)和隐血,记录两种方法的检测结果并进行统计学分析。结果自动粪便分析仪检测白细胞、红细胞、脂肪球、真菌和隐血的阳性检出率分别为4.90%、2.67%、6.31%、4.54%、25.34%,人工复核法阳性检出率分别为4.17%、2.22%、5.55%、5.29%、25.23%,自动粪便分析仪对粪便有形成分的阳性检出率除真菌略低于人工复核外,其他各项指标均高于人工复核,且差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),而粪便隐血试验的阳性检出率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。以人工复核法为标准,自动粪便分析仪检测白细胞、红细胞、脂肪球、真菌、隐血的阳性符合率分别为91.07%、96.17%、94.83%、78.07%、98.19%;阴性符合率分别为98.85%、99.46%、98.90%、99.56%、99.25%;阳性预测值分别为77.44%、80.08%、83.47%、90.87%、97.77%;阴性预测值分别为99.61%、99.91%、99.69%、98.79%、99.39%。结论自动粪便分析仪与人工复核法的检测结果虽然符合率较高,但还存在漏检和误检。因此对自动分析结果必须进行人工复核,提高检测结果的准确性,为临床提供可靠的参考依据。

《黄帝内经》的研究方法与路径思考之三——《内经》研究的思考与展望

通过对古今《内经》研究方法与路径的深入分析,提出今后《内经》研究应弘扬科学精神,具有多学科的视野,围绕科学问题研究以及选择适宜的方法与路径,要围绕中医学理论与临床,采用考据学、语言文字学、发生学、诠释学、哲学方法论、多学科特别是现代医学与生物学等方法,揭示《内经》理论的实质,重构中医理论体系,回应现代实际需要,阐明《内经》乃至中医学术发展规律,使《内经》的研究逐步从诠释、证实性研究发展为自主创新性研究,促进中医学术的创新发展。

中国市场营销学研究回顾与理论发展(2005—2020)——基于期刊论文的定量分析和国际对比

近年来我国提出建设全国统一大市场以及构建国内国际双循环的新发展格局。在此背景下,中国市场营销学研究的重要性得到进一步凸显。因此,梳理和回顾中国市场营销学学界的学术成果和知识图谱,对于推动市场营销学学科的建设与发展,更好地用学科知识助力中国本土营销实践具有重要意义。本文通过对2005—2020年国内权威管理学期刊中有关市场营销学的文章进行文献综述和定量分析,着力刻画中国市场营销研究的研究领域、研究主题、研究方法和数据源等多维度的演化趋势,并且通过与国际市场营销学研究发展的对比分析,说明了中国市场营销学研究的独特之处。

脾虚证实验动物模型构建及评价方法的研究述评

中医症候实验动物模型的构建在中医药作用机理研究方面起到重要支撑作用,近年来脾虚证动物模型的构建和评价文献报道越来越多,但是构建方法标准不一,评价指标客观化不足,本文将从动物选取、模型建立、宏观表征、行为学实验、脾虚的客观指标等方面总结脾虚动物模型的构建和评价方法,以期为脾虚证实验动物模型的构建提供理论指导,为脾虚动物模型平台的选取提供文献参考。

大鼠急性血瘀证模型造模方法的网状Meta分析

目的:采用网状Meta分析评价不同急性血瘀证模型造模方法的效果,为中医实验研究急性血瘀证动物模型的制备提供循证依据。方法:检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中国学术期刊数据库(CSPD)、中文科技期刊数据库(CCD)中有关急性血瘀证模型的建模方法,应用Stata软件进行网状Meta分析。结果:最终纳入32项研究,共纳入9种造模方案。各项指标最优前3位概率排序分别为:1)全血黏度:1 S^(-)1切变率右旋糖酐>高脂>氢化可的松+肾上腺素,10 S^(-)1切变率冰水浴>肾上腺素>高脂+力竭游泳,30 S^(-)1切变率多因素刺激>右旋糖酐>肾上腺素,60 S^(-)1切变率多因素刺激>右旋糖酐>肾上腺素,150 S^(-)1切变率肾上腺素>冰水浴>高脂+力竭游泳,200 S^(-)1切变率右旋糖酐>氢化可的松+肾上腺素>角叉莱胶+内毒素;2)血浆黏度:右旋糖酐>多因素刺激>肾上腺素;3)红细胞聚集指数:冰水浴>多因素刺激>高脂+力竭游泳。受纳入研究质量和数量的限制,所得结论仍待进一步验证。结论:右旋糖酐、冰水浴、多因素刺激、肾上腺素造模效果更显著。

可注射海藻酸钠水凝胶的制备及应用

背景:天然来源的多糖海藻酸钠具有含量高、成本低、生物相容性好、生物可降解性好等特点,在可注射型水凝胶的生产中得到了广泛应用,成为制备可注射水凝胶的理想原料之一。目的:就海藻酸钠的性质、可注射海藻酸钠水凝胶的制备及其在组织工程中的应用进展进行综述。方法:利用计算机检索Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网等数据库,中文检索词为“海藻酸钠;水凝胶;可注射”,英文检索词为“alginate;hydrogel;inject*”,检索文献时间范围为2017年6月至2022年6月。结果与结论:由于海藻酸钠来源广泛,分子链结构上存在着许多可改性基团,可用各种共价交联或非共价交联的方法合成多种性能优良的可注射型水凝胶;将其他具有生物功能的分子引入海藻酸钠水凝胶中,可以调节其功能、拓宽其应用范围。另外,由于生物相容性和生物可降解性等优良的物理化学特性,可注射型海藻酸钠水凝胶在生物医学方面有着广泛的发展潜力,海藻酸钠水凝胶在体外与各种药物、细胞、因子或其他生物作用分子均匀调配,在人体内可形成凝胶,在基因载体、细胞支架和创口修复中起着举足轻重的作用。