Stability of the Dividing Distribution Function Method for ParticleSize Distribution Analysis in Small Angle X－Ray Scattering

The Dividing Distribution Function (DDF) method is one of the methods by which the particle size distribution of ultrafine powder can be evaluated from its small angle X-ray scattering data. In this paper, the stability of the solution obtained from DDF method has been investigated through optimizing the coefficient matrix, introducing a damping factor and a least square treatment. All calculations were accomplished with a microcomputer. It was shown that the average deviations of the size distribution obtained are not larger than the assigned random errors to the scattering intensities as long as the corresponding requirements are satisfied.

Simulation of the pore size distribution function for a deformable soil

In order to obtain an indirect estimation method of the pore size distribution function(PSDF)for a deformable soil,both the soil-water characteristic curve in the form of gravimetric water content(w-SWCC)and the shrinkage curve(SC)are used as the input parameters.The w-SWCC defines the relationship between the gravimetric water content and soil suction.The SC illustrates the variation of the void ratio with respect to different water contents.10 points in the w-SWCC were selected as initial conditions.By adopting different void ratios,a group of soil-water characteristic curve in the form of the degree of saturation(S-SWCC)can be obtained.Based on Kelvin's capillary law,the S-SWCCs can be converted into a group of PSDFs.In the group of PSDFs,each PSDF represents the geometric pore space in soil corresponding to a given void ratio.From the proposed methodology,it is observed that a bimodal PSDF can be gradually changed into a unimodal PSDF when the soil is compressed.The Chataignier clay is selected as the verification and it shows that the simulation results agree well with the measured results from the mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)test.In addition,the discrepancies between both direct measurement data using the MIP test and the indirect estimated results from the proposed method are also discussed.

Resolution Increase and Noise Removal in Particle Size Distribution Measurement with Shifrin Transform

Based on the laser diffraction and Shifrin transform,the measurement method of particle size distribution has been improved extensively.While in real measurements,some noise peaks exist in the inversion data and are easily to be misread as particle distribution peaks.The improved method used a truncation function as a filter is hard to distinguish adjacent peaks.Here,by introducing the bimodal resolution criterion,the filter function is optimized,and to a quasi truncation function with the optimized filter function is studied to achieve optimal bimodal resolution and to remove noise peaks.This new quasi truncation function fits multimode distribution very well.By combining the quasi truncation function with Shifrin transform,noise peaks are removed well and the adjacent peaks are distinguished clearly.Finally,laser diffraction experiments are conducted and the particle size distribution is analyzed by adoping the method.The results show that the quasi truncation function has better bimodal resolution than the truncation function.Generally,by combining the quasi truncation function with the Shifrin transform,in particle size distribution measurements with laser diffraction,the bimodal resolution is greatly increased and the noise is removed well.And the results can restore the original distribution perfectly.Therefore,the new method with combination of the quasi truncation function and the Shifrin transform provides a feasible and effective way to measure the multimode particle size distribution by laser diffraction.

Size Biased Lindley Distribution and Its Properties a Special Case of Weighted Distribution

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a size biased Lindley distribution which is a special case of weighted distributions. Weighted distributions have practical significance where some types of biased occur in a density function, i.e. probability is proportional to the size of the variate, that’s why the proposed version of size biased Lindley is designed for such situations more reasonably and more precisely. Principle properties of the density function are also discussed in this paper such as moments, measure of skewness, kurtosis, moment generating function, characteristics generating function, coefficient of variation, survival function and hazard function which are derived for understanding the structure of the proposed distribution more briefly.

Numerical Prediction of Statistical Masonry Wall Fragment Distribution Induced by Blast Loading

The hazard caused by the fragments of damaged structures is usually significant in acci-dental explosions or hostile blast events.A reliable and efficient method to estimate probable fragment size,velocity and launch distance will be useful to assess and design countermeasures to mitigate the possible fragment hazards.This paper presents a numerical method for predicting the size and launch distance of the fragments caused by explosive damage of masonry wall.Numerical simulations with different scaled distances are carried out,and the statistical distribution functions of the fragment size and launch distance in terms of the scaled distance are derived.

毛白杨木材/MOF-5复合材料的制备及甲苯吸附性能研究

优化MOF-5的合成工艺,确定金属中心与有机配体的最佳配比,并基于最佳配比通过真空浸渍和水热作用在毛白杨木材孔隙内部原位合成MOF-5,制备毛白杨木材/MOF-5复合材料,并对毛白杨木材/MOF-5复合材料的微观形貌、结合机理、孔隙结构和甲苯吸附性能进行表征。结果表明,当金属中心与有机配体物质的量比为1∶3时,合成的MOF-5晶体粒径较小,BET比表面积为268.729 m^(2)/g,孔容为0.136 cm^(3)/g,且具备典型的MOF-5晶体X射线特征峰。在毛白杨木材孔隙内部原位合成的MOF-5的平均负载量为22.6%;红外光谱的分析结果显示MOF-5与毛白杨木材通过氢键和静电相互作用相结合。扫描电镜、压汞法和氮气吸/脱附测试的孔隙结构表明,MOF-5填充了毛白杨木材中的部分大孔和介孔,增加了微孔的比表面积和孔容。常温常压下毛白杨木材/MOF-5复合材料对甲苯的最大吸附量为16.07 cm^(3)/g,展现了较好的甲苯吸/脱附性能。毛白杨木材/MOF-5复合材料在气体吸附与分离领域展现了较好的应用潜力,这为速生木材作为吸附材料的功能化应用提供了参考。

Tree structure and diversity shape the biomass of primary temperate mountain forests

Primary forests are spatially diverse terrestrial ecosystems with unique characteristics,being naturally regenerative and heterogeneous,which supports the stability of their carbon storage through the accumulation of live and dead biomass.Yet,little is known about the interactions between biomass stocks,tree genus diversity and structure across a temperate montane primary forest.Here,we investigated the relationship between tree structure(variability in basal area and tree size),genus-level diversity(abundance,tree diversity)and biomass stocks in temperate primary mountain forests across Central and Eastern Europe.We used inventory data from726 permanent sample plots from mixed beech and spruce across the Carpathian Mountains.We used nonlinear regression to analyse the spatial variability in forest biomass,structure,and genus-level diversity and how they interact with plot-level tree age,disturbances,temperature and altitude.We found that the combined effects of genus and structural indices were important for addressing the variability in biomass across different spatial scales.Local processes in disturbance regimes and uneven tree age support forest hete rogeneity and the accumulation of live and dead biomass through the natural regeneration,growth and decay of the forest ecosystem.Structural complexities in basal area index,supporte d by genus-level abundance,positively influence total biomass stocks,which was modulated by tree age and disturbances.Spruce forests showed higher tree density and basal area than mixed beech forests,though mixed beech still contributes significantly to biomass across landscapes.Forest heterogeneity was strongly influenced by complexities in forest composition(tree genus diversity,structure).We addressed the importance of primary forests as stable carbon stores,achieved through structure and diversity.Safeguarding such ecosystems is critical for ensuring the stability of the primary forest,carbon store and biodiversity into the future.

球磨法制备芡实超微粉及其理化功能性质分析

芡实淀粉属小颗粒淀粉,且以超聚合的复粒形式存在。为了解超微粉碎对淀粉复粒结构及其中功效组分溶出的影响,文中采用球磨法制备超微芡实粉,分析了不同球磨参数对芡实粉理化功能性质的影响。研究显示,芡实粉的适宜球磨参数为:转速200 r/min,m(用料量)∶m(研磨球)=1∶30,研磨球直径4 mm,研磨时间30 min。与对照相比,所得超微芡实粉中超细粉末(粒径0~1μm)占比达到85.04%,其中总黄酮溶出量增加不显著,但总酚溶出量有明显增加(P≤0.05)。所得超微芡实粉吸水性和吸油性显著提高,分别达到3.88、2.46 g/g,分别增加了3.26、1.34倍。X-衍射图谱和扫描电子显微镜照片显示,超微芡实粉中淀粉的复粒结构发生碎裂,淀粉颗粒完整性及其晶体结构也被严重破坏,印证了超微芡实粉理化功能性质改变的内在原因。研究结果表明,球磨处理不仅改善了芡实粉的理化功能性质,也有利于其中功效组分的溶出。

CO_(2)高速卸荷粉碎磁铁矿石产品的粒度分布与分形维数研究

针对矿石的高压气体高速卸荷粉化产品的整体粒径分布缺乏系统科学的表征,以某超贫磁铁矿石为原料、液态二氧化碳为工作物质,引入Rosin-Rammler分布函数和分形维数,系统地分析了不同液态二氧化碳渗透压力下所得产品的粒度分布特性。结果表明:粉化产品颗粒粒径分布不均匀,提高二氧化碳压力可以提高细颗粒产率。Rosin-Rammler分布函数可较好地拟合粉化产品的粒径分布,拟合结果表明,粒径分布的均匀性指数随着二氧化碳压力的提高而减小,粉体粒径更不均匀。针对粗颗粒产率较大情况下Rosin-Rammler分布函数表现出的不足,引入分形维数进行了分析。结果表明,随二氧化碳压力的增大,粉化产物的分形维数增大,粉体整体趋于细化。本研究结果可为后续科学系统评价二氧化碳高速卸荷粉化各类矿石的整体效果提供参考。

Calculation method for particle mean diameter and particle size distribution function under dependent model algorithm

In total light scattering particle sizing technique, the relationship among Sauter mean diameter D32, mean extinction efficiency Q, and particle size distribution function is studied in order to inverse the mean diameter and particle size distribution simply. We propose a method which utilizes the mean extinction efficiency ratio at only two selected wavelengths to solve D32 and then to inverse the particle size distribution associated with Q and D32. Numerical simulation results show that the particle size distribution is inversed accurately with this method, and the number of wavelengths used is reduced to the greatest extent in the measurement range. The calculation method has the advantages of simplicity and rapidness.

植物根系对土壤水力参数影响的定量研究综述

植物根系是土壤结构以及土壤水力参数变化的重要影响要素。目前不仅缺乏定量描述“根-孔隙-土壤水力参数”相互作用的研究方法,在更大尺度上根系作用的客观表达也尚不明确,由此导致降雨入渗、径流和蒸发等流域水文过程的精细刻画与模拟预测具有很大的不确定性。基于文献检索,本文对国内外相关研究进行了回顾与梳理,量化了植物根系对土壤水力参数的改变和影响,并提出其与植被、土壤类型的响应方式,总结了植物根系动态性生长下的土壤水力参数定量表述及其预测模型进展。同时分析了在定量研究根-土复合系统中存在的问题及未来研究的发展方向,指出目前根系影响土壤水力参数的研究主要集中在小尺度控制实验方面,忽略了大尺度下土壤空间异质性及外部环境因素的干扰,强调大尺度根系作用和根系参数纳入土壤结构的重要性和实际意义,进一步与水文模型的深度耦合逐渐成为未来研究的热点。

基于最大熵原理的泄洪雾化雨滴谱研究

水电站在泄洪期间,会在下游空间形成大量的粒径大小各异的运动水滴,就构成了泄洪雾化液滴粒径的分布问题。目前泄洪雾化液滴粒径分布采用Gamma函数来描述,属于经验函数的方法,缺乏实际的物理意义。本文将最大熵原理应用于水电站泄洪雾化液滴粒径分布研究中,对挑流泄洪产生的液滴粒径分布进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)Gamma分布计算的雾化液滴滴谱分布结果存在削峰特征,滴谱分布的众值直径(数量概率密度最大对应的直径)偏向于小粒径方向,且计算的峰值比实验值偏低。(2)仅通过质量守恒为约束推导的最大熵MEM分布的计算的滴谱分布的众值直径明显偏向于大粒径方向,且计算的峰值比实验值偏高。(3)本文构建的MEP分布模型计算的结果与Gamma函数和MEM分布计算结果相比较,均方根误差最低,决定系数最高,更加符合实测数据的变化趋势。

自动驾驶雷达频段降雨环境散射特性建模分析

现代通信与雷达系统的工作频段已延伸至毫米波及太赫兹频段,定量分析降雨环境对该频段电磁信号传输的影响对应用系统十分重要。根据Mie理论建立了降雨环境电磁信号衰减仿真计算模型,采用不同雨滴尺寸分布模型计算了频率在1 GHz~1 THz的电磁信号在降雨环境中传输的衰减,并与ITU(international telecommunication union)经验模型进行比对以验证计算模型的有效性。针对自动驾驶雷达芯片工作频段计算了不同降雨环境条件下电磁信号散射的空间分布特性,从信号衰减与雨杂波散射的空间分布特性两方面分析降雨环境的散射特性。结果表明:在大雨和暴雨天气下77 GHz信号的衰减高于10 dB/km,显著影响信号的传输距离。

Retrieval of spherical particle size distribution using ant colony optimization algorithm

The ant colony optimization （ACO） algorithm based on the probability density function is applied for the retrieval of spherical particle size distribution （PSD）. The spectral extinction data based on the Mie theory and the Lambert-Beer Law served as input for estimating five commonly use monomodal PSDs, i.e., Rosin- Rammer distribution, normal distribution, logarithmic normal distribution, modified beta distribution, and Johnson＇s SB distribution. The retrieval results show that the ACO algorithm has high feasibility and reliability, thus providing a new method for the retrieval of PSD.

Soot size distribution in lightly sooting premixed flames of benzene and toluene

The evolution of particle size distribution function(PSDF)of soot in premixed flames of benzene and toluene was studied on a burner stabilized stagnation(BSS)flame platform.The cold gas velocities were changed to hold the maximum flame temperatures of different flames approximately constant.The PSDFs of all the test flames exhibited a bimodal distribution,i.e.,a small-size nucleation mode and a large-size accumulation mode.It was observed that soot nucleation and particle growth in the benzene flame were stronger than those in the toluene flame at short residence times.At longer residence times,the PSDFs of the two flames were similar,and the toluene flame showed a larger particle size distribution range and a higher particle volume fraction than the benzene flame.

Functional trait composition of carabid beetle communities predicts prey suppression through both mass ratio and niche complementarity mechanisms

Several components of predator functional diversity have been hypothesized to influence prey suppression through either niche complementarity or mass ratio effects.Nevertheless,most studies have used a functional group approach when assessing the role of these predators in ecosystem functioning.By adopting a trait-based approach,we evaluated the relative contributions of carabid diversity components in predicting prey suppression.Our results highlight the importance of both taxonomic and functional diversity components of carabids as key drivers of prey suppression.Prey suppression was best predicted by carabid densities,with the dominance of Poecilus cupreus potentially driving the positive effect of community total abundance through the mass ratio effect.Prey suppression increased with increasing the density of large carabids.In addition,carabid eye diameter and antennal length were key functional traits for predicting prey suppression.Furthermore,prey suppression increased with increasing carabid functional richness following the niche complementarity effect.In contrast to functional richness,functional evenness and functional divergence of carabid communities were weakly correlated with prey suppression.By identifying which diversity components of carabid communities contribute the most to increase prey suppression,our results can guide efforts aiming to predict the relationship between diversity of these predators and ecosystem functioning.

Modeling Size-number Distributions of Seeds for Use in Soil Bank Studies

Knowledge of soil seed banks is essential to understand the dynamics of plant populations and communities and would greatly benefit from the integration of existing knowledge on ecological correlations of seed size and shape. The present study aims to establish a feasible and meaningful method to describe size-number distributions of seeds in multi-species situations. For that purpose, size-number distributions of seeds with known length, width and thickness were determined by sequential sieving. The most appropriate combination of sieves and seeds dimensions was established, and the adequacy of the power function and the Weibull model to describe size-number distributions of spherical, non-spherical, and all seeds was investigated. We found that the geometric mean of seed length, width and thickness was the most adequate size estimator, providing shape-independent measures of seeds volume directly related to sieves mesh side, and that both the power function and the Weibull model provide high quality descriptions of size-number distributions of spherical, non-spherical, and all seeds. We also found that, in spite of its slightly lower accuracy, the power function is, at this stage, a more trustworthy model to characterize size-number distributions of seeds in soil banks because in some Weibull equations the estimates of the scale parameter were not acceptable.

片烟叶面积分布

利用叶面积仪测定了不同大小叶片的面积,探讨了以叶片面积来反映叶片结构分布的表征方法。结果表明,叶片的面积分布可用累积分布函数来描述。

青海苏干湖表层沉积物粒度分布模式与大气粉尘记录

位于干旱区柴达木盆地具有年纹层的苏干湖是以地下水补给为主的内陆封闭湖泊,其表层沉积物粒度具有多组分峰态分布特征,Weibull函数的拟合结果发现,其粒度分布全部具有4个基本组分:超细粒组分,众数粒径在1чm上下;细粒组分,众数粒径在5～10чm;粗粒组分,众数粒径在50～100чm;砂组分,众数粒径在500чm左右。粒度主峰出现在细粒组分或者粗粒组分。直接来自大气粉尘的冬季湖泊冰面样品及当地尘暴样品的Weibull函数粒度拟合也显现出了相似的分布模式,冰面样品的粒度主峰位于众数粒径在15～20чm的细粒组分,砂组分(众数粒径452.9чm)的出现指示出砂粒在冬半年沿冰面而进入湖泊中心。尘暴降尘样品在尘暴季节(5月份)和非尘暴季节(11月份)的粒度分布普遍具有3个组分,缺少砂组分,强沙尘暴事件样品则由4个组分组成,粒度主峰均位于众数粒径在100～200чm的粗粒组分。结果显示,苏干湖湖泊沉积能够较好记录当地大气粉尘,砂组分与湖泊周边干旱地表经历的近地面强沙尘活动有关,粗粒组分记录了区域性的尘暴事件,细粒组分主要反映流域径流状况,超细粒组分代表干旱区的大气背景粉尘和气溶胶。研究表明,苏干湖内陆湖泊沉积客观记录了区域大气粉尘和尘暴事件,具有重建干旱区大气粉尘变化历史的潜在优势。

运用Rosin-Rammler分布函数研究煤尘粒径分布规律

运用Rosin-Rammler分布函数对伯方煤矿3#煤层煤样进行粒径分布情况的分析,得出结论:在双对数lnd-ln{-ln[1-F(d)]}坐标系下,所研究的材料颗粒分布的回归曲线为一条直线,R2=0.9672,线性回归良好。并得到了所研究粒径分布的具体函数表达式。由此可以对该煤层的冲击产尘的粒径分布有一个总体上的量化认识,为指导实际生产降尘、除尘提供了理论上的依据。