On-Chip Micro Temperature Controllers Based on Freestanding Thermoelectric Nano Films for Low-Power Electronics

Multidimensional integration and multifunctional com-ponent assembly have been greatly explored in recent years to extend Moore’s Law of modern microelectronics.However,this inevitably exac-erbates the inhomogeneity of temperature distribution in microsystems,making precise temperature control for electronic components extremely challenging.Herein,we report an on-chip micro temperature controller including a pair of thermoelectric legs with a total area of 50×50μm^(2),which are fabricated from dense and flat freestanding Bi2Te3-based ther-moelectric nano films deposited on a newly developed nano graphene oxide membrane substrate.Its tunable equivalent thermal resistance is controlled by electrical currents to achieve energy-efficient temperature control for low-power electronics.A large cooling temperature difference of 44.5 K at 380 K is achieved with a power consumption of only 445μW,resulting in an ultrahigh temperature control capability over 100 K mW^(-1).Moreover,an ultra-fast cooling rate exceeding 2000 K s^(-1) and excellent reliability of up to 1 million cycles are observed.Our proposed on-chip temperature controller is expected to enable further miniaturization and multifunctional integration on a single chip for microelectronics.

Research on the Control Strategy of Micro Wind-Hydrogen Coupled System Based on Wind Power Prediction and Hydrogen Storage System Charging/Discharging Regulation

This paper addresses the micro wind-hydrogen coupled system,aiming to improve the power tracking capability of micro wind farms,the regulation capability of hydrogen storage systems,and to mitigate the volatility of wind power generation.A predictive control strategy for the micro wind-hydrogen coupled system is proposed based on the ultra-short-term wind power prediction,the hydrogen storage state division interval,and the daily scheduled output of wind power generation.The control strategy maximizes the power tracking capability,the regulation capability of the hydrogen storage system,and the fluctuation of the joint output of the wind-hydrogen coupled system as the objective functions,and adaptively optimizes the control coefficients of the hydrogen storage interval and the output parameters of the system by the combined sigmoid function and particle swarm algorithm(sigmoid-PSO).Compared with the real-time control strategy,the proposed predictive control strategy can significantly improve the output tracking capability of the wind-hydrogen coupling system,minimize the gap between the actual output and the predicted output,significantly enhance the regulation capability of the hydrogen storage system,and mitigate the power output fluctuation of the wind-hydrogen integrated system,which has a broad practical application prospect.

Design of 32 kbit one-time programmable memory for microcontroller units

A 32 kbit OTP(one-time programmable)memory for MCUs(micro-controller units)used in remote controllers was designed.This OTP memory is used for program and data storage.It is required to apply 5.5V to BL(bit-line)and 11V to WL(word-line)for a OTP cell of 0.35μm ETOX(EEPROM tunnel oxide)type by MagnaChip.We use 5V transistors on column data paths to reduce the area of column data paths since they require small areas.In addition,we secure device reliability by using HV(high-voltage)transistors in the WL driver.Furthermore,we change from a static logic to a dynamic logic used for the WL driver in the core circuit.Also,we optimize the WD(write data)switch circuit.Thus,we can implement them with a small-area design.In addition,we implement the address predecoder with a small-area logic circuit.The area of the designed 32 kbit OTP with 5V and HV devices is 674.725μm×258.75μm(=0.1745mm2)and is 56.3% smaller than that using 3.3V devices.

Autonomous Multi-Factor Energy Flows Controller (AmEFC): Enhancing Renewable Energy Management with Intelligent Control Systems Integration

The transition to sustainable energy systems is one of the defining challenges of our time, necessitating innovations in how we generate, distribute, and manage electrical power. Micro-grids, as localized energy hubs, have emerged as a promising solution to integrate renewable energy sources, ensure energy security, and improve system resilience. The Autonomous multi-factor Energy Flow Controller (AmEFC) introduced in this paper addresses this need by offering a scalable, adaptable, and resilient framework for energy management within an on-grid micro-grid context. The urgency for such a system is predicated on the increasing volatility and unpredictability in energy landscapes, including fluctuating renewable outputs and changing load demands. To tackle these challenges, the AmEFC prototype incorporates a novel hierarchical control structure that leverages Renewable Energy Sources (RES), such as photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and hydro pumps, alongside a sophisticated Battery Management System (BMS). Its prime objective is to maintain an uninterrupted power supply to critical loads, efficiently balance energy surplus through hydraulic storage, and ensure robust interaction with the main grid. A comprehensive Simulink model is developed to validate the functionality of the AmEFC, simulating real-world conditions and dynamic interactions among the components. The model assesses the system’s reliability in consistently powering critical loads and its efficacy in managing surplus energy. The inclusion of advanced predictive algorithms enables the AmEFC to anticipate energy production and consumption trends, integrating weather forecasting and inter-controller communication to optimize energy flow within and across micro-grids. This study’s significance lies in its potential to facilitate the seamless incorporation of RES into existing power systems, thus propelling the energy sector towards a more sustainable, autonomous, and resilient future. The results underscore the potential of such a system to revolutionize energy management practices and highlight the importance of smart controller systems in the era of smart grids.

Micro-Grid Smooth Switchover Method Based on Controller State Following

Micro-grid smooth switchover between different operation modes is important for steady operation and reliable power supply of micro-grid. In order to reduce the transient fluctuation of voltage and frequency during switchover, this paper proposed a new switchover method based on controller state following. When transferring to island mode, the control method for inverter of storage device changed from PQ control to V/f control. Before switchover, the output of V/f controller is always following the output of PQ controller. So that the sudden change of output is avoided at the moment of switchover. A micro-grid model with photovoltaic and battery is built on DIgSILENT Power Factory simulation software, to simulate micro-grid switchover from grid-connected mode to island mode. Results show this method can effectively suppress the transient fluctuation of voltage and frequency, and reduce the influence of transient process on power grid. This conclusion has important practical significance on micro-grid smooth switchover from grid-con- nected mode to island mode.

采用Micro2080 Controller与MCGS的热力站自控系统设计

为实现热力换热站的无人值守自动运行功能,设计出热力站自动控制系统。采用Micro2080Controller进行热交换站的压力、温度、流量等模拟量信号采集,并对变频器、电动阀门开度、循环泵、补水泵实施控制。采用昆仑通态MCGS实时显示热力参数,并方便的进行系统参数设置和调控。将开发的系统应用到热力交换站,实现了热力交换站的自动补水恒压控制,通过人机界面实现了循环泵和电动阀的控制,以流程画面显示的方式实时显示各项参数,保证了系统稳定可靠运行。

基于遗传-模式搜索算法的微尺度管控区域大气污染物PM2.5溯源

针对微尺度管控区域可能发生的大气污染提出有效的靶向诊断方法-结合高斯烟羽模型和遗传-模式搜索算法的大气污染物分布式溯源方法.将污染源反算模型得到的污染物理论质量浓度与传感器网络观测值的数据对应关系作为目标函数,使用模式搜索算法嵌入遗传算法加快反算模型的搜索过程,反算得到污染源强度和位置.依托杭州市亚运板球场馆大气感知器网络进行实验验证,监测2021年10月PM2.5质量浓度、气象数据,对所提出的混合式大气污染溯源方法进行实验验证.实验结果表明:改进遗传-模式搜索算法对于多维变量的搜索效果较好,能快速精准地反算污染源的位置和强度,可以为微尺度管控区域突发性气体污染防治提供应急决策参考.

光谱卫星LPPT-25微电推进系统飞行试验工作性能评价

基于光谱卫星任务需求,兰州空间技术物理研究所开展了脉冲等离子体微电推进系统方案设计,以此完成25W级脉冲等离子体电推进系统飞行样机研制,并开展了地面各项测试,均满足需求。为了进一步验证该系统的空间环境适应性、与航天器的相互兼容性、空间工作特性及空间飞行性能与地面数据的差异性,LPPT-25微电推进系统搭载长光卫星公司光谱星一号(GP-1)卫星开展了在轨飞行试验,对脉冲等离子体电推进系统在轨飞行试验结果进行了评价。结果表明:在整个飞行试验期间,脉冲等离子体电推进系统各项工作性能参数符合设计指标要求,电推进分系统工作正常,推力输出稳定,各遥测温度满足推进要求的控温范围;电推进推力标定为306.3μN,相比地面测试推力300μN,偏差在5%以内,体现了良好的天地一致性。

Human Memory/Learning Inspired Control Method for Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicles

The problem of flapping motion control of Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) with flapping wings was studied in this paper.Based upon the knowledge of skeletal and muscular components of hummingbird, a dynamic model for flapping wing wasdeveloped.A control scheme inspired by human memory and learning concept was constructed for wing motion control ofMAVs.The salient feature of the proposed control lies in its capabilities to improve the control performance by learning fromexperience and observation on its current and past behaviors, without the need for system dynamic information.Furthermore,the overall control scheme has a fairly simple structure and demands little online computations, making it attractive for real-timeimplementation on MAVs.Both theoretical analysis and computer simulation confirms its effectiveness.

Controllable Modulation of Morphology and Property of CsPbCl_(3)Perovskite Microcrystals by Vapor Deposition Method

As a direct wide bandgap semiconductor,CsPbCl_(3)has great potential applications in the eld of near-ultraviolet photodetectors,lasers and higher-order multiphoton uores-cent detectors.In this work,we synthesized CsPbCl_(3)micro/nanocrystals by vapor depo-sition method with CsCl and PbCl_(2)powders as the source materials.It was con rmed that the formation of CsPbCl_(3)perovskite through the chemical reaction of CsCl with PbCl_(2)occurred in the quartz boat before the source evaporation,not in vapor or on sub-strate surface.The evaporated CsPbCl_(3)can form micro/nanocrystals on substrate surfaces under appropriate conditions.Various morphologies including irregular polyhedrons,rods and pyramids could be observed at lower temperature,while stable and uniform CsPbCl_(3)single crystal microplatelets were controllably synthesized at 450℃.Prolonging the growth time could modulate the size and density of the microcrystals,but could not change the morphology.Substrate types made little di erence to the morphology of CsPbCl_(3)crystals.The photoluminescence spectra indicated that the crystallinity and morphology of CsPbCl_(3)micro/nanocrystals have signi cant e ects on their optical properties.The work is expected to be helpful to the development of optoelectronic devices based on individual CsPbCl_(3)microcrystal.

Flex Sensor Based Robotic Arm Controller Using Micro Controller

Sensor plays an important role in robotics. Sensors are used to determine the current state of the system. Robotic applications demand sensors with high degrees of repeatability, precision, and reliability. Flex sensor is such a device, which accomplish the above task with great degree of accuracy. The pick and place operation of the robotics arm can be efficiently controlled using micro controller programming. This designed work is an educational based concept as robotic control is an exciting and high challenge research work in recent year.

Active micro-vibration control based on improved variable step size LMS algorithm

The contradiction of variable step size least mean square(LMS)algorithm between fast convergence speed and small steady-state error has always existed.So,a new algorithm based on the combination of logarithmic and symbolic function and step size factor is proposed.It establishes a new updating method of step factor that is related to step factor and error signal.This work makes an analysis from 3 aspects:theoretical analysis,theoretical verification and specific experiments.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other variable step size algorithms in convergence speed and steady-state error.

QDOT MICRO^(TM)导管两种模式与传统导管功率控制模式对消融损伤灶影响的对比研究

目的探讨QDOT MICRO^(TM)(QDOT)导管两种模式消融效果的安全性,以及与传统导管功率控制(PC)模式相比不同参数设置对消融创痕的影响。方法应用新鲜离体猪心,比较QDOT导管的温度/流速控制(TFC)模式与THERMOCOOL SMARTTOUCHTM SF(STSF)导管的PC模式在不同消融指数(AI,400、500)分组下的创痕大小和安全性。同时评估QDOT导管的超高功率短时程消融模式(vHPSD)和TFC模式在不同接触压力(5、15和30 g)和不同贴靠角度(0°、45°和90°)分组下的创痕大小和安全性,并对比两种模式在不同消融间距(4 mm和6 mm)分组下创痕的均匀性、连续性和安全性。结果在AI相同时,TFC与PC模式所产生的创痕的深度、表面宽度、最大横径以及体积的差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。与目标AI为400时TFC模式相比,vHPSD模式所产生创痕的表面宽度和最大横径的差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05),但vHPSD模式产生的创痕更浅[(1.95±0.38)mm比(2.72±0.31)mm,P<0.001]、体积更小[(30.35±11.34)mm^(3)比(48.78±19.82)mm^(3),P=0.040]。接触压力对创痕情况影响不显著,各参数差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。各组创痕表面宽度均在贴靠角度90°时最小,且在目标AI为500的TFC模式组不同贴靠角度导致的创痕表面宽度差异有统计学意义(P=0.027)。此外,消融间距为4 mm时,vHPSD模式和TFC模式均能产生均匀且连续的线状创痕;消融间距为6 mm时,vHPSD模式和目标AI为400的TFC模式组所产生的创痕均不连续,而目标AI为500的TFC模式组产生的创痕具有良好的连续性。应用QDOT导管和STSF导管消融均未产生气爆和焦痂。结论在AI相同时,QDOT导管的TFC模式与STSF导管的PC模式消融效果相似。与TFC模式相比,vHPSD模式产生的创痕深度更浅,体积更小。QDOT导管的TFC模式和vHPSD模式安全性均较高。

Stabilization of CSTR w ith Self-tuning Sliding Mode Controller Using T-S Fuzzy Linearization

A self-tuning reaching law based sliding mode control(SMC)theory is proposed to stabilize the nonlinear continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR).T-S fuzzy logic is used to build a global fuzzy state-space linear model.Combing the traits of SMC and CSTR,three fuzzy rules can meet the requirements of controlled system.The self-tuning switch control law which can drive the state variables to the sliding surface as soon as possible is designed to ensure the robustness of uncertain fuzzy system.Lyapunov equation is applied to proving the stability of the sliding surface.The simulations show that the proposed approach can achieve desired performance with less chattering problem.

Controlled-release Properties of Microencapsulated Disperse Dyes

Some disperse dyes were microencapsulated by means of in- situ polymerization. These microencapsulated disperse dyes was extracted respectively by ethanol under certain conditions. The controlled-release properties of disperse dyes through the shell of microcapsules were measured by spectrophotometer. According to the results, it was drawn that the type of disperse dyes, the auxiliaries contained in disperse dyes, the quantity of system controlling medium used and the core/shell ratio of microcapsules play important roles in controlling the release properties of microcapsules. The different controlled- release properties of microcapsules, which were prepared under given conditions, however, would in turn influence the performance of microcapsules in multiple-transfer printing.

Untethered Micro/Nanorobots for Remote Sensing:Toward Intelligent Platform

Untethered micro/nanorobots that can wirelessly control their motion and deformation state have gained enormous interest in remote sensing applications due to their unique motion characteristics in various media and diverse functionalities.Researchers are developing micro/nanorobots as innovative tools to improve sensing performance and miniaturize sensing systems,enabling in situ detection of substances that traditional sensing methods struggle to achieve.Over the past decade of development,significant research progress has been made in designing sensing strategies based on micro/nanorobots,employing various coordinated control and sensing approaches.This review summarizes the latest developments on micro/nanorobots for remote sensing applications by utilizing the self-generated signals of the robots,robot behavior,microrobotic manipulation,and robot-environment interactions.Providing recent studies and relevant applications in remote sensing,we also discuss the challenges and future perspectives facing micro/nanorobots-based intelligent sensing platforms to achieve sensing in complex environments,translating lab research achievements into widespread real applications.

A Status Graph Based Control Allocation Algorithm of Digital Micro-Thruster Array for Micro/Nano-Satellites Orbit Control Application

Digital micro-thruster arrays can be used for special missions of micro/nano-satellites with the requirements of high precision and small impulse.This paper presents a novel control allocation algorithm for the digital micro-thruster array,namely status graph based control allocation(SGBCA)algorithm,which aims at finding the optimal micro thrusters combination scheme to realize the sequential control synthesis for micro/nano-satellite during real-time orbit control tasks.A mathematical model is set up for the control allocation of this multivariate over-actuated system.Through dividing thrusters into disjoint segments by offline calculation and combining segments dynamically online to provide a sequence of the required impulse for the micro/nano-satellite,the time complexity of the control allocation algorithm decreases significantly.All levels of impulse can be generated by the digital micro thruster arrays and the service life of the arrays can be extended using the segment converting strategy proposed in this paper.The simulation indicates that the algorithm can satisfy the requirements of real-time orbit control for micro/nano-satellites.

Investigation on the flow control of micro-vanes on a supersonic spinning projectile

Studies have shown that micro-wedge vortex generators(MVG)can effectively control the flow separation of supersonic boundary layer.In order to improve the flight stability of spinning projectile,the original standard 155 mm projectile was taken as an example,and the micro-vanes were mounted at the projectile shoulder to investigate the separation control on the aerodynamic characteristics of projectile.Numerical simulations were performed with the use of DES method for the flow fields of projectiles with and without micro-vanes,and the characteristics of the boundary layer structures and aerodynamic data were compared and discussed.Numerical results show that the micro-vanes can be used to inhibit separation of fluid on projectile surface,and improve the flight stability and firing dispersion of projectile.

Flow control of micro-ramps on supersonic forward-facing step flow

The effects of the micro-ramps on supersonic turbulent flow over a forward-facing step（FFS） was experimentally investigated in a supersonic low-noise wind tunnel at Mach number 3 using nano-tracer planar laser scattering（NPLS）and particle image velocimetry（PIV） techniques. High spatiotemporal resolution images and velocity fields of supersonic flow over the testing model were captured. The fine structures and their spatial evolutionary characteristics without and with the micro-ramps were revealed and compared. The large-scale structures generated by the micro-ramps can survive the downstream FFS flowfield. The micro-ramps control on the flow separation and the separation shock unsteadiness was investigated by PIV results. With the micro-ramps, the reduction in the range of the reversal flow zone in streamwise direction is 50% and the turbulence intensity is also reduced. Moreover, the reduction in the average separated region and in separation shock unsteadiness are 47% and 26%, respectively. The results indicate that the micro-ramps are effective in reducing the flow separation and the separation shock unsteadiness.

Analytical Analysis on the Structure of a Typical Fuzzy On - Off Controller

The analytical structure of a typical fuzzy on - off controller that employs three or more triangular Input fuzzy sets, Zadeh fuzzy logic AND operator, fuzzy rules with singleton output fuzzy sets, and the centriod defuzzifier is Investigated in this paper. The analytical expressions of the variable gains of the fuzzy controller are derived. The resulting explicit structure shows that the fuzzy controller is accurately a nonlinear PD - like controller with gains continuously changing with system output in different regions of input space.