Effect of Different Vegetation Types on the Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community Structure in the Loess Plateau of China

The Loess Plateau in China is one of the most eroded areas in the world. Accordingly, vegetation restoration has been implemented in this area over the past two decades to remedy the soil degradation problem. Understanding the microbial community structure is essential for the sustainability of ecosystems and for the reclamation of degraded arable land. This study aimed to determine the effect of different vegetation types on microbial processes and community structure in rhizosphere soils in the Loess Plateau. The six vegetation types were as follows：two natural grassland （Artemisia capillaries and Heteropappus altaicus）, two artificial grassland （Astragalus adsurgens and Panicum virgatum）, and two artificial shrubland （Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides） species. The microbial community structure and functional diversity were examined by analyzing the phospholipid fatty acids （PLFAs） and community-level physiological profiles. The results showed that rhizosphere soil sampled from the H. altaicus and A. capillaries plots had the highest values of microbial biomass C, average well color development of carbon resources, Gram-negative （G-） bacterial PLFA, bacterial PLFA, total PLFA, Shannon richness, and Shannon evenness, as well as the lowest metabolic quotient. Soil sampled from the H. rhamnoides plots had the highest metabolic quotient and Gram-positive （G＋） bacterial PLFA, and soil sampled from the A. adsurgens and A. capillaries plots had the highest fungal PLFA and fungal：bacterial PLFA ratio. Correlation analysis indicated a signiifcant positive relationship among the microbial biomass C, G- bacterial PLFA, bacterial PLFA, and total PLFA. In conclusion, plant species under arid climatic conditions signiifcantly affected the microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil. Among the studied plants, natural grassland species generated the most favorable microbial conditions.

Soil microbial community composition and its driving factors in alpine grasslands along a mountain elevational gradient

Understanding the vertical distribution patterns of soil microbial community and its driving factors in alpine grasslands in the humid regions of the Tibet Plateau might be of great significance for predicting the soil microbial community of this type of vegetation in response to environmental change. Using phospholipid fatty acids （PLFA）, we investigated soil microbial community composition along an elevational gradient （3094-4131 m above sea level） on Mount Yajiageng, and we explored the impact of plant functional groups and soil chemistry on the soil microbial community. Except for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi （AM fungi） biomarker 18：2ω6,9 increasing significantly, other biomarkers did not show a consistent trend with the elevational gradient. Microbial biomass quantified by total PLFAs did not show the elevational trend and had mean values ranging from 1.64 to 4.09 ktmol per g organic carbon （OC）, which had the maximum value at the highest site. Bacterial PLFAs exhibited a similar trend with total PLFAs, and its mean values ranged from 0.82 to 1.81 μmol （g OC）-1. The bacterial to fungal biomass ratios had the minimum value at the highest site, which might be related to temperature and soil total nitrogen （TN）. The ratios of Gram-negative to Gram-positive bacteria had a significantly negative correlation with soil TN and had the maximum value at the highest site. Leguminous plant coverage and soil TN explained 58% of the total variation in the soil microbial community and could achieve the same interpretation as the whole model. Other factors may influence the soil microbial community through interaction with leguminous plant coverage and soil TN. Soil chemistry and plant functional group composition in substantial amounts explained different parts of the variation within the soil microbial community, and the interaction between them had no impact on the soil microbial community maybe beeause long-term grazing greatly reduces litter. In sum, although there were obvious differences in soil microbial communities along the elevation gradient, there were no clear elevational trends found in general. Plant functional groups and soil chemistry respectively affect the different aspects of soil microbial community. Leguminous plant coverage and soil TN had important effects in shaping soil microbial community.

Effect of Lanthanum on Major Microbial Populations in Red Soil

Pure culture and pot culture experiments were carried out to study the effect of lanthanum (La) on bacteria, actinomyces and fungus, and some microbial physiological groups , nitrifier, azotobacter and phos- phobacteria, in a red soil taken form the Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangxi Province. LaCl3 was added into media at levels of 0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 500 mg L-1 in the pure culture experiment, and into soil samples in porcelain pots before rice growing at levels of 0, 6, 30, 150, 300, 600 and 900 mg kg-1 dry soil in the pot culture experiment. The populations of the three soil microbes in the pure culture experiment decreased with the addition level of La, indicating that La was toxic to the soil microbes in pure culture, and the sensitivity of the 3 major microbial types to La was in a decreasing order of actinomyces > bacteria > fungus. In the pot experiment, La had slightly stimulative effect on soil bacteria and actinomyces when applied at low concentrations while had inhibitory effect on soil bacteria, actinomyces and fungus at high concentrations. When the concentration of La was low, soil azotobacter was stimulated slightly while soil nitrifier was stimulated strongly and the maximum increase was up to 50%. When the concentration of La was high, both soil azotobacter and nitrifier were inhibited, and the inhibition of La to the nitrifier increased with La concentration. La added at all the levels had stimulative effect on soil inorganic and organic phosphobatteria. Among the 4 physiological groups, soil nitrifier was most sensitive to La, so , it might be reasonable to assume that soil nitrifier was a sensitive indicator for evaluating the biological and environmental effects of rare earths.

Assessment of organic compost and biochar in promoting phytoremediation of crude-oil contaminated soil using Calendula officinalis in the Loess Plateau, China

The Loess Plateau,located in Gansu Province,is an important energy base in China because most of the oil and gas resources are distributed in Gansu Province.In the last 40 a,ecological environment in this region has been extremely destroyed due to the over-exploitation of crude-oil resources.Remediation of crude-oil contaminated soil in this area remains to be a challenging task.In this study,in order to elucidate the effects of organic compost and biochar on phytoremediation of crude-oil contaminated soil(20 g/kg)by Calendula officinalis,we designed five treatments,i.e.,natural attenuation(CK),planted C.officinalis only(P),planted C.officinalis with biochar amendment(PB),planted C.officinalis with organic compost amendment(PC),and planted C.officinalis with co-amendment of biochar and organic compost(PBC).After 152 d of cultivation,total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPH)removal rates of CK,P,PB,PC and PBC were 6.36%,50.08%,39.58%,73.10%and 59.87%,respectively.Shoot and root dry weights of C.officinalis significantly increased by 172.31%and 80.96%under PC and 311.61%and 145.43%under PBC,respectively as compared with P(P<0.05).Total chlorophyll contents in leaves of C.officinalis under P,PC and PBC significantly increased by 77.36%,125.50%and 79.80%,respectively(P<0.05)as compared with PB.Physical-chemical characteristics and enzymatic activity of soil in different treatments were also assessed.The highest total N,total P,available N,available P and SOM(soil organic matter)occurred in PC,followed by PBC(P<0.05).C.officinalis rhizospheric soil dehydrogenase(DHA)and polyphenol oxidase(PPO)activities in PB were lower than those of other treatments(P<0.05).The values of ACE(abundance-based coverage estimators)and Chao 1 indices for rhizospheric bacteria were the highest under PC followed by PBC,P,PB and CK(P<0.05).However,the Shannon index for bacteria was the highest under PC and PBC,followed by P,PB and CK(P<0.05).In terms of soil microbial community composition,Proteiniphilum,Immundisolibacteraceae and Solimonadaceae were relatively more abundant under PC and PBC.Relative abundances of Pseudallescheria,Ochroconis,Fusarium,Sarocladium,Podospora,Apodus,Pyrenochaetopsis and Schizothecium under PC and PBC were higher,while relative abundances of Gliomastix,Aspergillus and Alternaria were lower under PC and PBC.As per the nonmetric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)analysis,application of organic compost significantly promoted soil N and P contents,shoot length,root vitality,chlorophyll ratio,total chlorophyll,abundance and diversity of rhizospheric soil microbial community in C.officinalis.A high p H value and lower soil N and P contents induced by biochar,altered C.officinalis rhizospheric soil microbial community composition,which might have restrained its phytoremediation efficiency.The results suggest that organic compost-assisted C.officinalis phytoremediation for crude-oil contaminated soil was highly effective in the Loess Plateau,China.

Effects of Bacterial-Feeding Nematode Grazing and Tea Saponin Addition on the Enhanced Bioremediation of Pyrene-Contaminated Soil Using Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterial Strain

As one of the most widely distributed bacterial predators in the soil, the role of bacterivorous nematodes on the enhanced bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils is crucial, but remains to be investigated.A microcosm-level study was conducted to examine the effects of bacterial-feeding nematode grazing and tea saponin(TS) addition on bioremediation of a pyrene-contaminated soil enhanced by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)-degrading bacterial strain Sphingobium sp.PHE9.After 180 d of incubation, the highest pyrene dissipation(71.3%) was achieved through a combination of Sphingobium sp.PHE9 inoculation with nematode and TS addition.Meanwhile, high counts of culturable PAH-degrading bacteria, soil enzyme activity, and biodiversity indices were observed under the combined treatment, implying that the microbiological function of the contaminated soil was significantly restored.Additionally, the results of Tenax~ extraction with the first-order three-compartment model indicated that rate-limiting factors varied among treatments.The lack of degrading microorganisms was the main rate-limiting factor for the treatments involving TS/nematode addition, and inadequate bioaccessible pyrene was the vital rate-limiting factor in the treatments involving Sphingobium sp.PHE9 inoculation.The proposed combined clean-up strategy proved to be a promising bioremediation technology for aged pyrene-contaminated soils.

铅锌银尾矿污染区土壤微生物区系及主要生理类群研究

通过现场采样及室内培养分析,研究了浙江省天台铅锌银尾矿污染区土壤微生物区系组成及主要生理类群。结果表明,尾矿污染区土壤几种重金属含量比非矿区土壤有明显的增加。尾矿区土壤微生物区系组成和各生理类群发生了明显变化,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌以及各生理类群数量均显著降低,且三大微生物以及各生理类群对尾矿污染的敏感性大小分别表现为放线菌>细菌>真菌,自生固氮菌>氨化细菌>硝化细菌>反硝化细菌>纤维分解菌。可见,土壤中微生物区系组成及参与物质转化的生理类群种类、数量及变动在一定程度上可反映该尾矿污染区生境的重金属污染特征及其生态功能的演变规律。

浙江天台山不同林型土壤环境的微生物区系和细菌生理群的多样性

研究了天台山 8种土壤环境的微生物区系 ,细菌生理群分布、组成和多样性。结果表明 :黄山松林、竹林和云锦杜鹃林土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量较多 ,而柳杉林土壤中较少。微生物数量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量以及土壤凋落物的关系较大。每种土壤环境的细菌、真菌和放线菌占微生物总量的比例为 :细菌数量最多 ,放线菌居中 ,真菌较少。土壤细菌生理群在天台山 8种土壤环境中的分布有较大的差异。好气纤维素分解菌、好气固氮菌、氨化细菌、有机磷分解菌、无机磷分解菌在 8种土壤环境中均占有较大的比例 ,是每种土壤环境的优势菌群 ,而反硝化细菌和反硫化细菌在每种土壤环境中占有的数量比例均相对较小 ,处于次要地位。七子花林、竹林、云锦杜鹃林和日本花柏林土壤细菌生理群的Simpson指数和Shannon Wiener指数均较小 ,柳杉林、茶园、金钱松林、黄山松林土壤细菌生理群的Simpson指数和Shannon Wiener指数相对较大。

Cd胁迫下油菜土壤微生物区系及主要生理类群研究

在实验室条件下,用传统的微生物培养法,研究了不同浓度的外源重金属Cd对油菜土壤微生物区系及主要生理类群的影响。结果表明,Cd对油菜土壤微生物的影响随微生物区系或生理类群、培养时间和Cd浓度的不同而不同。前期Cd对好氧细菌有刺激作用,后期有抑制作用;浓度为0.5和5.0mg.kg-1的Cd对放线菌没有影响,浓度为1.0和3.0mg.kg-1的Cd对放线菌有刺激作用,浓度为10mg.kg-1的Cd对放线菌有抑制作用;Cd对真菌的影响比对好氧细菌和放线菌的影响要小得多;Cd对自生固氮菌和反硝化细菌主要表现为刺激作用;Cd对纤维素分解菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌的作用随培养时间、Cd浓度的不同分别表现出不影响、刺激和抑制。总体来讲,Cd对各微生物指标表现出随浓度的变化没有连续性。油菜土壤的硝化细菌可以有效地表征油菜土壤Cd污染的程度和Cd污染时间的长短;油菜土壤反硝化细菌可以反映Cd浓度在3～10mg.kg-1之间污染的程度。本研究反映了油菜土壤的重金属Cd污染的生态特征。

黄瓜连作对土壤微生物区系的影响Ⅰ——基于可培养微生物种群的数量分析

利用平板培养法对黄瓜连作根系微生物种群连续性变化进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,黄瓜连作导致土壤可培养微生物数量减少,其中细菌数量降低最为明显,对连作表现出较高的敏感性,根际根外细菌数目减幅分别在第三、四茬时达显著水平。放线菌数量对黄瓜连作反应较小,根际到第四茬减幅才达到了显著水平,而根外在连作四茬过程中均未达显著水平。黄瓜连作致使少数真菌种群富集,同时多种真菌类群数量减少,种群变化呈现单一化趋势。根际土壤微生物主要生理群分析表明,连作导致根际自生固氮菌与好气性纤维素分解菌数目明显下降,硝化细菌数量大幅增加,而氨化细菌数量变化不大。土壤酶活性测定结果表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性随连作茬次增加而降低,脲酶活性稍有上升。

汞污染紫色土中微生物区系及生理类群

以重庆市中性紫色土为材料,通过室内模拟试验及污染现场调查,探索了汞对土壤中微生物区系和各主要生理类群繁育的影响。结果表明,汞对土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌的增殖总体上具有抑制作用;氨化细菌受汞的抑制强烈,当HgCl2浓度为10mg·kg-1时,氨化细菌数量仅为对照的10%;硝化细菌在汞浓度较低时(<50mg·kg-1)生长受抑制,在高浓度汞作用下表现出受刺激;好气性自生固氮菌和纤维素降解菌在汞浓度较低时生长被刺激,而高浓度汞则抑制其增长;以敏感微生物种群数量变化>50%得出供试中性紫色土上汞发生毒害的临界值为5～10mg·kg-1。长期受汞污染的土壤微生物调查显示,细菌和放线菌变化方向与模拟试验结果一致,真菌在重污染区土壤上则产生抗性,而固氮菌能够指示程度较轻的土壤汞污染。

盐池县草地沙漠化过程中土壤微生物的变化

为探讨草地沙化过程中土壤微生物的动态变化,选取盐池县潜在沙漠化草地、轻度沙漠化草地、中度沙漠化草地、重度沙漠化草地和极度沙漠化草地5种不同沙化类型草地为研究对象,通过野外样品采集及室内培养对不同沙化类型草地土壤中0～5cm和5～20cm土层的细菌、真菌、放线菌及硝化细菌、好气性固氮菌和纤维素分解菌3个微生物生理群的数量进行研究。结果表明,随沙化程度的加重,土壤微生物总量、3大菌群数量及微生物各类生理群数量总体呈下降趋势;3大菌类数量为细菌>放线菌>真菌,微生物生理群以好气性固氮菌数量最多;除极度沙漠化草地外,土壤微生物总量,细菌、放线菌数量及各微生物生理群数量均为0～5cm土层高于5～20cm土层;真菌垂直分布表现出与其他菌类不同的特征,在轻度沙漠化草地,真菌数量为0～5cm土层低于5～20cm土层,而在极度沙漠化草地则为0～5cm土层多于5～20cm土层;土壤微生物总量与土壤粘粒、有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾质量分数均呈极显著正相关。

荧光假单胞菌对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤碳氮生理类群和微生物活性的影响

为探讨功能微生物对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤环境质量的影响,以从洞庭湖湿地植物蒌蒿体中分离获得的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)Y5为对象,通过室内培养试验研究其对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤碳氮生理类群和微生物活性的影响。结果表明菌株Y5可明显增加洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的氨化菌、硝化菌、好氧性自生固氮菌、好氧性纤维素分解菌的数量,明显提高洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN),明显降低土壤基础呼吸及代谢墒,从而有利于改善洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的营养状况和环境质量。

免耕对土壤微生物生理类群的群落结构与生态特征的影响

[目的]研究免耕对土壤微生物生理类群的群落结构与生态特征的影响。[方法]用"S"形取样法分别采取0～5、5～10、10～30cm土样,用不同培养基培养各种细菌。用平板法测定自生固氮细菌、有机磷细菌、无机磷细菌、纤维素分解细菌和硅酸盐细菌含量;用稀释法测定氨化细菌、硝化细菌含量。最后计算出群落生态指标H和Ea。[结果]免耕对土壤微生物生理类群的结构组成有一定影响,土壤微生物各生理类群的数量呈现随土层深度的加深而减少的变化趋势;免耕处理下土壤微生物生理类群的多样性与均匀度在0～5和5～10cm土层均明显高于翻耕处理的土层。[结论]免耕可有效地为当季作物提供养分。

水土流失对赤红壤微生物主要生理功能类群的影响

对华南赤红壤丘陵坡地不同侵蚀部位土壤微生物主要生理类群进行了对比分析，结果表明：除解钾菌和纤维素分解菌外，芽孢杆菌、氨化细菌、解有机磷菌和解无机磷菌都随着植被的减少，侵蚀程度的加剧，其数量显著下降；除解钾菌因多个部位未检测到而没有明显垂直分布规律外，其他主要生理类群数量均为表层0～10cm多于10～20cm；水土流失破坏了土壤微生物原有生理类群结构，减弱了微生物在维护与提高土壤质量中的作用。