Experimental Research on Effects of Process Parameters on Servo Scanning 3D Micro Electrical Discharge Machining

Servo scanning 3D micro electrical discharge machining (3D SSMEDM) is a novel and effective method in fabricating complex 3D micro structures with high aspect ratio on conducting materials. In 3D SSMEDM process, the axial wear of tool electrode can be compensated automatically by servo-keeping discharge gap, instead of the traditional methods that depend on experiential models or intermittent compensation. However, the effects of process parameters on 3D SSMEDM have not been reported up until now. In this study, the emphasis is laid on the effects of pulse duration, peak current, machining polarity, track style, track overlap, and scanning velocity on the 3D SSMEDM performances of machining efficiency, processing status, and surface accuracy. A series of experiments were carried out by machining a micro-rectangle cavity (900 μm×600 μm) on doped silicon. The experimental results were obtained as follows. Peak current plays a main role in machining efficiency and surface accuracy. Pulse duration affects obviously the stability of discharge state. The material removal rate of cathode processing is about 3/5 of that of anode processing. Compared with direction-parallel path, contour-parallel path is better in counteracting the lateral wear of tool electrode end. Scanning velocity should be selected moderately to avoid electric arc and short. Track overlap should be slightly less than the radius of tool electrode. In addition, a typical 3D micro structure of eye shape was machined based on the optimized process parameters. These results are beneficial to improve machining stability, accuracy, and efficiency in 3D SSMEDM.

Hybrid Micro-forming Processes and Quality Evaluation of Micro-double Gear

Micro-gear is an important actuating component used widely in the micro electro mechanical systems(MEMS) devices.The technologies of micro-forming and precision assembly are urgently developed to manufacture the micro-double gear with central shaft.In the paper,a novel hy-brid-forming process with two kinds of piercing method have been proposed to manufacture the micro-double gear using micro forming technology.The tests of hybrid forming process were carried out with two steps and the micro-double gear was successfully manufactured with good surface quality.The results also show that the hybrid micro-forming process with central piercing method can improve the defects of inclining shaft generated by double-ended piercing method.The quality evaluation of micro-double gear was conducted with surface roughness,micro-hardness and impact tests.The results show that the micro-double gear with good mechanical properties can meet the requirements of application for milli-machines.

Micro-seeding and soft template effects on the control of polymorph and morphology of HMX micro particles in solvent-antisolvent process

A seeding strategy was developed in the preparation of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine(HMX)explosive micro-particles by solvent-antisolvent method, to control their polymorphs from dangerous gamma(y) type to the desired and standard beta(β) form with the size distribution of <10.0 μm, by using a low concentration of β-HMX fine particles as micro-seed in the antisolvent medium. All products were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and dynamic light scattering particle size analyzer. In the next step, the effective factors on the sizes and morphologies of micro-particles in the presence and absence of two soft templates of poly(ethylene glycol)-400(PEG-400) polymer and coconut fatty acid diethanolamide(lauramide) surfactant were investigated. The results of experiments showed that using of water-soluble PEG-400 in the low antisolvent temperatures leads to the production of very spherical particles. Also non-ionic surfactant of lauramide, direct the crystal growth to needle-like structures. The advantages of this method are its capability for the simple production of β-HMX micro-particles in the large scale production process, with the various crystal structures and particles size distributions.

Research on Optical Properties and Micro-processing Characteristics of Collodion Thin Film

Colorless and transparent thin films of collodion are prepared on silicon wafers and K9 optical glass substrates by using spin-coating technique.The visible light transmittance,IR absorption spectra and optical constants of collodion thin film are measured by UV-3501Spectrophotometer,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR)and spectroscopic ellipsometry.The measured results show that its average visible light transmittance is 91.9%,and its average infrared absorptivity is better than 0.69/um.In the visible light region,the refractive index of collodion thin film changes in the range of 1.5—1.53,which accords with normal dispersion.The collodion films are etched using oxygen gas plasma.The surface morphology and thickness of etched thin film are measured by the polarizing microscope and MP-100S thickness measurement system,respectively.The results show that the collodion thin film is etched out in the oxygen gas plasma.

Microphysical Processes of a Stratiform Precipitation Event over Eastern China:Analysis Using Micro Rain Radar data

Data collected using the micro rain radar(MRR) situated in Jinan city, eastern China, were used to explore the altitudinal and temporal evolution of rainfall microphysical characteristics, and to analyze the bright band(BB) characteristics and hydrometeor classification. Specifically, a low-intensity and stable stratiform precipitation event that occurred from 0000 to0550 UTC 15 February 2015 and featured a BB was studied. During this event, the rainfall intensity was less than 2 mm h-1 at a height of 300 m, which was above the radar site level, so the errors caused by the vertical air motion could be ignored.The freezing height from the radiosonde matched well with the top of the BB observed by the MRR. It was also found that the number of 0.5–1 mm diameter drops showed no noticeable variation below the BB. The maximum fall velocity and the maximum gradient fall velocity(GFV) of the raindrops appeared at the bottom of the BB. Meanwhile, a method that uses the GFV and reflectivity to identify the altitude and the thickness of the BB was established, with which the MRR can provide a reliable and real-time estimation of the 0?C isotherm. The droplet fall velocity was used to classify the types of snow crystals above the BB. In the first 20 min of the selected precipitation event, graupel prevailed above the BB; and at an altitude of2000 m, graupel also dominated in the first 250 min. After 150 min, the existence of graupel and dendritic crystals with water droplets above the BB was inferred.

Micro Evolutionary Processes and Adaptation

It would be well to note that in the absence of clear data about the formation of adaptation systems,or mechanisms of their occurrence,all that is recognized is the realization of the micro evolutionary processes.There is no well-defined connection between information exchange and formation

A Brief Introduction of Extrusion and Micro-storage Processing Technology of Corn Stover

A new corn stover roughage processing method, corn stover extrusion and micro-storage processing technology, was introduced from the aspects of basic working principle, production and processing process, characteristics of cornstalk via extrusion and micro-storage processing. The technology was proved to be a feasible and practical processing technology of stover feed with broad prospect.

Experimental Study on Electrostatically Actuated Micro-Gripper Based on Silica Process

The characteristics of a kind of comb-drive electrostatic actuated micro-gripper are tested. The test platform using a microscope-CCD-computer, the state information of the micro-gripper obtained by data acquisition and image processing, voltage-displacement characteristic curve is obtained and the mathematical equation is established. The analysis of the characteristic equation has shown the consistency and rationality of the theoretical design and the experimental results. The main factors that cause the difference between the theoretical design and the actual test performance are analyzed, and the design method and experimental results is obtained for the micro-gripper in the field of micro-assembly.

Development of Micro Food Processing Sector through Food Processing Entrepreneurship in Manipur

Micro Food processing industry is gaining its momentum in the recent years in Northeast India and particularly in Manipur.This sector plays an important role in connecting the bridge between the agricultural production and the entrepreneurship development.The region bestows by the abundance of unique and rich agro and horticultural produce gives schemes and projects also add to the development of this sector and to the food entrepreneur by providing financial,technical,infrastructural and business support.The state sharing its border with the Myanmar has a significant impact on the food processing industry particularly in terms of marketing and trading aspects.Food Entrepreneurs should enhance their work on diversifying the horizons of the value added products,increasing job opportunities,marketing,training and technical skills etc.which will ultimately help in developing the Micro food processing sector in the state.

PROTOTYPE SURFACE MICRO- PRECISION IN FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING PROCESS

To aim at prototype parts fabricated with fused deposition modeling （FDM） process, the problems how to improve and enhance their surface micro-precision are studied. The producing mechanism of surface roughness is explained with three aspects concretely including the principle error of rapid prototyping （RP） process, the inherent characteristics of FDM process, and some mi- cro-scratches on the surface of the extruded fiber. Based on the micro-characters of section shape of the FDM prototype, a physical model reflecting the outer shape characters is abstracted. With the physical simplified and deduced, the evaluating equations of surface roughness are acquired. According to the FDM sample parts with special design for experimental measurement, the real surface roughness values of different inclined planes are obtained. And the measuring values of surface roughness are compared with the calculation values. Furthermore, the causes of surface roughness deviation between measuring values and calculation values are respectively analyzed and studied. With the references of analytic conclusions, the measuring values of the experimental part surface are revised, and the revised values nearly accord with the calculation values. Based on the influencing principles of FDM process parameters and special post processing of FDM prototype parts, some concrete measures are proposed to reduce the surface roughness of FDM parts, and the applying effects are better.

Low-Power Operational Amplifier for Real-Time Signal Processing System of Micro Air Vehicle

A low-power complementary metal oxide semiconductor（CMOS） operational amplifier （op-amp） for real-time signal processing of micro air vehicle （MAV） is designed in this paper.Traditional folded cascode architecture with positive channel metal oxide semiconductor（PMOS） differential input transistors and sub-threshold technology are applied under the low supply voltage.Simulation results show that this amplifier has significantly low power,while maintaining almost the same gain,bandwidth and other key performances.The power required is only 0.12 mW,which is applicable to low-power and low-voltage real-time signal acquisition and processing system.

Topology Chemical Process Research on the Condensing and Growing Phase Multi Micro Oil Droplets Based on Hydrodynamics

The hydrodynamic research about the droplet condensing of the multi phase liquid state on the surface of the coal glass and water discusses the deepening process of convex shape curve and the formation of S shape, and puts emphasis on describing the diagram formation method of the later. In the induction period the active diagram of the micro droplet is decided by pH value forming as convex shape diagram or S shape diagram. When pH value is above 4.0, the damage of convex shape diagram cannot be recovered, in that case produce S shape activity diagram. When pH value is equal to or above 12.0, the hard surface with alkali liquid state loses adhesion, so that the micro droplet condensing of the multi phase liquid state stops completely. The research result shows that the water cleaning conditions of getting rid of the oil micro droplets can be decided by the pH value.

Improving Radar Rainfall Estimation by Accounting for Microphysical Processes Using a Micro Rain Radar in West Africa

This study evaluates the improvement of the radar Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) by involving microphysical processes in the determination of Z-R algorithms. Within the framework of the AMMA campaign, measurements of an X-band radar (Xport), a vertical pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) to investigate microphysical processes and a dense network of rain gauges deployed in Northern Benin (West Africa) in 2006 and 2007 were used as support to establish such estimators and evaluate their performance compared to other estimators in the literature. By carefully considering and correcting MRR attenuation and calibration issues, the Z-R estimator developed with the contribution of microphysical processes and non-linear least-squares adjustment proves to be more efficient for quantitative rainfall estimation and produces the best statistic scores than other optimal Z-R algorithms in the literature. We also find that it gives results comparable to some polarimetric algorithms including microphysical information through DSD integrated parameter retrievals.

MICRO-PHASE SAEPARATION IN EPOXY RESIN WATERBORNE PARTICLES DURING CURING PROCESS

Sub-micron sized phenolic epoxy resin waterborne particles were prepared by phase inversion emulsification. Micro-phase separation occurred during the curing process at high temperature. The as-prepared samples possessed one glass transition temperature （Tg） and two exothermal processes during DSC heating scannings. After being thermally treated above the exothermal peak temperature, they possessed two glass transition temperatures with the disappearance of exothermal peaks, whilst a core/shell structure was formed. This was likely related with the outward diffusion of reactive oligomers to the outer layer of particles.

Triple and Double Photons Absorption Process and Down-Conversion Laser Emitting Investigation of Er-Ion Doped Microsphere

We report a readily and cheap method to build taper optical fiber-Er3+ doped microsphere platform to investigate upconversion fluorescence emission and down-conversion laser oscillation with low threshold pump power. We demonstrate to dope Er3+ into silica microsphere surface by dipping a single-taper optical fiber into a certain concentration of erbium nitrate solution (Er(NO3)) , then dry it and use the electrical-arc of the optical fiber splicer to melt the tip of taper fiber to form the Er3+-doped silica microsphere due to surface tension induced. We also present a HF acid etching setup to fabricate low loss biconical optical taper fibers. We demonstrate the Er3+ doped silica microsphere triple photons and dual photons absorption process of up-conversion fluorescence emission and down-conversion laser oscillation spectra by using the optical tapered fiber to couple 976 nm/1534 nm pump light source.

Micro-CT评估C_(2)-C_(7)关节突微结构区域特征及其结构功能稳定性

背景:颈椎关节突关节是参与颈椎运动的重要结构,也是引起颈椎病、颈源性疾病的重要原因,量化颈椎关节突骨小梁微结构的空间分布对于早期诊断骨骼疾病和潜在的骨折风险非常重要。目的:确定颈椎关节突不同区域骨小梁微观形态学的空间分布特征,并研究骨小梁微体系结构区域差异对机械能力的影响,以评估颈椎的稳定性和安全性能。方法:共144个颈椎关节突区域标本试样,每个关节被分为上前、上后、下前、下后4个感兴趣区域;Micro-CT扫描体积为5 mm×5 mm×5 mm试样,计算每个试样的微观结构,总结关节突区域微结构的变化规律,揭示其结构和受力优势及薄弱区域,评价颈椎安全稳定性能。结果与结论:①关节突不同区域间骨小梁体积分数、骨表面积体积比、骨小梁分离度差异有显著性意义,偏Eta分别为5.5%,4.8%和4.3%(Eta%是变量相互影响的百分比,值越大,影响越大),其中骨小梁体积分数值在关节突区域间差异最大;②C_(2)-C_(7)椎序间骨小梁体积分数、骨小梁数目、骨表面积体积比、骨小梁厚度、骨小梁分离度、骨小梁模块因子值差异有显著性意义,其中骨小梁数目的Eta最大,表明不同椎序间骨小梁数值差异最大;③左、右侧仅骨小梁厚度差异有显著性意义,偏Eta为2.0%,C_(2)-C_(7)骨小梁体积分数值左侧大于右侧关节突,最大区域均为上前区,最小区域均集中于C_(7);④骨小梁数最大值主要集中在上前、上后区域,而最小值集中在下后区域,C_(2)-C_(5)呈下降趋势,C_(5)-C_(6)则呈上升趋势,而C_(6)-C_(7)则显著下降;⑤骨表面积/骨体积总体变化趋势与小梁体积分数相反,主要集中区域最大在上后、最小在上前区域,符合该实验微观结构参数间变化特征;⑥C_(2)骨小梁厚度的左侧大于右侧,上后>上前>下前>下后的变化与小梁体积分数相似,最大区域集中在上前且C_(5)关节突达到峰值,C_(2)-C_(7)左右两侧变化趋势相似;⑦骨小梁分离度最大和最小值集中在上后和上前区域(提示骨骼结构适合功能且具有明显的各向异性);⑧骨小梁模块因子最大和最小值多集中于C7和C5;⑨C_(2)-C_(7)微结构和力学性能对其运动的贡献不同,与骨质量呈正相关的微结构参数小梁体积分数、骨小梁数、骨小梁厚度区域值越大,说明该区域骨质量越好,应力载荷能力越强,属于结构性能的优势区域不易发生损伤;反之亦然,与骨质量呈负相关的微结构参数骨表面积/骨体积、小梁分离度、骨小梁模块因子值越大,单位面积内骨小梁质量越差,其载荷应力能力也越弱,该区域发生损伤的风险将较高。

Micro-PIV技术-粒子图像测速技术的新进展

Micro-PIV是近年来发展起来的一种微尺度流动测速技术.它是传统PIV测量与光学显微技术相结合的一种整场、瞬态、定量测量方法,其基本测速原理与传统PIV相同,但在示踪粒子选择、图像获取和处理等方面两者存在较大差别.Micro-PIV突破了传统微尺度流体力学测量手段的局限性,使得对微尺度流动元件的研究从过去只能给出流量、阻力特性等有限信息逐步转向对全流场内流结构的直接测量上,并且达到了相当高的分辨率和测量精度.本文对近几年Micro-PIV技术发展状况进行了总结和分析,论述了Micro-PIV技术与传统PIV的主要区别以及具体的处理技术,反映了其在科学与工程中的应用,并对此项技术的发展作了展望.

基于灰度及形态特征融合的Micro-CT图像纤维束识别方法研究

利用Micro-CT成像以获得glass/epoxy(760E)编织复合材料的影像能够表征其织构形貌、内部缺陷,有助于研究复合材料微观结构与宏观力学性能之间的关系。但由于玻璃纤维与碳纤维在密度上与基体过于接近,导致Micro-CT图像中的灰度级差异过小且混乱,难以采用基于传统灰度特征的图像分割方法对纤维束所对应的图像区域进行识别。此外,由于制作工艺原因,正交两束纤维以及平行两束纤维过分挤压易造成工业CT图像中纤维图像区域相互混叠,加剧了对纤维束的准确识别的困难性。针对Micro-CT这种特殊的图像数据及纤维束区域分布相互混叠以及图像噪声的影响,采用多级图像处理及识别策略,将Micro-CT图像灰度特征及纤维束所表现出的形态特征进行融合,充分发挥灰度特征在噪声抑制及形态特征在纹理识别上的优势,并辅以形态学修正算法,实现了准确率较高的Micro-CT图像中纤维束识别。

Dynamical Solidification Behaviors and Metal Flow during Continuous Semisolid Extrusion Process of AZ31 Alloy

In this paper, a novel near-net-shape forming process, continuous semisolid extrusion process （CSEP） of AZ31 alloy was proposed, and the dynamical solidification behaviors and metal flow during the process were firstly investigated. During casting AZ31 alloy by this process, non-uniform microstructure distributions and non- equilibrium solidification region near the roll surface were found in the roll-shoe gap. Microstructural evolution from dendrite to rosette and spherical grains was observed during the casting by CSEP. Casting temperature, roll-shoe gap width and cooling ability have great effect on casting process and metal flow, so these factors should be carefully controlled, a proper casting temperature of 710-750℃ is suggested. The white α phases were strongly stretched during the processing, and the remnant liquids are correspondingly distributes along the solid phase boundaries and also show stripped lines.

不同热解温度骨炭孔隙结构的Micro-CT原位三维可视化表征

骨炭作为不同动物源骨粉资源化利用的一种重要产物,含有丰富的孔隙结构和活性位点,可被用作于催化剂载体或水体、土壤等环境中的吸附剂。为了三维、原位可视化表征不同动物源骨炭颗粒的孔隙结构特征,选择热解温度为400、500、600、700、800℃的猪、牛骨炭颗粒为研究对象。骨炭颗粒Micro-CT扫描条件为:管电压50 kV、管电流200 mA、图像分辨率10μm;Micro-CT图像二值化方法为Adaptive mean-C。结果表明:UM和ACE相结合的Micro-CT图像滤波处理方法最优;不同热解温度骨炭颗粒的断层结构图像和容积模型与电镜结果相近;骨炭颗粒比表面积、孔隙率和孔径分布的定量表征结果与实验室BET法的测定值相吻合。研究结果可为骨炭孔隙结构原位三维分析提供一种非破坏、可视化的表征新手段。