Effect of Isothermal Forging on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr Alloy

Aiming at the problems of poor plastic forming ability,narrow forging temperature range,and strain rate sensitivity of rare earth magnesium alloys,a study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy with different isothermal forging processes is carried out.The microstructure and properties of the alloy in the as-cast,isothermal forged,and post-aging states after forging are studied with optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM),and tensile testing.The results show that significant dynamic recrystallization occurs during the isothermal forging process,a fine equiaxed grain structure is formed,and the mechanical properties of the alloy are greatly improved.When the isothermal forging temperature is 460℃ and the strain rate is 0.02 s^(-1),the alloy structure performance is the best,the room temperature tensile yield strength(TYS)is 218 MPa,the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)is 299 MPa,and the fracture elongation(FE)is 19.2%.When the alloy is post-forging artificial aged,theα-Mg matrix is dispersed,the Mg_5(Gd,Y)phase is precipitated,the UTS of the alloy is increased to 392 MPa,and the FE is reduced to 12.0%.

Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behaviors of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy

The microstructures and corrosion behaviors of as-cast,T4-treated,and T6-treated Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys were systematically investigated by SEM,TEM,immersion test,and electrochemical corrosion test.The results show that the microstructure of the as-cast alloy is composed ofα-Mg and Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) eutectic phase,and in T4-treated alloy,Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dissolves into theα-Mg matrix,leading to an increase in the(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase.After T6 treatment,nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dispersedly precipitates from theα-Mg matrix,and exhibits a specific orientation relationship with the α-Mg:(332)Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//(1011)_(α-Mg),[136]Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//[1210]_(α-Mg).The corrosion resistance of the Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys can be ranked in the following order:T6-treated alloy exhibits the highest corrosion resistance,followed by the T4-treated alloy,and finally,the as-cast alloy.The corrosion products of the alloys are all composed of MgO,Mg(OH)_(2),Gd_(2)O_(3),Y_(2)O_(3),and MgCl_(2).The corrosion behavior of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy is closely related to the precipitated phase.By establishing the relationship between corrosion rate,hydrogen evolution rate,and corrosion potential,it is further demonstrated that during the micro galvanic corrosion process,the coarse Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5)phase in the as-cast alloy undergoes extensive dissolution,and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase promotes the dissolution of theα-Mg matrix in the T4-treated alloy,intensifying the hydrogen evolution reaction.The T6-treated alloy,with dispersive precipitation of nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase,exhibits better corrosion resistance performance.

砂型铸造Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金的线收缩

研究铸件几何特征对砂型铸造Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.5Zr(VW93)合金线收缩的影响。利用3D扫描仪精确提取自由收缩和受阻收缩砂铸件的尺寸,并用于计算收缩系数。引入砂芯体积与铸件包络体积之比(γ)量化砂芯对铸件收缩的约束程度。通过分析自由收缩系数的统计分布和受阻收缩系数随γ的变化规律发现,VW93合金的自由收缩系数为1.96%,受阻收缩系数随γ的增大而线性减小,此关系为根据铸件几何结构预测VW93合金收缩率提供支持。

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy

The microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy （mass fraction,%） under T6 condition （air cooling after solid solution and then aging heat treatment） were investigated. The optimum T6 heat treatments for sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy are （525 ℃, 12 h＋225 ℃, 14 h） and （525 ℃, 12 h＋250 ℃, 12 h） according to age hardening curve and mechanical properties, respectively. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy treated by the two optimum T6 processes are 339.9 MPa, 251.6 MPa, 1.5%and 359.6 MPa, 247.3 MPa, 2.7%, respectively. The tensile fracture mode of peak-aged Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy is transgranular quasi-cleavage fracture.

热处理过程中Mg-8Gd-3Y-1Nd-0.5Zr合金的组织演变及性能

采用透射电镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析、X射线衍射及力学性能等测试手段,研究热处理工艺对水冷铸造的Mg-8Gd-3Y-1Nd-0.5Zr(质量分数)合金显微组织、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响。合金铸态显微组织由α-Mg、Mg(Gd,Y)相、富Zr小颗粒相和β-Mg_(24)Y_5网状共晶组成。在520℃固溶24 h后,合金中共晶相固溶进基体,固溶演变过程为α-Mg+β-Mg_(24)Y_5相+Mg(Gd,Y)→过饱和α-Mg固溶体+Mg(Gd,Y)相。225℃时效,合金的析出序列为Mg(S.S.S.S)→β″(DO19)→β′(CBCO)→β_1(FCC)→β(FCC),时效24 h达到峰时效态,合金的室温抗拉强度达到231MPa,伸长率为3.4%。时效处理能提高合金耐腐蚀性能,225℃时效72 h时合金析出稳定β(FCC)相,平均析氢速率最小,为0.22 mL/(cm^2·h),合金的耐腐蚀性能最强。

变形条件对Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zr合金动态力学行为的影响

采用金相观察、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析、显微硬度计及分离式霍普金森压杆等手段,研究了峰值时效挤压态Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Nd-0.5Zr合金在变形温度及应变速率下的动态冲击力学变形行为。结果表明:合金在220℃/14 h到达峰值时效,其硬度约为143.2 HV,提升了55%左右。在不同的变形温度下均表现出优异的抗冲击性能,在室温及应变速率为3000 s^(-1)条件下合金抗压强度可高达682 MPa;在100℃及应变速率为1500 s^(-1)条件下抗压强度为635 MPa;在400℃及应变速率为3000 s^(-1)条件下抗压强度为583 MPa。合金在不同温度下优异的抗冲击性能主要得益于时效强化相、稳定存在的块状富稀土粒子以及冲击过程中在晶界形成的动态析出相协同强化机制。随着应变速率和变形温度的增大,合金热软化效应增强,合金力学性能有所降低。

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of high vacuum die casting Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr magnesium alloy

The microstructure, the content of compounds, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of high vacuum die casting Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy （mass fraction, %） under T4 condition and T6 condition were investigated. The microstructure for the as-cast Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy mainly consists ofα-Mg and eutectic Mg24（Gd,Y）5 compound. After solution treatment, the eutectic compounds dissolve massively into the Mg matrix. The main composition of solution-treated alloys is supersaturated α-Mg and cuboid-shaped phase. The T4 heat treated samples have increasing cuboidal particles with the increase of heat treatment temperature, which turn out good mechanical properties. The optimum T4 heat treatment for high vacuum die cast Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy is 475 ℃, 2 h according to microstructure results. The optimum ultimate strength and elongation of solution-treated Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy are 222.1 MPa and 15.4%, respectively. The tensile fracture mode of the as-cast, and T6 heat treated alloys is transgranular quasi-cleavage fracture.

热处理对Mg-11Gd-3Y-0.8Ca-0.5Zr合金显微组织及性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、XHB-3000型布氏硬度计和万能电子拉伸实验机等研究了Mg-11Gd-3Y-0.8Ca-0.5Zr合金的最佳热处理工艺和热处理对合金显微组织及性能的影响。结果表明:合金的最佳固溶工艺为485℃×16 h+505℃×16 h,时效工艺为225℃×12 h。铸态合金主要由初生相α-Mg基体和大量处于晶界处网络状的Mg5Gd、Mg24Y5、Mg2Ca相组成。经固溶时效后,相种类没有变化,但晶界变得清晰,第二相的形貌显著改变,呈颗粒状和短棒状均匀分布在基体上,组织得到明显改善,合金的力学性能显著提高,时效态合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度及硬度均显著优于铸态合金,分别由原来的217 MPa、185 MPa和92 HB增加到265 MPa、228 MPa和121 HB,这主要归功于时效沉淀强化的作用。

Low temperature mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy

Influence of multi-cycle cryogenic treatment and tensile temperature on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of as-extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy was investigated. The results show that there have no significant changes in tensile properties of the tested alloy after 10 d in liquid nitrogen immersion or 10 cycles of high-low temperature treatment at all test temperatures. The room temperature ultimate tensile strength increases from 398 MPa to 417 MPa after 20 cycles of high-low temperature treatments. Compared with the room temperature, the tested alloys exhibit higher tensile properties at low temperatures. At -196 °C, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the as-extruded-T5 Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy are 349 MPa and 506 MPa, respectively, increasing by about 18% and 27%, respectively. The transgranular cleavage fracture mechanism is observed at room temperature, while at low temperatures both ductile fracture and cleavage fracture behaviors coexist.

Microstructure evolution of semi-solid Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy during isothermal heat treatment

In this study,the microstructure evolution of semi-solid Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy during isothermal heat treatment has been investigated.The results show that primary particles coarsen continuously during the holding.Coarsening rate decreases with the increase of isothermal temperature.When isothermal temperature increases from 600℃ to 620℃,the dominant mechanism for coarsening changes from particle coalescence to Ostwald ripening.Equiaxed as-cast microstructure is beneficial to the semi-solid microstructure after isothermal heat treatment,which brings about the refinement and spheroidization of primary particles,and shortening of holding time.Significant modification of second phases can also be achieved after isothermal heat treatment,due to its unique solidification process.The optimum processing parameters for Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy in isothermal heat treatment are isothermal temperature of 610℃-620℃ and holding time of 20-40 min.

Grain refinement impact on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy after decreasing temperature reciprocating upsetting-extrusion

Based on the deforming technique of severe plastic deformation(SPD), the grain refinement of a Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy treated with decreasing temperature reciprocating upsetting-extrusion(RUE) and its influence on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of the alloy were studied. The RUE process was carried out for 4 passes in total, starting at 0 ℃ and decreasing by 10 ℃ for each pass. The results showed that as the number of RUE passes increased, the grain refinement effect was obvious, and the second phase in the alloy was evenly distributed. Room temperature tensile properties of the alloy and the deepening of the RUE degree showed a positive correlation trend, which was due to the grain refinement, uniform distribution of the second phase and texture weakening. And the microhardness of the alloy showed that the microhardness of RUE is the largest in 2 passes. The change in microhardness was the result of dynamic competition between the softening effect of DRX and the work hardening effect. In addition, the wear resistance of the alloy showed a positive correlation with the degree of RUE under low load conditions. When the applied load was higher, the wear resistance of the alloy treated with RUE decreased compared to the initial state alloy. This phenomenon was mainly due to the presence of oxidative wear on the surface of the alloy, which could balance the positive contribution of severe plastic deformation to wear resistance to a certain extent.

热处理对Mg-5Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金组织和性能的影响

利用XRD、OM、SEM、EDS、TEM和拉伸性能测试,研究了不同热处理对Mg-5Gd-3Y-0.5Z合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:Mg-5Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金的铸态组织主要由基体相α-Mg、Mg5Gd和Mg24Y5相组成;经固溶处理后,铸态组织中粗大的析出相基本都溶入α-Mg基体;再经时效处理后,有纳米级别的颗粒状或片状相重新析出。室温条件下,Mg-5Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金的抗拉强度在T6态达到最大值206.6 MPa。铸态和T6态合金的抗拉强度均随温度的升高,呈现出降低趋势,且下降速度较快;而T4态合金的强度在250℃以前基本保持不变。

Comparative study on corrosion behavior of as-cast and extruded Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy in 5% NaCl aqueous solution

The corrosion behaviours of Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr magnesium alloys prepared by as-casting and extrusion were investigated in 5% NaCl aqueous solution by immersion and electrochemical tests. The microstructure indicates the mean grain size of 15 μm for the extruded and 100 μm for the as-cast Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr magnesium alloys. The corrosion morphology of as-cast sample shows pitting corrosion and little filiform corrosion, but that of the extruded sample shows pitting corrosion at the initial stage. The corrosion rate of extruded sample is higher than that of as-cast Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy according to the immersion test. The second phases containing RE acting as cathodes improve the corrosion properties. The corrosion potentials of as-cast and extruded Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr alloys are -1.658 V and -1.591 V, respectively. The origins of the distinctive corrosion behavior of as-cast and extruded Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr Mg alloys were discussed.

Mg-8Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr合金热压缩失效分析

利用铸造法制备了Mg-8Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr合金,绘制了合金在350~500℃、应变速率为0.002~1 s^(-1)时热压缩后的真应力-真应变曲线,构建了热加工图,研究了热压缩工艺对合金组织的影响,分析了其热压缩失效的原因。结果表明:Mg-8Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr合金在热压缩变形时发生了动态再结晶,适宜的热压缩温度为400~500℃,应变速率为0.004~0.05 s^(-1)。Mg-8Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr合金热压缩失效的原因主要有3种:第一,热压缩温度偏低,应变速率高,造成变形不协调引起裂纹产生;第二,热压缩温度低、应变速率低,或者热压缩温度较高、应变速率也高造成晶界处细小动态再结晶晶粒呈链状分布引起变形不均匀造成失稳;第三,原始组织中粗大的化合物分布于晶界处,造成应力集中引起变形失稳。

Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behavior of low pressure sand cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys

The corrosion behaviors of low-pressure sand cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr(wt.%)alloys in as-cast,solution treated(T4)and aged(T6)conditions were studied by means of immersion test and electrochemical measurements in 5wt.%NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)_(2).It was observed that the corrosion rate in the T4 condition was lower than that of the as-cast and T6 conditions by both sand casting and permanent mold casting with the same order of as-cast>T6>T4;while the corrosion resistance of the permanent mold casting is superior to the sand casting.The morphologies of the corrosion products are similar porous structures consisting of tiny erect flakes perpendicular to the corroded surface of the alloy,irrespective of the heat treatment conditions.Especially,the corrosion film in T4 condition is more compact than that in the other two conditions.In addition,the severer corrosion happening to the as-cast condition is correlated with the galvanic corrosion between the matrix and the eutectic compounds;while improved corrosion resistance for the T4 and T6 conditions is ascribed to the dissolution of the secondary eutectic compounds.The measured corrosion current densities of Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys in as-cast,T4,and T6 conditions are 36μA·cm^(-2),10μA·cm^(-2),and 33μA·cm^(-2),respectively.The proposed equivalent circuit[Rs(CPE_(1)R_(t)R_(f)CPE_(2))]by Zview software matches well with the tested electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS)data.

(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase formation in as-cast Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy

In this work,a new(Y,Gd)H_(2) precipitate was identified and systematically investigated in the as-cast Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy by XRD,SEM with EDS,TEM with EDS techniques and thermodynamics analysis.Results show that the as-cast alloy contains α-Mg,Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5),and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase.The(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase usually forms near the eutectic phase Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) or in the α-Mg grains,displaying a rectangle-shape.The Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phases crystalize in bcc and fcc structure,respectively,and the(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase has a semi-coherent relationship with α-Mg matrix.The thermodynamics calculation results reveal that the hydrogen dissolved in the melt leads to the formation of hydrides.It is also found that the(Y,Gd)H_(2) hydride can form directly from the liquid phase during solidification.Additionally,it can precipitate by the decomposition of Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase due to absorbing hydrogen from the remaining melt.

Mg-5Gd-3Y-0.5Zr铸造镁合金的高温蠕变行为

研究了Mg-5Gd-3Y-0.5Zr铸造镁合金在不同试验温度和应力条件下的高温蠕变行为。研究结果表明,试验合金在200℃/50 MPa、60 MPa、70 MPa条件下的抗蠕变性能最稳定,100 h的总蠕变应变量分别为0.026 7%、0.050 0%和0.056 7%,稳态蠕变速率分别为3.10×10-8s-1、6.48×10-8s-1和9.06×10-8s-1。在250℃和300℃条件下的蠕变应变量和蠕变速率与200℃相比要高一到三个数量级。根据应力指数n值与蠕变激活能Qc值分析结果,Mg-5Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金在不同试验温度和应力的条件下,合金的蠕变机制也有所不同。

时效时间对Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr镁合金力学性能的影响

选取了在工程实践中有广泛应用的Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr镁合金,在225℃下对合金进行了时效处理,研究了时效时间对合金力学性能的影响。结果表明：在6、8、10、12、14、16 h时效时效范围,合金的硬度、抗拉强度和屈服强度在12 h处理之后达到最大值。

热处理对Mg-11Gd-3Y-0.6Ca-0.5Zr合金显微组织和腐蚀行为的影响

本工作以Mg-11Gd-3Y-0.6Ca-0.5Zr合金为研究对象,对其进行固溶和时效热处理。采用金相显微镜、带能谱的扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪对热处理前后及腐蚀后合金的显微组织和物相进行分析,并采用静态失重法、电化学测试方法研究了热处理前后合金的耐腐蚀性。结果表明:合金铸态组织由α-Mg基体和沿晶分布的粗大共晶相Mg 5Gd、Mg 24 Y 5和Mg 2Ca组成,经固溶时效后,共晶相种类没有改变,但第二相变得细小、弥散,呈颗粒状和短棒状均匀分布在基体上。在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中,热处理显著提高了合金的耐蚀性,其中,时效态合金的腐蚀速率最小,自腐蚀电位最高,腐蚀电流密度最小,合金的耐蚀性最好,表现为轻微的均匀腐蚀,其次为固溶态、铸态。合金表面的腐蚀产物主要为Mg(OH)2。

Mg-11Gd-3Y-1.1Zn-0.5Zr的高温热压缩行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对均匀化后的Mg-11Gd-3Y-1.1Zn-0.5Zr合金进行了温度为350~500℃、应变速率为0.002~1 s-1的热压缩实验,构建了合金高温塑性变形的本构方程,建立并分析了合金的热加工图。结果表明:Mg-11Gd-3Y-1.1Zn-0.5Zr合金热变形发生了动态回复和动态再结晶,合金的流变应力随温度的升高和应变速率的降低而升高,合金热变形激活能Q=286.134 kJ/mol;合金在T=380~500℃、ε·=0.002~0.05 s-1区域能量耗散率大于30%且不发生失稳,适合热加工。