Acquired sensorineural hearing loss,oxidative stress,and microRNAs

Hearing loss is the third leading cause of human disability.Age-related hearing loss,one type of acquired sensorineural hearing loss,is largely responsible for this escalating global health burden.Noise-induced,ototoxic,and idiopathic sudden sensorineural are other less common types of acquired hearing loss.The etiology of these conditions is complex and multi-fa ctorial involving an interplay of genetic and environmental factors.Oxidative stress has recently been proposed as a likely linking cause in most types of acquired sensorineural hearing loss.Short non-coding RNA sequences known as microRNAs(miRNAs)have increasingly been shown to play a role in cellular hypoxia and oxidative stress responses including promoting an apoptotic response.Sensory hair cell death is a central histopathological finding in sensorineural hearing loss.As these cells do not regenerate in humans,it underlies the irreversibility of human age-related hearing loss.Ovid EMBASE,Ovid MEDLINE,Web of Science Core Collection,and ClinicalTrials.gov databases over the period August 1,2018 to July 31,2023 were searched with"hearing loss,""hypoxamiRs,""hypoxia,""microRNAs,""ischemia,"and"oxidative stress"text words for English language primary study publications or registered clinical trials.Registe red clinical trials known to the senior author we re also assessed.A total of 222studies were thus identified.After excluding duplicates,editorials,retra ctions,secondary research studies,and non-English language articles,39 primary studies and clinical trials underwent full-text screening.This resulted in 11 animal,in vitro,and/or human subject journal articles and 8 registered clinical trial database entries which form the basis of this narrative review.MiRNAs miR-34a and miR-29b levels increase with age in mice.These miRNAs were demonstrated in human neuroblastoma and murine cochlear cell lines to target Sirtuin 1/peroxisome proliferato r-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1-alpha(SIRT1/P GC-1α),SIRT1p53,and SIRT1/hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha signaling pathways resulting in increased apoptosis.Furthermore,hypoxia and oxidative stress had a similar adve rse apoptotic effect,which was inhibited by resve ratrol and a myocardial inhibitorassociated transcript,a miR-29b competing endogenous mRNA.Gentamicin reduced miR-182-5p levels and increased cochlear oxidative stress and cell death in mice-an effect that was corrected by inner ear stem cell-derived exosomes.There is ongoing work seeking to determine if these findings can be effectively translated to humans.

Potential clinical application of microRNAs in bladder cancer

Bladder cancer(BC)is the tenth most prevalent malignancy globally,presenting significant clinical and societal challenges because of its high incidence,rapid progression,and frequent recurrence.Presently,cystoscopy and urine cytology serve as the established diagnostic methods for BC.However,their efficacy is limited by their invasive nature and low sensitivity.Therefore,the development of highly specific biomarkers and effective noninvasive detection strategies is imperative for achieving a precise and timely diagnosis of BC,as well as for facilitating an optimal tumor treatment and an improved prognosis.microRNAs(miRNAs),short noncoding RNA molecules spanning around 20–25 nucleotides,are implicated in the regulation of diverse carcinogenic pathways.Substantially altered miRNAs form robust functional regulatory networks that exert a notable influence on the tumorigenesis and progression of BC.Investigations into aberrant miRNAs derived from blood,urine,or extracellular vesicles indicate their potential roles as diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic indicators in BC,enabling miRNAs to monitor the progression and predict the recurrence of the disease.Simultaneously,the investigation centered on miRNA as a potential therapeutic agent presents a novel approach for the treatment of BC.This review comprehensively analyzes biological roles of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and progression,and systematically summarizes their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers,as well as therapeutic targets for BC.Additionally,we evaluate the progress made in laboratory techniques within this field and discuss the prospects.

MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder caused by exposure to severe traumatic life events.Currently,there are no validated biomarkers or laboratory tests that can distinguish between trauma survivors with and without post-traumatic stress disorder.In addition,the heterogeneity of clinical presentations of post-traumatic stress disorder and the overlap of symptoms with other conditions can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.Evidence suggests that this condition is a multisystem disorder that affects many biological systems,raising the possibility that peripheral markers of disease may be used to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder.We performed a PubMed search for microRNAs(miRNAs)in post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)that could serve as diagnostic biomarkers and found 18 original research articles on studies performed with human patients and published January 2012 to December 2023.These included four studies with whole blood,seven with peripheral blood mononuclear cells,four with plasma extracellular vesicles/exosomes,and one with serum exosomes.One of these studies had also used whole plasma.Two studies were excluded as they did not involve microRNA biomarkers.Most of the studies had collected samples from adult male Veterans who had returned from deployment and been exposed to combat,and only two were from recently traumatized adult subjects.In measuring miRNA expression levels,many of the studies had used microarray miRNA analysis,miRNA Seq analysis,or NanoString panels.Only six studies had used real time polymerase chain reaction assay to determine/validate miRNA expression in PTSD subjects compared to controls.The miRNAs that were found/validated in these studies may be considered as potential candidate biomarkers for PTSD and include miR-3130-5p in whole blood;miR-193a-5p,-7113-5p,-125a,-181c,and-671-5p in peripheral blood mononuclear cells;miR-10b-5p,-203a-3p,-4488,-502-3p,-874-3p,-5100,and-7641 in plasma extracellular vesicles/exosomes;and miR-18a-3p and-7-1-5p in blood plasma.Several important limitations identified in the studies need to be taken into account in future studies.Further studies are warranted with war veterans and recently traumatized children,adolescents,and adults having PTSD and use of animal models subjected to various stressors and the effects of suppressing or overexpressing specific microRNAs.

MicroRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers for bipolar disorder

Abnormal expression of microRNAs is connected to brain development and disease and could provide novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of bipolar disorder. We performed a PubMed search for microRNA biomarkers in bipolar disorder and found 18 original research articles on studies performed with human patients and published from January 2011 to June 2023. These studies included microRNA profiling in bloodand brain-based materials. From the studies that had validated the preliminary findings,potential candidate biomarkers for bipolar disorder in adults could be miR-140-3p,-30d-5p,-330-5p,-378a-5p,-21-3p,-330-3p,-345-5p in whole blood, miR-19b-3p,-1180-3p,-125a-5p, let-7e-5p in blood plasma, and miR-7-5p,-23b-5p,-142-3p,-221-5p,-370-3p in the blood serum. Two of the studies had investigated the changes in microRNA expression of patients with bipolar disorder receiving treatment. One showed a significant increase in plasma miR-134 compared to baseline after 4 weeks of treatment which included typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines. The other study had assessed the effects of prescribed medications which included neurotransmitter receptorsite binders(drug class B) and sedatives, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, and analgesics(drug class C) on microRNA results. The combined effects of the two drug classes increased the significance of the results for miR-219 and-29c with miR-30e-3p and-526b* acquiring significance. MicroRNAs were tested to see if they could serve as biomarkers of bipolar disorder at different clinical states of mania, depression, and euthymia. One study showed that upregulation in whole blood of miR-9-5p,-29a-3p,-106a-5p,-106b-5p,-107,-125a-3p,-125b-5p and of miR-107,-125a-3p occurred in manic and euthymic patients compared to controls, respectively, and that upregulation of miR-106a-5p,-107 was found for manic compared to euthymic patients. In two other studies using blood plasma,downregulation of miR-134 was observed in manic patients compared to controls, and dysregulation of miR-134,-152,-607,-633,-652,-155 occurred in euthymic patients compared to controls. Finally, microRNAs such as miR-34a,-34b,-34c,-137, and-140-3p,-21-3p,-30d-5p,-330-5p,-378a-5p,-134,-19b-3p were shown to have diagnostic potential in distinguishing bipolar disorder patients from schizophrenia or major depressive disorder patients, respectively. Further studies are warranted with adolescents and young adults having bipolar disorder and consideration should be given to using animal models of the disorder to investigate the effects of suppressing or overexpressing specific microRNAs.

大鼠脊髓损伤后MicroRNAs表达谱变化

目的:探究大鼠脊髓损伤后microRNAs表达谱变化。方法:将10只成年SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组,建立脊髓损伤模型。术后采用Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan(BBB)量表进行运动功能评分,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色脊髓组织,通过Illumina高通量测序技术,对前期构建的cDNA文库进行RNA-Seq分析。将测序数据与高粱参考基因组对比后,以P<0.05为条件筛选出差异表达基因,通过GO、KEGG等数据库,对DEGs的功能以及参与的调控路径进行分析,并通过RT-qPCR验证RNA-Seq结果的可靠性。结果:假手术组与模型组BBB评分有显著性差异,HE染色观察到脊髓组织结构受损较为严重,脊髓损伤前后microRNAs表达有显著差异。结论:脊髓损伤许多基因表达失调。

Computational analysis of genetic loci required for amphid structure and functions and their possibly corresponding microRNAs in C. elegans

Objective To examine the important roles of microRNAs （miRNAs） in regulating amphid structure and function, we performed a computational analysis for the genetic loci required for the sensory perception and their possibly corresponding miRNAs in C. elegans. Methods Total 55 genetic loci required for the amphid structure and function were selected. Sequence alignment was combined with E value evaluation to investigate and identify the possible corresponding miRNAs. Results Total 30 genes among the 55 genetic loci selected have their possible corresponding regulatory miRNA（s）, and identified genes participate in the regulation of almost all aspects of amphid structure and function. In addition, our data suggest that both the amphid structure and the amphid functions might be regulated by a series of network signaling pathways. Moreover, the distribution of miRNAs along the 3＇ untranslated region （UTR） of these 30 genes exhibits different patterns. Conclusion We present the possible miRNA-mediated signaling pathways involved in the regulation of chemosensation and thermosensation by controlling the corresponding sensory neuron and interneuron functions. Our work will be useful for better understanding of the miRNA-mediated control of the chemotaxis and thermotaxis in C. elegans.

筛选的差异表达microRNAs对猪卵母细胞Npm2基因的表达调控及作用研究

旨在研究卵母细胞中筛选的差异表达microRNAs对Npm2(nucleoplasmin 2)基因的调控作用。本研究采集屠宰场卵巢,收集GV期卵母细胞进行体外成熟培养,收集MⅡ期卵母细胞。使用qPCR检测筛选的差异表达miRNAs在GV、MⅡ期卵母细胞的表达水平;双荧光素酶报告试验验证预测的miRNA是否与靶基因Npm2存在结合位点;在体外成熟培养液中添加miRNAs模拟物/抑制物,验证miRNA对卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌胚胎体外发育能力的影响。添加最适浓度的miRNAs模拟物/抑制物后,使用花生凝集素染色试验检测皮质颗粒分布和qPCR检测Npm2 mRNA表达水平。结果表明,MⅡ期卵母细胞中miR-150、miR-7138-5p表达显著高于GV期卵母细胞(P<0.05),miR-296-3p、miR-423-3p表达水平极显著低于GV期卵母细胞(P<0.01),表达趋势与测序结果一致。miR-32表达水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。双荧光素酶报告试验结果表明,miR-32、miR-7138-5p、miR-296-3p与Npm2存在结合位点,荧光强度极显著下调(P<0.01);miR-150与Npm2存在结合位点,荧光强度显著下调(P<0.05);miR-296-5p、miR-423-3p与Npm2不存在结合位点,荧光强度无显著变化(P>0.05)。通过在体外成熟培养液中添加不同浓度miRNAs模拟物/抑制物以确定最适浓度,添加miR-32抑制物、miR-296-5p模拟物、miR-296-5p抑制物、miR-423-3p模拟物、miR-423-3p抑制物、miR-7138抑制物、miR-150模拟物、miR-150抑制物后皮质颗粒荧光强度极显著下调(P<0.01);添加miR-296-3p抑制物、miR-7138-5p模拟物后皮质颗粒荧光强度显著下调(P<0.05)。MⅡ期卵母细胞Npm2 mRNA表达量极显著高于GV期卵母细胞,添加最适浓度miR-150、miR-296-3p、miR-296-5p、miR-7138-5p模拟物和/或抑制物Npm2 mRNA表达量与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05),添加miR-32、miR-423-3p模拟物/抑制物后MⅡ期卵母细胞Npm2 mRNA表达量与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。筛选的差异miRNA(如miR-296-3p、miR-7138-5p)可能通过调控Npm2表达影响卵母细胞体外成熟及早期胚胎体外发育,可为猪卵母细胞microRNAs与靶基因复杂调控网络研究提供基础。

microRNAs在骨质疏松症发生发展中的研究进展

骨质疏松的发生是由于成骨细胞介导的骨形成和破骨细胞介导的骨吸收平衡被打破,而使骨稳态出现异常。骨稳态调节因子microRNAs作为表观调控因子,通过调控成骨细胞和破骨细胞的相关信号分子的表达,使其在骨代谢中发挥重要作用。本文就microRNAs在骨质疏松症中参与调节维持骨微环境的细胞分化、增殖、自噬和在相关信号分子、相关信号通路的表达等方面最新研究进展进行综述,并总结了microRNAs在骨细胞分化中的作用,突出了microRNAs在代谢性骨疾病中作为治疗靶点的潜力。

MicroRNAs在妇科肿瘤发生发展中的研究进展

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类小RNA分子,在植物和动物的基因表达调控中发挥着重要作用,miRNAs不参与蛋白质的直接合成,而是转录后基因表达的重要调控因子。它们不仅在身体发育中起着关键作用,也是细胞周期、凋亡和分化的关键调节因子。成熟miRNAs的产生需要几个关键步骤。首先,在细胞核中经由RNA polymerase II(PolII)转录完成聚腺苷酸化和封顶产生primary mi RNAs(Pri-miRNAs)。Pri-miRNAs通过Drosha/DGCR8复合物进一步加工合成hairpin precursor mi RNAs(pre-miRNAs)。Pre-miRNAs通过输出蛋白5(XPO5)输出到细胞质中,并被Dicer切割,在这一过程进行末端环的切割后形成成熟的miRNAs。miRNAs以互补序列结合靶mRNA,发挥调控作用。研究表明,超过30%的蛋白质编码基因受miRNAs调控。miRNAs的失调和功能障碍与人类疾病有关,miRNAs的异常表达被认为是癌症发生的重要过程。本文就microRNAs在妇科肿瘤发生发展中的研究现状进行综述。

microRNAs在帕金森病发病机制中作用研究进展

帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease)发病机制复杂,多种机制已被证明与帕金森病的病理生理机制有关,如α-突触核蛋白的积累、氧化应激、异常细胞凋亡和神经炎症等。微小RNA(MicroRNA,miRNA)是一种由内源性基因编码的非编码单链RNA分子。在过去的十年里,许多研究报道了miRNA在一系列重要的生命过程中发挥作用。此外,大量的动物模型实验和临床研究也发现了miRNA在帕金森病中的失调,并证明miRNA通过不同的途径在帕金森病的发生发展中发挥了重要作用。本文综述了一些参与帕金森病发生发展的重要miRNAs。

microRNAs调节MAPK信号通路防治骨质疏松症研究进展

骨质疏松症是一种常见的、发病以中老年人群为主的代谢性疾病。随着中国人口老龄化趋势不断加剧,探究骨质疏松症的生理病理进展对防治骨质疏松症及相关并发症的产生具有重大意义。microRNAs作为一种调节因子参与多种骨细胞的代谢调节,在与骨质疏松症密切相关的成骨细胞与破骨细胞分化与生成中起着关键因素,被认为是防治骨质疏松症的重要因子。MAPK信号通路作为与骨质疏松症相关的经典信号通路,对延缓骨质疏松症的进展具有重要的作用。研究表明,药物对microRNAs的调节能够起到防治骨质疏松症的作用,并与MAPK信号通路间存在联系。本文基于以上背景,探讨microRNAs与MAPK信号通路之间的相关性,并与骨质疏松症治疗中密切相关的骨细胞相联系,以期为骨质疏松症的治疗和预防提供更多的理论基础。

Exosomal microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma,expanding research field

In this editorial we comment on the review by Wang et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2023.Small extracellular vesicles(exosomes)play important roles in the tumor microenvironment.In this review,the authors introduce the following points:(1)The composition and function of exosomal microRNAs(miRNAs)of different cell origins in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC);(2)the crosstalk between exosomal miRNAs from stromal cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and the progression of HCC;and(3)the potential applicability of exosomal miRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of HCC.In addition,the potential applicability of exosomal miRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of HCC was introduced.In this review,the authors give us an overview of the exosomal RNA and summarize the function of exosomal RNA in HCC,which provides a deeper understanding of exosomal miRNAs to the readers.

MicroRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment:Charting the path forward

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are recognized for their involvement in the regulation of gene expression and exhibit significant potential in both the prognostic assessment and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).HCC,like other tumors,seldom occurs in isolation;instead,it evolves within a microenvironment featuring oncogenic and tumor-suppressive elements.When combined with suitable delivery vehicles,miRNA technology provides the capability to directly engage with these elements,thereby hindering tumor formation and progression.Ongoing research in this domain holds the promise of enabling a more efficacious and multi-modal treatment approach for HCC in the near future.

MicroRNAs as possible biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatitis b- and c-related-hepatocellularcarcinoma

Aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge about the potential relationship between mi RNAs and hepatitis B virus(HBV)-hepatitis C virus(HCV) related liver diseases. A systematic computerbased search of published articles, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis Statement, was performed to identify relevant studies on usefulness of serum/plasma/urine mi RNAs, as noninvasive biomarkers for early detection of HBV and HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) development, as well as for its prognostic evaluation. The used Medical Subject Headings terms and keywords were: "HBV", "HCV", "hepatocellular carcinoma", "micro RNAs", "mi RNAs", "diagnosis", "prognosis", "therapy", "treatment". Some serum/plasma mi RNAs, including mi R-21, mi R-122, mi-125a/b, mi R-199a/b, mi R-221, mi R-222, mi R-223, mi R-224 might serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis/prognosis of HCC, but, to date, not definitive results or well-defined panels of mi RNAs have been obtained. More well-designed studies, focusing on populations of different geographical areas and involving larger series of patients, should be carried out to improve our knowledge on the potential role of mi RNAs for HCC early detection and prognosis.

MicroRNAs:A novel signature in the metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a malignant epithelial tumor,characterized by squamous cell differentiation,it is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.The increased mortality rate of ESCC patients is predominantly due to the advanced stage of the disease when discovered,coupled with higher risk of metastasis,which is an exceedingly malignant charac-teristic of cancer,frequently leading to a high mortality rate.Unfortunately,there is currently no specific and effective marker to predict and treat metastasis in ESCC.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules,approximately 22 nucleotides in length.miRNAs are vital in modulating gene expression and serve pivotal regulatory roles in the occurrence,progression,and prognosis of cancer.Here,we have examined the literature to highlight the intimate correlations between miRNAs and ESCC metastasis,and show that ESCC metastasis is predominantly regulated or regulated by genetic and epigenetic factors.This review proposes a potential role for miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for metastasis in ESCC metastasis,with the ultimate aim of reducing the mortality rate among patients with ESCC.

靶向严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒2的人工microRNAs设计与思考

动植物人工miRNAs(artificial miRNAs,amiRNAs)在抗病毒感染中发挥重要作用。然而,有关amiRNAs靶向抑制重症急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)的相关研究未见报道。目的:本研究旨在设计靶向SARS-CoV-2的amiRNAs,进一步分析amiRNAs对不同变异株的匹配程度。方法:利用Invitrogen Block-iT RNAi Designer成功设计靶向SARS-CoV-2的amiRNAs。结果:分别命名为amiR-Cov23utr-1、2、3、4;其中amiR-Cov23utr-1、3和4在Omicron BA.5/2022中靶向区域序列十分保守;amiR-Cov23utr-2在Omicron BA.5/2022中的靶点缺失。结论:本研初步设计和分析了靶向SARS-CoV-2的amiRNAs,为后续深入研究amiRNAs抗SARS-CoV-2感染提供了重要基础资料。

MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of schizophrenia and influence of antipsychotic treatment

Chara cterized by positive symptoms(such as changes in behavior or thoughts,including delusions and hallu cinations),negative symptoms(such as apathy,anhedonia,and social withdrawal),and cognitive impairments,schizophrenia is a chro nic,severe,and disabling mental disorder with late adolescence or early adulthood onset,Antipsychotics are the most commonly used drugs to treat schizophrenia,but those currently in use do not fully reverse all three types of symptoms characte rizing this condition.Schizophrenia is frequently misdiagnosed,resulting in a delay of or inappropriate treatment.Abnormal expression of microRNAs is connected to brain development and disease and could provide novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of schizophrenia.The recent studies reviewed included microRNA profiling in blood-and urine-based materials and nervous tissue mate rials.From the studies that had validated the preliminary findings,potential candidate biomarkers for schizophrenia in adults could be miR-22-3p,-30e-5p,-92a-3p,-148b-5p,-181a-3p,-181a-5p,-181b-5p,-199 b-5p,-137 in whole blood,and miR-130b,-193a-3p in blood plasma.Antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia patients was found to modulate the expression of certain microRNAs including miR-130b,-193a-3p,-132,-195,-30e,-432 in blood plasma.Further studies are warranted with adolescents and young adults having schizophrenia and consideration should be given to using animal models of the disorder to investigate the effect of suppressing or overexpressing specific microRNAs.

MicroRNAs in blood and cerebrospinal fluid as diagnostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis and to monitor disease progression

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system.It is the main cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults.Multiple sclerosis mostly affects people aged 20–50 years;however,it can occur in young children and much older adults.Factors identified in the distribution of MS include age,gender,genetics,environment,and ethnic background.Multiple sclerosis is usually associated with progressive degrees of disability.The disease involves demyelination of axons of the central nervous system and causes brain and spinal cord neuronal loss and atrophy.Diagnosing multiple sclerosis is based on a patient’s medical history including symptoms,physical examination,and various tests such as magnetic resonance imaging,cerebrospinal fluid and blood tests,and electrophysiology.The disease course of multiple sclerosis is not well correlated with the biomarkers presently used in clinical practice.Blood-derived biomarkers that can detect and distinguish the different phenotypes in multiple sclerosis may be advantageous in personalized treatment with disease-modifying drugs and to predict response to treatment.The studies reviewed have shown that the expression levels of a large number of miRNAs in peripheral blood,serum,exosomes isolated from serum,and cerebrospinal fluid are altered in multiple sclerosis and can distinguish the disease phenotypes from each other.Further studies are warranted to independently validate these findings so that individual or pairs of miRNAs in serum or cerebrospinal fluid can be used as potential diagnostic markers for adult and pediatric multiple sclerosis and for monitoring disease progression and response to therapy.

Blood microRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers in cerebral ischemic injury

MicroRNAs are a family of small, genome-encoded endogenous RNAs that are transcribed but are not translated into proteins. They serve essential roles in virtually every aspect of brain function, including neurogenesis, neural development, and cellular responses leading to changes in synaptic plasticity. They are also implicated in neurodegeneration and neurological disorders, in responses to hypoxia and ischemia, and in ischemic tolerance induced by ischemic preconditioning. In recent developments, miRNA expres- sion profiling has been examined in stroke, and these studies indicate that miRNAs have emerged as key mediators in ischemic stroke biology. Both increased and decreased miRNA levels may be needed either as prevention or treatment of stroke. Novel approaches are being developed to get miRNA related therapeu- tics into the brain across an intact blood-brain barrier, including chemical modification, use of targeting molecules and methods to disrupt the blood-brain barrier.

microRNAs对脑出血后神经炎症影响的研究进展

脑出血后所释放的大量内源性物质和血液中的毒性成分可加剧炎性反应和神经缺损,严重影响脑出血患者预后。microRNAs水平在脑出血后发生变化,可通过多种机制调控神经炎症的功能。文章综述归纳总结了microRNAs对脑出血后神经炎症影响的研究进展,旨在为出血性中风患者发现更有效的治疗方法。A large number of endogenous substances and toxic components in blood released after intracerebral hemorrhage can aggravate inflammatory reaction and neurological damage, which seriously affect the prognosis of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. The level of microRNAs changes after intracerebral hemorrhage, which can regulate the function of neuroinflammation through various mechanisms. This review summarizes the research progress of the effect of microRNAs on neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage in order to find more effective treatment methods for patients with hemorrhagic stroke.