Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behaviors of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy

The microstructures and corrosion behaviors of as-cast,T4-treated,and T6-treated Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys were systematically investigated by SEM,TEM,immersion test,and electrochemical corrosion test.The results show that the microstructure of the as-cast alloy is composed ofα-Mg and Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) eutectic phase,and in T4-treated alloy,Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dissolves into theα-Mg matrix,leading to an increase in the(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase.After T6 treatment,nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dispersedly precipitates from theα-Mg matrix,and exhibits a specific orientation relationship with the α-Mg:(332)Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//(1011)_(α-Mg),[136]Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//[1210]_(α-Mg).The corrosion resistance of the Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys can be ranked in the following order:T6-treated alloy exhibits the highest corrosion resistance,followed by the T4-treated alloy,and finally,the as-cast alloy.The corrosion products of the alloys are all composed of MgO,Mg(OH)_(2),Gd_(2)O_(3),Y_(2)O_(3),and MgCl_(2).The corrosion behavior of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy is closely related to the precipitated phase.By establishing the relationship between corrosion rate,hydrogen evolution rate,and corrosion potential,it is further demonstrated that during the micro galvanic corrosion process,the coarse Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5)phase in the as-cast alloy undergoes extensive dissolution,and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase promotes the dissolution of theα-Mg matrix in the T4-treated alloy,intensifying the hydrogen evolution reaction.The T6-treated alloy,with dispersive precipitation of nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase,exhibits better corrosion resistance performance.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast and heat treated Mg-15Gd-3Y alloy

The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg-15Gd-3Y alloy were investigated in the as-cast and heat treated conditions. The microstrucmre evolution from as-cast to cast-T4 states involved a-Mg solid solution＋Mg5（Gd,Y） phase→a-Mg supersaturated solid solution＋rare earths compound Mg3（Gdl.26,Y0.74）→a-Mg supersaturated solid solution＋rare earths compound Mg3（Gd0.Tas,Y1.255）. It showed that 480 ℃/4 h was the optimal solution treatment parameter. If the solution temperature was high or the holding time was long, such as 520 ℃/16 h, an overheating phenomenon would be induced, which had a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties. When ageing at 225 and 200℃, the alloy would exhibit a significant age-hardening response and great long-time-age-hardening potential, respectively. The best mechanical properties were obtained at the parameters of 480 ℃/4 h＋225 ℃/16 h, with the UTS of 257.0 MPa and elongation of 3.8%.

电磁搅拌辅助流变挤压铸造Mg-6Gd-3Y镁合金的显微组织和力学性能

通过电磁搅拌制备了Mg-6Gd-3Y(VW63)稀土镁合金半固态浆料,研究了电磁搅拌工艺参数对合金半固态浆料组织的影响,探讨了半固态浆料初生相的形成机理;并对半固态浆料进行了流变挤压铸造成形,研究了压力对流变挤压铸造合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明:电磁搅拌制备VW63合金半固态浆料的最佳工艺参数为浇注温度620℃、搅拌电压350 V、搅拌频率15 Hz,VW63合金半固态浆料的初生相形成机理为枝晶熔断。当压力为120 MPa时,流变挤压铸造合金有着更好的组织与性能,平均晶粒尺寸43.57μm,其屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率分别为119 MPa、156 MPa和6.9%,均优于重力铸造和液态挤压铸造合金。

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy

The microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy （mass fraction,%） under T6 condition （air cooling after solid solution and then aging heat treatment） were investigated. The optimum T6 heat treatments for sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy are （525 ℃, 12 h＋225 ℃, 14 h） and （525 ℃, 12 h＋250 ℃, 12 h） according to age hardening curve and mechanical properties, respectively. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy treated by the two optimum T6 processes are 339.9 MPa, 251.6 MPa, 1.5%and 359.6 MPa, 247.3 MPa, 2.7%, respectively. The tensile fracture mode of peak-aged Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy is transgranular quasi-cleavage fracture.

Mg-15Gd-3Y挤压合金的时效强化

研究时效处理对挤压态Mg-15Gd-3Y合金显微硬度及力学性能的影响,采用透射电镜对时效析出相的形态进行分析。结果表明:225℃、14h时效时合金获得最高硬度,为135HV,此时,晶内弥散析出许多纳米β′亚稳相,且与基体有着良好的共格匹配性,使合金获得较高强度和硬度,同时塑性降低;在225℃、70h过时效作用下,纳米β′亚稳相原位长大成β稳定相,且与基体失去共格匹配性,降低合金的强度和硬度,同时塑性有所回升;合金的最高强度出现在200℃、100h时效处,此时,抗拉强度达到446.67MPa,合金中的β′亚稳相呈蠕虫状,沿亚晶界分布,有效地阻碍亚晶界和位错的运动,从而强化合金。

Influence of casting module on corrosion behavior of Mg-11Gd-3Y alloy

The influences of two kinds of casting modules of metal casting （MC） and expandable pattern casting （EPC） on the corrosion behavior of Mg-11Gd-3Y alloy were studied by electrochemical measurements, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） observation, X-ray diffractometry （XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis. It is found that the quantity of the Mg 24 （Gd, Y） 5 phase in MC is more than that in EPC due to the cooling rate. There is more alloying element dissolved in the matrix compared with MC. For EPC, the galvanic corrosion effect between the matrix and the Mg 24 （Gd, Y） 5 phase decreases and the corrosion resistance increases compared with the MC. The chief corrosion mode for Mg-11Gd-3Y alloy is pitting corrosion because most of the alloying elements are transformed into intermetallic phases. The average corrosion rate of the MC alloy in the immersion test is five times higher than that of EPC alloy and yttrium is present in the product film, which will provide increased protection for Mg-11Gd-3Y alloy. The electrochemical measurements and immersion test show that the EPC process increases the corrosion resistance compared with the MC Mg-11Gd-3Y alloy.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of high vacuum die casting Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr magnesium alloy

The microstructure, the content of compounds, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of high vacuum die casting Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy （mass fraction, %） under T4 condition and T6 condition were investigated. The microstructure for the as-cast Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy mainly consists ofα-Mg and eutectic Mg24（Gd,Y）5 compound. After solution treatment, the eutectic compounds dissolve massively into the Mg matrix. The main composition of solution-treated alloys is supersaturated α-Mg and cuboid-shaped phase. The T4 heat treated samples have increasing cuboidal particles with the increase of heat treatment temperature, which turn out good mechanical properties. The optimum T4 heat treatment for high vacuum die cast Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy is 475 ℃, 2 h according to microstructure results. The optimum ultimate strength and elongation of solution-treated Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy are 222.1 MPa and 15.4%, respectively. The tensile fracture mode of the as-cast, and T6 heat treated alloys is transgranular quasi-cleavage fracture.

Low temperature mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy

Influence of multi-cycle cryogenic treatment and tensile temperature on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of as-extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy was investigated. The results show that there have no significant changes in tensile properties of the tested alloy after 10 d in liquid nitrogen immersion or 10 cycles of high-low temperature treatment at all test temperatures. The room temperature ultimate tensile strength increases from 398 MPa to 417 MPa after 20 cycles of high-low temperature treatments. Compared with the room temperature, the tested alloys exhibit higher tensile properties at low temperatures. At -196 °C, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the as-extruded-T5 Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy are 349 MPa and 506 MPa, respectively, increasing by about 18% and 27%, respectively. The transgranular cleavage fracture mechanism is observed at room temperature, while at low temperatures both ductile fracture and cleavage fracture behaviors coexist.

Grain refinement impact on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy after decreasing temperature reciprocating upsetting-extrusion

Based on the deforming technique of severe plastic deformation(SPD), the grain refinement of a Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy treated with decreasing temperature reciprocating upsetting-extrusion(RUE) and its influence on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of the alloy were studied. The RUE process was carried out for 4 passes in total, starting at 0 ℃ and decreasing by 10 ℃ for each pass. The results showed that as the number of RUE passes increased, the grain refinement effect was obvious, and the second phase in the alloy was evenly distributed. Room temperature tensile properties of the alloy and the deepening of the RUE degree showed a positive correlation trend, which was due to the grain refinement, uniform distribution of the second phase and texture weakening. And the microhardness of the alloy showed that the microhardness of RUE is the largest in 2 passes. The change in microhardness was the result of dynamic competition between the softening effect of DRX and the work hardening effect. In addition, the wear resistance of the alloy showed a positive correlation with the degree of RUE under low load conditions. When the applied load was higher, the wear resistance of the alloy treated with RUE decreased compared to the initial state alloy. This phenomenon was mainly due to the presence of oxidative wear on the surface of the alloy, which could balance the positive contribution of severe plastic deformation to wear resistance to a certain extent.

Creep behavior of ageing hardened Mg-10Gd-3Y alloy

Tensile creep behaviors of the ageing hardened Mg-10Gd-3Y alloy(referred to GW103)were investigated at temperatures up to 300℃.The extruded-T5 specimen exhibited high creep resistance,i.e.the low steady-state creep rate and long creep rupture time,while the better creep properties were observed in the cast-T6 one.The low steady-state creep rate of 1.71×10- 9s -1is obtained at 200℃and 80 MPa for the extruded-T5 GW103 alloy.In addition,the microstructure development of GW103-T5 alloy was also examined after creep exposure at different temperatures.On the other hand,the stress exponent and activation energy were studied in the temperature range of 200-300℃for the extruded-T5 specimens,and the creep mechanism was also discussed.

(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase formation in as-cast Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy

In this work,a new(Y,Gd)H_(2) precipitate was identified and systematically investigated in the as-cast Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy by XRD,SEM with EDS,TEM with EDS techniques and thermodynamics analysis.Results show that the as-cast alloy contains α-Mg,Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5),and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase.The(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase usually forms near the eutectic phase Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) or in the α-Mg grains,displaying a rectangle-shape.The Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phases crystalize in bcc and fcc structure,respectively,and the(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase has a semi-coherent relationship with α-Mg matrix.The thermodynamics calculation results reveal that the hydrogen dissolved in the melt leads to the formation of hydrides.It is also found that the(Y,Gd)H_(2) hydride can form directly from the liquid phase during solidification.Additionally,it can precipitate by the decomposition of Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase due to absorbing hydrogen from the remaining melt.

Effect of different casting methods on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.6Zr alloy

The effects of two different casting methods on the microstructures and mechanical properties of as-cast and T6-cast states of Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.6Zr alloy were studied by using metal mold casting and squeeze casting.The results show that the microstructure of Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.6Zr alloy is mainly composed ofα-Mg primary phase and Mg 24(Gd,Y)5 eutectic phase.The squeeze cast grains are small with a dendrite like morphology,and the tensile strength of the alloy in T6 state can reach 285 MPa.While the metal grains are coarse,the eutectic phases are distributed in the grain boundary,and the tensile strength of the alloy in T6 state is only 250 MPa.

Effect of Isothermal Forging on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr Alloy

Aiming at the problems of poor plastic forming ability,narrow forging temperature range,and strain rate sensitivity of rare earth magnesium alloys,a study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy with different isothermal forging processes is carried out.The microstructure and properties of the alloy in the as-cast,isothermal forged,and post-aging states after forging are studied with optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM),and tensile testing.The results show that significant dynamic recrystallization occurs during the isothermal forging process,a fine equiaxed grain structure is formed,and the mechanical properties of the alloy are greatly improved.When the isothermal forging temperature is 460℃ and the strain rate is 0.02 s^(-1),the alloy structure performance is the best,the room temperature tensile yield strength(TYS)is 218 MPa,the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)is 299 MPa,and the fracture elongation(FE)is 19.2%.When the alloy is post-forging artificial aged,theα-Mg matrix is dispersed,the Mg_5(Gd,Y)phase is precipitated,the UTS of the alloy is increased to 392 MPa,and the FE is reduced to 12.0%.

均匀化对Mg-9Gd-3Y镁合金热压缩变形的影响

通过对比不同状态下变形镁合金GW93（Mg-9Gd-3Y-0．5Zn-0．5Zr）热压缩变形下组织与性能的变化关系，从而了解其变化的机理．实验研究铸态和均匀化态下该合金在350～450℃、0．001～0．1s^-1、最大应变70％条件下的压缩行为．分析了两种状态下的应力应变曲线和显微组织演变过程．结果表明：铸态合金显微组织由α—Mg和Mg5Gd，Mg24Y5组成，经过均匀化处理后，α-Mg等轴晶的晶尺寸变大，晶界处的Mg5Gd，Mg24Y5相大部分溶解于基体中，只剩少量的非平衡相未溶解；随应变速率的增加，两种状态下的流变应力均先增加，达到峰值后降低，最后保持不变．两者相比较，均匀化态具有更高的峰值流变应力、稳态应力和发生动态再结晶的临界应变．铸态试样热压缩后基本上发生了完全再结晶，晶粒尺寸明显细化；而均匀化试样热压缩后只在晶界处发生了部分动态再结晶．

Al对Mg-5Gd-3Y铸态合金组织和性能的影响

通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、金相组织分析和拉伸性能测试等方法,研究了Al对Mg-5Gd-3Y铸态合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,Mg-5Gd-3Y铸态合金的组织由α-Mg基体和共晶相Mg5Gd和Mg24Y5组成。加入Al元素后,有新相Al2Gd、Al2Y析出,对合金的晶粒起到细化作用,有效提高了Mg-5Gd-3Y铸态合金的力学性能。

微量Sb对Mg-7Gd-3Y铸态合金组织及力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪,分析研究了微量Sb对Mg-7Gd-3Y铸态合金组织及其室温和高温力学性能的影响。结果表明,在合金中加入1%的Sb,促进了新的颗粒相Gd5Sb3和Y3Sb产生,使晶粒细化;合金的室温和高温抗拉强度分别提高了3.3%和5.3%;屈服强度分别提高了12.8%和17.0%;伸长率分别降低了15.8%和12.3%。

Mg-9Gd-3Y合金热变形行为与本构关系

为了解决Mg-9Gd-3Y合金在热塑性变形过程中的本构关系问题,对Mg-9Gd-3Y合金进行了不同变形温度(653～753K)下采用不同应变速率(0.01～10s-1)的热压缩试验,利用载荷/位移数据建立真应力/真应变曲线和本构方程.结果表明:动态再结晶在晶界处较易发生,流变曲线显示出典型的动态再结晶特征,以及应力水平与变形温度和应变速率的关系.本构方程预测出的流变应力数据与相应的试验结果较一致.

微量Sc对Mg-7Gd-3Y合金组织及力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和XRD,分析研究了微量Sc对Mg-7Gd-3Y铸态合金组织及其室温和200℃力学性能的影响。结果表明,在合金中加入0.5%的Sc,促进了Mg24(Y,Gd)5和Mg5(Gd,Y)相的析出,降低Gd在Mg24(Y,Gd)5相中的相对含量,合金的室温和200℃时的抗拉强度分别提高了25MPa和18MPa;屈服强度分别提高了28MPa和22MPa;伸长率分别提高了18.3%和37.8%。

A comparative study of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy cast by metal mould and sand mould

The differences of the microstructure and mechanical property between metal mould and sand mould cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-Zr alloy were investigated both under as-cast condition and after solution heat treatment. In the as-cast specimens, the microstructure is similar and composed of a-Mg solid solution and eutectic compound of a-Mg＋ Mg24（Gd,Y）5; whereas the grain size using metal mould and sand mould is 27 pm and 71 IJm, respectively. The eutectic compound of metal mould cast alloy was completely dissolved after solution treated at 500℃ for 8 h, however it needs higher temperature （525 ℃） and longer time （12 h） to achieve the absolute dissolving under sand mould condition. In contrast to metal mould, the peak time of sand mould alloy aged at 225℃ and 250℃ of was advanced by 4 h and 6 h, respectively. The precipitation reaction sequence in sand mould cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-Zr alloy during isothermal ageing at 250℃ follows S.S.S.S.→β（D010）→β′（cboc）→β1（fcc）→β（fcc）, which is similar to that in the alloy cast using metal mould.

Mg-11Gd-3Y合金组织与力学性能分析

采用XRD、SEM和拉伸力学性能测试方法,分析了铸态和固溶时效态Mg-11Gd-3Y合金的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,热处理没有改变Mg-11Gd-3Y合金相的组成,合金铸态和固溶时效态组织均由α-Mg基体、Mg_5Gd和Mg_(24)Y_5相组成。固溶时效态合金的强化机制主要为固溶强化和时效强化,其最大抗拉强度为230 MPa,比铸态合金提高了12%。