Construction Method of Ideological and Political Theories Teaching in the Course of Environmental Microbiology for Environmental and Ecological Engineering Major

Environmental Microbiology is a professional basic course in the curriculum system of Environmental and Ecological Engineering major,which follows the requirements of ideological and political theories teaching in the course in higher education,and should be implemented in every course.Therefore,the construction of ideological and political theories teaching in the course should be an important task in the course construction of Environmental Microbiology.In view of the curriculum characteristics of Environmental Microbiology,such as multi-disciplinary feature,wide coverage and rapid development,it is an effective method for the construction of ideological and political theories teaching in the course of Environmental Microbiology by fully tapping the ideological and political elements of the curriculum,such as patriotism,scientific spirit and practical innovation,and integrating the ideological and political theories teaching in the course into the whole curriculum design and classroom teaching construction.

Study of the Effect of Bacterial Resistance Monitoring in Clinical Microbiology Testing

Objective:To observe and analyze the effect of bacterial resistance monitoring in clinical microbiology testing.Methods:600 microbial specimens collected in our hospital in the past year(April 2021 to April 2022)were used as the test subjects of this study.The specimens were divided into Group A(control group)and Group B(research group),with 300 cases in each group.Group A consisted of blood culture specimens,while Group B consisted of sputum specimens.After the tests were completed,the rates of unfavorable and favorable results,bacterial species distribution,and bacterial drug resistance of the specimens in both groups were compared.Results:Among group A specimens,29 cases were positive(9.67%)and 271 cases were negative(90.33%);among group B specimens,99 cases were positive(33.00%)and 201 cases were negative(66.00%);the difference between the two groups of data was statistically significant(P<0.05).As for the distribution of the types of bacteria,there were 472 cases of Gram-negative bacteria and 128 cases of Gram-positive bacteria.Conclusion:Bacterial resistance monitoring is helpful in clinical microbiology testing.Through proper monitoring,bacterial resistance can be well understood.In this way,patients get to receive appropriate treatment measures and suitable antibacterial prescriptions,thereby improving the patient outcome.

Oral Microbiology:Past,Present and Future

Since the initial observations of oral bacteria within dental plaque by van Leeuwenhoek using his primitive microscopes in 1680, an event that is generally recognized as the advent of oral microbiological investigation, oral microbiology has gone through phases of ＂reductionism＂ and ＂holism＂. From the small beginnings of the Miller and Black period, in which microbiologists followed Koch＇s postulates, took the reductionist approach to try to study the complex oral microbial community by analyzing individual species; to the modem era when oral researchers embrace ＂holism＂ or ＂system thinking＂, adopt new concepts such as interspecies interaction, microbial community, biofilms, poly-microbial diseases, oral microbiological knowledge has burgeoned and our ability to identify the resident organisms in dental plaque and decipher the interactions between key components has rapidly increased, such knowledge has greatly changed our view of the oral microbial flora, provided invaluable insight into the etiology of dental and periodontal diseases, opened the door to new approaches and techniques for developing new therapeutic and preventive tools for combating oral polymicrobial diseases.

Microbiology laboratory and the management of motherchild varicella-zoster virus infection

Varicella-zoster virus, which is responsible for varicella(chickenpox) and herpes zoster(shingles), is ubiquitous and causes an acute infection among children, especially those aged less than six years. As 90% of adults have had varicella in childhood, it is unusual to encounter an infected pregnant woman but, if the disease does appear, it can lead to complications for both the mother and fetus or newborn. The major maternal complications include pneumonia, which can lead to death if not treated. If the virus passes to the fetus, congenital varicella syndrome, neonatal varicella(particularly serious if maternal rash appears in the days immediately before or after childbirth) or herpes zoster in the early years of life may occur depending on the time of infection. A Microbiology laboratory can help in the diagnosis and management of mother-child infection at four main times:(1) when a pregnant woman has been exposed to varicella or herpes zoster, a prompt search for specific antibodies can determine whether she is susceptible to, or protected against infection;(2) when a pregnant woman develops clinical symptoms consistent with varicella, the diagnosis is usually clinical, but a laboratory can be crucial if the symptoms are doubtful or otherwise unclear(atypical patterns in immunocompromised subjects, patients with post-vaccination varicella, or subjects who have received immunoglobulins), or if there is a need for a differential diagnosis between varicella and other types of dermatoses with vesicle formation;(3) when a prenatal diagnosis of uterine infection is required in order to detect cases of congenital varicella syndrome after the onset of varicella in the mother; and(4) when the baby is born and it is necessary to confirm a diagnosis of varicella(and its complications), make a differential diagnosis between varicella and other diseases with similar symptoms, or confirm a causal relationship between maternal varicella and malformations in a newborn.

Utilization of multiple "omics" studies in microbial pathogeny for microbiology insights

In the present day,bioinfomiatics becomes the modern science with several advantages.Several new"omics"sciences have been introduced for a few years and those sciences can he applied in biomedical work.Here,the author will summarize and discuss on important applications of omics studies in microbiology focusing on microbial pathogeny.It can be seen that genomics and proteinomics can be well used in this area of biomedical studies.

Viral Contamination Source in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

To understand the potential causes of laboratory-acquired infections and to provide possible solutions that would protect laboratory personnel, samples from a viral laboratory were screened to determine the main sources of contamination with six subtypes of Rhinovirus. Rhinovirus contamination was found in the gloves, cuffs of protective wear, inner surface of biological safety cabinet （BSC） windows, and trash handles. Remarkably, high contamination was found on the inner walls of the centrifuge and the inner surface of centrifuge tube casing in the rotor. Spilling infectious medium on the surface of centrifuge tubes was found to contribute to contamination of centrifuge surfaces. Exposure to sodium hypochlorite containing no less than 0.2 g/L available chlorine decontaminated the surface of the centrifuRe tubes from Rhinovirus after 2 min.

Pathogenesis and Microbiology of Otitis Media with Effusion in Children

Objective: To detect different etiological factors of otitis media with effusion (OME) and different types of microorganisms in middle ear fluids. Methods: This prospective study included 60 patients with otitis media with effusion diagnosed at the otorhinolaryngology (ENT) outpatient clinic with age ranged from 2 to 16 years, 36 males and 24 females. Results: Predisposing factors of OME were rhinosinusitis in 58.3% of cases, adenoid in 20% of cases, adenotonsillitis in 16.7% of cases and tonsillitis in 5% of cases. Microorganisms in middle ear fluids were negative in 70% of cases, isolation of streptococcus pneumonia in 16.7% of cases, Haemophilus influenzae 6.7% and Moraxella catarrhalis 6.7%. Conclusion: Rhinosinusitis was the most frequent predisposing factor of cases of OME. Positive bacterial culture was found in 30% of cases.

Effects of the Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal by Insect or Algae Meal in Chicken Diets with Graded Amino Acid Supply on Parameters of Gut Microbiology and Dietary Protein Quality

Insects or algae are considered future solutions to substitute imported feed proteins like soybean meal (SBM) in animal nutrition. The objective of this research, as part of the multidisciplinary project “Sustainability transitions”, focused on replacing 50% SBM by partly defatted larvae meal from black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) or the blue-green algae Spirulina platensis in meat type chicken diets. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects on body composition, protein quality, apparent precaecal digestibility (apcD) and parameters of intestinal microbiota. In total, 288 one-day-old male growing chickens (Ross 308) from a commercial hatchery were randomly allotted to 48 pens (6 birds per pen) across five diets, which were fed at a free choice level. The control diet utilized SBM, wheat and corn as main ingredients, and experimental diets replaced 50% of SBM by the alternative proteins under study. Amino acid (AA) supplementation of the final diets was conducted both at a basic level (diets HM, SM;Lys and Met added equal to the control diet) and an extended level of AA fortification (diets HM+, SM+;extended supplementation of Lys, Met, Thr, Arg). After finishing the growth study, 4 individual birds per diet were slaughtered for whole body analyses to derive nutrient utilization and dietary protein quality parameters. Additionally, pooled chyme samples from 16 birds per diet (control, HM and SM) were analyzed to assess apcD and microbial parameters. Diets HM and SM with a basic level of AA fortification led to significant depressions in nutrient deposition and dietary protein quality. However, HM+ and SM+ diets with an extended level of AA supplementation led to significantly improved responses;however these were still generally not on par with the control diet. The HM+ diet provided superior CP deposition and dietary protein quality, as compared to the SM+ diet, but equal to the control diet. Results of gut microbiology yielded no significant effects due to feeding the alternative protein sources under study.

How Liquid Based Microbiology Can Change the Workflow in the Microbiology Laboratories

Liquid-based microbiology (LBM) is the future for the technological development of microbiology laboratories. In particular, the Eswab system (by Copan) simplifies and streamlines specimen collection and represents the only liquid system supporting the recovery of all types of bacteria (aerobic, anaerobic, and fastidious bacteria). In addition, LBM offers advantages in the efficiency of microorganism recovery and ease of sampling, transport, and storage. LBM also allows the introduction of true automation in the laboratory: either by using Copan ? (Walk-Away Specimen Processor) or any other commercially available specimen processor that utilizes LBM. In this paper, we illustrate how LBM can positively change laboratory workflow by illustrating several years of our experience with LBM. LBM allows clinical specimen optimization and has several important advantages: cost reduction (due to the smaller number of different devices used), time savings for medical or nursing staff (less confusion in collection device selection and fewer samples being collected), time savings for laboratory staff (fewer samples to access and handle for individual investigations), and patient comfort improvement (multiple sample collection can be avoided). A unique collection device for several investigations also guarantees quality due to the uniformity of the sample and standardization of procedures.

A Study of Application of Multimedia Virtual Simulation Teaching Method in Microbiology Experiments

In view of the problems existing in medical microbiology experiment teaching, the feasibility of applying virtual simulation technology to medical microbiology experiment teaching was discussed in this paper. Virtual technology and reality teaching can be effectively combined to give full play to the advantages of virtual platform, so as to continuously deepen the reform of medical microbiology experimental teaching, enrich the hands of basic medical education, advocate innovative experimental reform with students as the main body, mobilize students' initiative, enthusiasm and creativity, and stimulate students' innovative thinking and innovative consciousness, which can lay a solid foundation for training high-quality and high-skilled innovative medical professionals in colleges and universities.

INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY CHINESE ACADEMY OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

The Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology was established in 1953.It hasaround 400 staff and 18 departments,namely,the Departments of Hemorrhagic Fever,Genetic Engineering,Brucellosis,Leptospirosis,Immunology,Biochemistry,Plague,AIDS Surveillance,EPI Evaluation,Diarrhoea,Rickettsiosis,Microbiology,Meningitis,Vector Biology and Control,Disinfection,Epidemiology,Social

Interim proposal for collecting and handling of microbiology specimens from patients with COVID‐19 in general hospitals

1|INTRODUCTION Accurate pathogenic testing is essential for early diag-nosis and precise treatment of COVID‐19,and correct specimen collection and handling is vital for accurate diagnosis[1].With the continuing mutations,the pathogenicity of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS‐CoV‐2)has gradually decreased,so the management of COVID‐19 in China has been down-graded to Class B(http://www.nhc.gov.cn).Infections with different SARS‐CoV‐2 variants produce variable clinical manifestations,and the types of specimens vary accordingly[2].The purpose of developing this guideline was to standardize the process of specimen collection and handling for microbiological testing from patients with confirmed or suspected COVID‐19 to avoid incorrect diagnosis and treatment.

英文教材Prescott’s Microbiology的特点及其发展

Mc Graw-Hill Education出版的Prescott’s Microbiology从1990年第1版至今已有近26年,历经了两代作者更替,迄今已出版了10版。该书是在国际上使用较为广泛的微生物学教材,其内容和版本每三年更新一次,力求及时反映学科前沿水平的新知识、新技术。其内容丰富,精深广博;版式编排设计以读者(学生)需求为本;编排合理,结构灵活;图片精美,设计感强;配套教学资源系统完善。对该教材进行深入的研究,了解其体系、知识结构和内容等,对加强我国高校教材建设具有重要借鉴作用。

Novel milestones for early esophageal carcinoma:From bench to bed

Esophageal cancer(EC)is the seventh most common cancer worldwide,and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)accounts for the majority of cases of EC.To effectively diagnose and treat ESCC and improve patient prognosis,timely diagnosis in the initial phase of the illness is necessary.This article offers a detailed summary of the latest advancements and emerging technologies in the timely identification of ECs.Molecular biology and epigenetics approaches involve the use of molecular mechanisms combined with fluorescence quanti-tative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),high-throughput sequencing technology(next-generation sequencing),and digital PCR technology to study endogenous or exogenous biomolecular changes in the human body and provide a decision-making basis for the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of diseases.The invest-igation of the microbiome is a swiftly progressing area in human cancer research,and microorganisms with complex functions are potential components of the tumor microenvironment.The intratumoral microbiota was also found to be connected to tumor progression.The application of endoscopy as a crucial technique for the early identification of ESCC has been essential,and with ongoing advancements in technology,endoscopy has continuously improved.With the advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,the utilization of AI in the detection of gastrointestinal tumors has become increasingly prevalent.The implementation of AI can effectively resolve the discrepancies among observers,improve the detection rate,assist in predicting the depth of invasion and differentiation status,guide the pericancerous margins,and aid in a more accurate diagnosis of ESCC.

Anti-infection mechanism of a novel dental implant made of titanium-copper(TiCu)alloy and its mechanism associated with oral microbiology

This work was focused on study of anti-infection ability and its underlying mechanism of a novel dental implant made of titanium-copper(TiCu)alloy.In general,most studies on antibacterial implants have used a single pathogen to test their anti-infection ability using infectious animal models.However,dental implant-associated infections are polymicrobial diseases.We innovatively combine the classic ligature model in dogs with sucrose-rich diets to induce oral infections via the canine native oral bacteria.The anti-infection ability,biocompatibility and underlying mechanism of TiCu implant were systematically investigated in comparison with pure Ti implant via general inspection,hematology,imageology(micro-CT),microbiology(16S rDNA and metagenome),histology,and Cu ion detections.Compared with Ti implant,TiCu implant demonstrated remarkable anti-infection potentials with excellent biocompatibility.Additionally,the underlying anti-infection mechanism of TiCu implant was considered to involve maintaining the oral microbiota homeostasis.It was found that the carbohydrates in the plaques formed on the surface of TiCu implant were metabolized through the tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA)cycles,which prevented the formation of an acidic microenvironment and inhibited the accumulation of acidogens and pathogens,thereby maintaining the microflora balance between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

Determining the utility of standard hospital microbiology testing: Comparing standard microbiology cultures with DNA sequence analysis in patients with chronic sinusitis

Objective:To demonstrate DNA sequencing analysis (DNAsa) of sinus cultures in patients with CRS is a reliable method of detecting pathogens in polymicrobial CRS infections.Methods:After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval for this prospective cohort study,we selected a random sample of 50 patients with CRS at Medstar Georgetown University Hospital between September 2016 and March 2017.We defined CRS as a history of rhinosinusitis refractory to maximal medical therapy and prior endoscopic sinus surgery.Patients demonstrating active purulence in a sinus cavity were prospectively selected to undergo standard hospital cultures (SHC) and DNAsa cultures.Organisms identified in both methods were compared for each patient.Results:Specimens were obtained from 29 female and 16 male patients with a mean age of 50 years.A total of 45 cultures were included in our final analysis;five cultures were excluded after inappropriate laboratory processing.Results from these patients were compared and analyzed.Cohen's weighted kappa analysis showed agreement between the two testing methods in identifying predominant microorganisms.DNAsa detected 31.9% more microorganisms compared to SHC (P < 0.05).When multiple microorganisms were detected,DNAsa yielded more positive results compared to SHC (P < 0.05).Conclusions:DNAsa detects all microorganisms identified by SHC as well as predominant microorganisms not detected by SHC.Thus molecular pathogen identification may be more reliable for identifying multiple microorganisms as compared to standard culture techniques that identify only one or two microorganisms.In recalcitrant cases of CRS,DNAsa may provide better guidance in selection of appropriate antimicrobial treatment.

Development and optimization of integrated course of medical microbiology and parasitology

The course of medical microbiology and parasitology is integrated with medical microbiology and human parasitology. It is an important basic medical course. Efficient utilization of existing teaching resources and promotion of further integration are actual requirements of the teaching reform. Integration experience of this course in recent years are summarized in this paper,from the aspects of teaching modes,teaching resources,evaluation system,and management measures,we concluded how to construct and optimize this course. We also focus on the encountered problems and countermeasures in the construction of the curriculum in this paper,so as to provide strategic guidance for the further development of medical microbiology and parasitology.

Enterococcus:review of its physiology,pathogenesis,diseases and the challenges it poses for clinical microbiology

The genus Enterococcus is composed of 38 species,the most important of which are Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium-both human intestinal colonizers.Hospitals within the United States and around the world commonly isolate these bacteria because they are a cause of bacteremia,urinary tract infections(UTIs),endocarditis,wound infections,meningitis,intraabdominal and pelvic infections,and nosocomial and iatrogenic infections.Given the ubiquity of enterococci within the human population,it is important for laboratories to be able to distinguish these agents within hospitalized patients from other bacterial genera and also differentiate different species within the Enterococcus genus as well as different strains within each species.Unfortunately,the enterococci are emerging as serious pathogens in both the developed world,where surveillance needs to be improved and speciation procedures are inadequate or cumbersome,and in developing nations,which lack the trained hospital personnel or funding to sufficiently identify enterococci to the genus or species level.This review explores the Enterococcus genus and highlights some of the concerns for national and international clinical microbiology laboratories.

Tier-based approach to establish a culture of biosafety at a medical microbiology research laboratory in Egypt

Microbiology Research Laboratory(MRL)is a biosafety level-2(BSL-2)research laboratory located at the main campus of Faculty of Medicine,Ain Shams University(ASU)in Cairo.With the objective of strengthening the departmental capacities of biosafety,a series of activities were carried out between October 2019,and January 2020 to raise awareness,along with instilling standard biosafety practices and procedures among laboratory staff including non-health professions.MRL staff were categorized according to their biosafety knowledge into three tiers:tier(1):with zero to minimal knowledge,tier(2):with basic knowledge,tier(3):with satisfactory knowledge.Tier based activities were designed to align with their job responsibilities.Results:44 selected laboratory staff were trained on biosafety practices:12 from tier(1),19 from tier(2)and 13 constituted tier(3).Through regular follow-ups,the impact of the implemnted training plan was reflected on the practices and knowledge of all laboratory staff.Knowledge among health professions has increased by 60%.Furthermore,6 staff members have granted a biosafety certification by International Federation of Biosafety Association(IFBSA).Conclusion:establishing a culture of biosafety within microbiology research laboratories is integral to safe research practices.Together with developing local and national biosafety regulations and policies will ensure research advancement without compromising public health or environmental safety.

《Journal of Microbiology and Immunology》变更出版单位的通告

《Journal of Microbiology and Immunology》(中华微生物学和免疫学杂志英文版)的出版单位变更。自2007年7月1日起该杂志的相关事宜请与中华医学会杂志社联系。