Study on the application of optical interferometry in the measurement of the coating thickness of color-coated plates

The principle and application of optical interferometry to measure the coating thickness of color-coated plates were introduced in this paper.Additionally,several factors affecting the test results,including coating refractive index,wavelength range,and film thickness range setting,were analyzed.Among these,the refractive index of the color coating,which cannot be measured directly,was identified as the key factor.A solution to this problem was proposed.Finally,the optical interference method and the current detection methods,including the micrometer method and the magnetic eddy current method,were analyzed and compared.The results show that optical interferometry has better repeatability and reproducibility than the current methods and show no significant difference from the current methods through statistical tests.Therefore,the method can be applied to the detection of the coating thickness of color-coated plates.

Improvement of Temperature Drop Model Parameters for 4200mm/3500mm Rolling of Baosteel Medium and Thick Plate

Based on the temperature situation during the rolling process of 4200 mm/3500 mm medium and thick plates at Baosteel,this article analyzes the influencing factors of temperature changes during the rolling process from the perspective of heat transfer theory and the temperature change law during the rolling process.The temperature loss during the four rolling processes is tracked on site,and the temperature drop model parameters during the rolling process of 4200mm/3500mm medium and thick plates at Baosteel are quantitatively provided.It is applied to actual rolling production and has achieved good results.

无界域上具有记忆的非自治Plate方程随机吸引子的存在性

研究无界域上一类具有衰退记忆和加性噪声的非自治Plate方程解的长时间行为.利用一致估计验证了解的拉回渐近紧性,获得了其随机吸引子的存在性.

Anisotropy of mechanical properties of 2297-T87 Al–Li alloy thick plates

The tensile properties of 2297-T87 Al–Li alloy thick plates at different thickness position and in different direction were analyzed via tensile testing,optical microscopy(OM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Results indicated that the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and yield strength(YS)of the alloy decreased firstly and then increased from the 1/8T position to the 1/2T position,whereas elongation to failure(Ef)decreased gradually such that its value along the rolling direction(RD)was higher than those along the transverse direction(TD)at the same thickness position.From the 1/8T position to the 3/8T position of the alloy,the UTS and YS along the TD were higher than those along the RD.At the 1/2T position of the alloy,the UTS,YS,and Ef along the RD were the highest,whereas those along the normal direction(ND)were the lowest.Microstructural observations further revealed that the anisotropy of tensile properties was related to grain morphology,crystal texture,second-phase particles,and Li atom segregation.

An innovative joint interface design for reducing intermetallic compounds and improving joint strength of thick plate friction stir welded Al/Mg joints

Friction stir welding of dissimilar Al/Mg thick plates still faces severe challenges, such as poor formability, formation of thick intermetallic compounds, and low joint strength. In this work, two joint configurations, namely inclined butt(conventional butt) and serrated interlocking(innovative butt), are proposed for improving weld formation and joint quality. The results show that a continuous and straight intermetallic compound layer appears at the Mg side interface in conventional butt joint, and the maximum average thickness reaches about 60.1 μm.Additionally, the Mg side interface also partially melts, forming a eutectic structure composed of Mg solid solution and Al_(12)Mg_(17) phase.For the innovative butt joint, the Mg side interface presents the curved interlocking feature, and intermetallic compounds can be reduced to less than 10 μm. The joint strength of innovative butt joint is more than three times that of conventional butt joint. This is due to the interlocking effect and thin intermetallic compounds in the innovative joint.

A theory for three-dimensional response of micropolar plates

Through combined applications of the transfer-matrix method and asymptotic expansion technique,we formulate a theory to predict the three-dimensional response of micropolar plates.No ad hoc assumptions regarding through-thickness assumptions of the field variables are made,and the governing equations are two-dimensional,with the displacements and microrotations of the mid-plane as the unknowns.Once the deformation of the mid-plane is solved,a three-dimensional micropolar elastic field within the plate is generated,which is exact up to the second order except in the boundary region close to the plate edge.As an illustrative example,the bending of a clamped infinitely long plate caused by a uniformly distributed transverse force is analyzed and discussed in detail.

High-Velocity Projectile Impact Behaviour of Friction Stir Welded AA7075 Thick Plates

In this study, high velocity impact behaviour of friction stir welded AA7075-T651 25 mm thick plates were investigated using a 7.62 mm × 51 mm lead core and 7.62 mm × 39 mm steel core projectiles. Prior to ballistic trails, mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction stir welded AA 7075-T651 25 mm thick plates were studied. Microstructural and hardness studies revealed that friction stir welds constituted three distinct regions namely Weld Nugget(WN), Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone(TMAZ) and Heat Affected Zone(HAZ). Base Material(BM) and all three weld regions were ballistically tested as per military standard NIJ.0108.01 using lead and steel core bullets at maximum permissible velocities of 830 ± 20 and 700 ± 30 m/s, respectively. It has been found that base material(AA7075-T651)and all three weld regions of 25 mm thick plates were able to resist perforation by both types of projectiles used. However depth of penetration has been found to increase from BM to WN, HAZ and TMAZ for both types of projectiles. In all cases steel core projectiles caused higher depth of penetration compared to those caused by lead core projectiles. TMAZs of the friction stir welds were found to be the weakest zone. The fracture that occurred in the base material was spall fragmentation indicating brittle failure, whereas all zones of friction stir welded AA7075-T651 targets with a front petalling, indicating ductile failure. The post-ballistic tested samples showed no significant change in the microstructure of the BM and WN. On the other hand, TMAZ and HAZ showed severe grain deformation in the direction of projectile penetration, and the formation of adiabatic shear bands(ASB). This work showed that 25 mm thick friction stir welded AA7075-T651 joints responded well to ballistic impact loads, making them a good choice for light combat vehicles.

Natural vibration of cantilever porous twisted plate with variable thickness in different directions

In this paper,the blade is assumed to be a rotating variable thickness cantilever twisted plate structure,and the natural vibrations of variable thickness cantilever twisted plate made of metal porous material are studied.It is assumed that the thickness of the plate changes along spanwise direction and chordwise direction,respectively,and it changes in both directions.The classical thin shell theory,the first and second fundamental forms of surface and von Karman geometric relationship are employed to derive the total potential energy and kinetic energy of the cantilever twisted plate,in which the centrifugal force potential due to high rotational speed is included.Then,according to the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure and applying the polynomial functions which satisfy the cantilever boundary conditions,the dynamic system expressed by equations of motion is reduced to an eigenvalue problem.By numerical simulation,the frequency curves and the mode shapes of the twisted plate can be obtained to reveal the internal connection between natural vibration and the parameters.A series of comparison studies are performed to verify the accuracy of the present formulation and calculations,in which compared data come from experimental,finite element method and theoretical calculation,respectively.The influence of pre-twist angle,three different forms of thickness taper ratio and rotational speed on natural vibration,mode exchange and frequency veering phenomenon of the system is discussed in detail.In addition,the approach proposed here can efficiently extract analytical expressions of mode functions for rotating variable thickness cantilever twisted plate structures.

A Dynamic Coupling of Ocean and Plate Motion

Plate motion representing a remarkable Earth process is widely attributed to several primary forces such as ridge push and slab pull. Recently, we have presented that the ocean water pressure against the wall of continents may generate enormous force on continents. Continents are physically fixed on the top of the lithosphere that has been already broken into individual plates, this attachment enables the force to be laterally transferred to the lithospheric plates. In this study, we combine the force and the existing plate driving forces (i.e., ridge push, slab pull, collisional, and shearing) to account for plate motion. We show that the modelled movements for the South American, African, North American, Eurasian, Australian, Pacific plates are well agreement with the observed movements in both speed and azimuth, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the modelled speed against the observed speed of 0.91, 3.76, 2.77, 2.31, 7.43, and 1.95 mm/yr, respectively.

Identification of the Caroline Plate boundary:constraints from magnetic anomaly

The Caroline Plate is located among the Pacific Plate,the Philippine Sea Plate,and the India Australia Plate,and plays a key role in controlling the spreading direction of the Philippine Sea Plate.The Caroline Submarine Plateau(or Caroline Ridge)and the Eauripik Rise on the south formed a remarkable T-shaped large igneous rock province,which covered the northern boundary between the Caroline Plate and the Pacific Plate.However,relationship between these tectonic units and magma evolution remains unclear.Based on magnetic data from the Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid(2-arc-minute resolution)(V2),the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative(NVDR-THDR)technique was used to study the boundary of the Caroline Plate.Results show that the northern boundary is a transform fault that runs 1400 km long in approximately 28 km wide along the N8°in E-W direction.The eastern boundary is an NNW-SSE trending fault zone and subduction zone with a width of tens to hundreds of kilometers;and the north of N4°is a fracture zone of dense faults.The southeastern boundary may be the Lyra Trough.The area between the southwestern part of the Caroline Plate and the Ayu Trough is occupied by a wide shear zone up to 100 km wide in nearly S-N trending in general.The Eauripik transform fault(ETF)in the center of the Caroline Plate and the fault zones in the east and west basins are mostly semi-parallel sinistral NNW-SSE–trending faults,which together with the eastern boundary Mussau Trench(MT)sinistral fault,the northern Caroline transform fault(CTF),and the southern shear zone of the western boundary,indicates the sinistral characteristics of the Caroline Plate.The Caroline hotspot erupted in the Pacific Plate near the CTF and formed the west Caroline Ridge,and then joined with the Caroline transform fault at the N8°.A large amount of magma erupted along the CTF,by which the east Caroline Ridge was formed.At the same time,a large amount of magma developed southward via the eastern branch of the ETF,forming the northern segment of the Eauripik Rise.Therefore,the magmatic activity of the T-shaped large igneous province is obviously related to the fault structure of the boundary faults between the Caroline Plate and Pacific Plate,and the active faults within the Caroline Plate.

Generative optimization of bistable plates with deep learning

Bistate plates have found extensive applications in the domains of smart structures and energy harvesting devices.Most bistable curved plates are characterized by a constant thickness profile.Regrettably,due to the inherent complexity of this problem,relatively little attention has been devoted to this area.In this study,we demonstrate how deep learning can facilitate the discovery of novel plate profiles that cater to multiple objectives,including maximizing stiffness,forward snapping force,and backward snapping force.Our proposed approach is distinguished by its efficiency in terms of low computational energy consumption and high effectiveness.It holds promise for future applications in the design and optimization of multistable structures with diverse objectives,addressing the requirements of various fields.

Imaging plate scanners calibration and the attenuation behavior of imaging plate signals

Based on previously reported work, we propose a new method for calibrating image plate(IP) scanners, offering greater flexibility and convenience, which can be extended to the calibration tasks of various scanner models. This method was applied to calibrate the sensitivity of a GE Typhoon FLA 7000 scanner. Additionally, we performed a calibration of the spontaneous signal attenuation behavior for BAS-MS, BAS-SR, and BAS-TR type IPs under the 20±1℃ environmental conditions, and observed significant signal carrier diffusion behavior in BAS-MS IP. The calibration results lay a foundation for further research on the interaction between ultra-short, ultra-intense lasers and matter.

Modeling Geometrically Nonlinear FG Plates: A Fast and Accurate Alternative to IGA Method Based on Deep Learning

Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is known to showadvanced features compared to traditional finite element approaches.Using IGA one may accurately obtain the geometrically nonlinear bending behavior of plates with functionalgrading (FG). However, the procedure is usually complex and often is time-consuming. We thus put forward adeep learning method to model the geometrically nonlinear bending behavior of FG plates, bypassing the complexIGA simulation process. A long bidirectional short-term memory (BLSTM) recurrent neural network is trainedusing the load and gradient index as inputs and the displacement responses as outputs. The nonlinear relationshipbetween the outputs and the inputs is constructed usingmachine learning so that the displacements can be directlyestimated by the deep learning network. To provide enough training data, we use S-FSDT Von-Karman IGA andobtain the displacement responses for different loads and gradient indexes. Results show that the recognition erroris low, and demonstrate the feasibility of deep learning technique as a fast and accurate alternative to IGA formodeling the geometrically nonlinear bending behavior of FG plates.

Performance analysis of single-focus phase singularity based on elliptical reflective annulus quadrangle-element coded spiral zone plates

Optical vortices generated by the conventional vortex lens are usually disturbed by the undesired higher-order foci,which may lead to additional artifacts and thus degrade the contrast sensitivity. In this work, we propose an efficient methodology to combine the merit of elliptical reflective zone plates(ERZPs) and the advantage of spiral zone plates(SZPs) in establishing a specific single optical element, termed elliptical reflective annulus quadrangle-element coded spiral zone plates(ERAQSZPs) to generate single-focus phase singularity. Differing from the abrupt reflectance of the ERZPs, a series of randomly distributed nanometer apertures are adopted to realize the sinusoidal reflectance. Typically, according to our physical design, the ERAQSZPs are fabricated on a bulk substrate;therefore, the new idea can significantly reduce the difficulty in the fabrication process. Based on the Kirchhoff diffraction theory and convolution theorem, the focusing performance of ERAQSZPs is calculated. The results reveal that apart from the capability of generating optical vortices,ERAQSZPs can also integrate the function of focusing, energy selection, higher-order foci elimination, as well as high spectral resolution together. In addition, the focusing properties can be further improved by appropriately adjusting the parameters, such as zone number and the size of the consisted primitives. These findings are expected to direct a new direction toward improving the performance of optical capture, x-ray fluorescence spectra, and forbidden transition.

A low-frequency and broadband wave-insulating vibration isolator based on plate-shaped metastructures

A metamaterial vibration isolator,termed as wave-insulating isolator,is proposed,which preserves enough load-bearing capability and offers ultra-low and broad bandgaps for greatly enhanced wave insulation.It consists of plate-shaped metacells,whose symmetric and antisymmetric local resonant modes offer several low and broad mode bandgaps although the complete bandgap remains high and narrow.The bandgap mechanisms,vibration isolation properties,effects of key parameters,and robustness to complex conditions are clarified.As experimentally demonstrated,the wave-insulating isolator can improve the vibration insulation in the ranges of[50 Hz,180 Hz]and[260 Hz,400 Hz]by 15 dB and 25 dB,respectively,in contrast to the conventional isolator with the same first resonant frequency.

The interaction between a shaped charge jet and a single moving plate

Reactive armour is a very efficient add-on armour against shaped charge threats.Explosive reactive armour consists of one or several plates that are accelerated by an explosive.Similar but less violent acceleration of plates can also be achieved in a completely inert reactive armour.To be efficient against elongated jets,the motion of the plates needs to be inclined against the jet such that a sliding contact between the jet and the plates is established.This sliding contact causes a deflection and thinning of the jet.Under certain circumstances,the contact will become unstable,leading to severe disturbances on the jet.These disturbances will drastically reduce the jet penetration performance and it is therefore of interest to study the conditions that leads to an unstable contact.Previous studies on the interaction between shaped charge jets and flyer plates have shown that it is mainly the forward moving plate in an explosive reactive armour that is effective in disturbing the jet.This is usually attributed to the higher plate-to-jet mass flux ratio involved in the collision of the forward moving plate compared to the backward moving plate.For slow moving plates,as occurs in inert reactive armour,the difference in mass flux for the forward and backward moving plate is much lesser,and it is therefore of interest to study if other factors than the mass flux influences on the protection capability.In this work,experiments have been performed where a plate is accelerated along its length,interacting with a shaped charge jet that is fired at an oblique angle to the plate’s normal,either against or along the plate’s velocity.The arrangement corresponds to a jet interacting with a flyer plate from a reactive armour,with the exception that the collision velocity is the same for both types of obliquities in these experiments.The experiments show that disturbances on the jet are different in the two cases even though the collision velocities are the same.Numerical simulations of the interaction support the observation.The difference is attributed to the character of the contact pressure in the interaction region.For a backward moving plate,the maximum contact pressure is obtained at the beginning of the interaction zone and the contact pressure is therefore higher upstream than downstream of the jet while the opposite is true for a forward moving plate.A negative interface pressure gradient with respect to the jet motion results in a more stable flow than a positive,which means that the jet-plate contact is more stable for a backward moving plate than for a forward moving plate.A forward moving plate is thus more effective in disturbing the jet than a backward moving plate,not only because of the higher jet to plate mass flux ratio but also because of the character of the contact with the jet.

PVDF-assisted pyrolysis strategy for corrugated plate oxygen electrocatalysis nanoreactor:Simultaneously realizing efficient active sites and rapid mass transfer

Though Zn-air batteries(ZABs)are one of the most promising system for energy storage and conversion,challenge still persists in its commercial application due to the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction/evolution reaction(ORR/OER).Hereby,a polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)-assisted pyrolysis strategy is proposed to develop a novel corrugated plate-like bifunctional electrocatalyst using two-dimensional zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(2D ZIF-67)as the precursor.The employed PVDF plays an important role in inheriting the original 2D structure of ZIF-67 and modulating the composition of the final products.As a result,a corrugated plate-like electrocatalyst,high-density Co nanoparticles decorated 2D Co,N,and F tri-doped carbon nanosheets,can be obtained.The acquired electrocatalyst enables efficient active sites and rapid mass transfer simultaneously,thus showing appreciable electrocatalytic performance for rechargeable Zn-air batteries.Undoubtedly,our proposed strategy offers a new perspective to the design of advanced oxygen electrocatalysts.

Heat-Generating Effects Involving Multiple Nanofluids in a Hybrid Convective Boundary Layer Flow on the Sloping Plate in a Porous Medium

The hybrid convective boundary layer circulation involving multiple nanofluids via a medium with pores is approaching a sloping plate. An investigation regarding the heat-generating effects upon the examined nanofluid flows has been carried out through computational analysis. A mathematical framework employing governing differential equations that are partial has been implemented to produce an ensemble of ordinary differential equations, which happen to be nonlinear that incorporate nanofluid flows by utilizing acceptable transformations. Through the combination of the Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting method and the Runge-Kutta method, the group of resulting non-dimensionalized equations is solved computationally. In a few special, confined cases, the corresponding numeric output is thereafter satisfactorily matched with the existing available research. The consequences of heat generation regarding local skin friction coefficient and rate of heat in conjunction with mass transfer have been investigated, evaluated, and reported on the basis of multiple nanofluid flows.

Unsteady MHD Casson Nanofluid Flow Past an Exponentially Accelerated Vertical Plate:An Analytical Strategy

In this study,the characteristics of heat transfer on an unsteady magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)Casson nanofluid over an exponentially accelerated vertical porous plate with rotating effects were investigated.The flow was driven by the combined effects of the magnetic field,heat radiation,heat source/sink and chemical reaction.Copper oxide(CuO)and titanium oxide(TiO2)are acknowledged as nanoparticle materials.The nondimensional governing equations were subjected to the Laplace transformation technique to derive closed-form solutions.Graphical representations are provided to analyze how changes in physical parameters,such as the magnetic field,heat radiation,heat source/sink and chemical reaction,affect the velocity,temperature and concentration profiles.The computed values of skin friction,heat and mass transfer rates at the surface were tabulated for various sets of input parameters.It is perceived that there is a drop in temperature due to the rise in the heat source/sink and the Prandtl number.It should be noted that a boost in the thermal radiation parameter prompts an increase in temperature.An increase in the Prandtl number,heat source/sink parameter,time and a decrease in the thermal radiation parameter result in an increase in theNusselt number.The computed values of the skin friction,heat andmass transfer rates at the surface were tabulated for various values of the flow parameters.The present results were compared with those of previously published studies andwere found to be in excellent agreement.This research has practical applications in areas such as drug delivery,thermal medicine and cancer treatment.

Presentation of the Berry-Tabor conjecture in Levy plates

The Berry-Tabor(BT)conjecture is a famous statistical inference in quantum chaos,which not only establishes the spectral fluctuations of quantum systems whose classical counterparts are integrable but can also be used to describe other wave phenomena.In this paper,the BT conjecture has been extended to Lévy plates.As predicted by the BT conjecture,level clustering is present in the spectra of Lévy plates.The consequence of level clustering is studied by introducing the distribution of nearest neighbor frequency level spacing ratios P(r),which is calculated through the analytical solution obtained by the Hamiltonian approach.Our work investigates the impact of varying foundation parameters,rotary inertia,and boundary conditions on the frequency spectra,and we find that P(r)conforms to a Poisson distribution in all cases.The reason for the occurrence of the Poisson distribution in the Lévy plates is the independence between modal frequencies,which can be understood through mode functions.