MIDDLE TRIASSIC NEW FOSSILS OF PROTORTHOPHLEBIA TILLYARD (INSECTA:MECOPTERA) FROM TONGCHUAN REGION, SHAANXI PROVINCE, CHINA

The new fossil specimens of Protorthophlebia Tillyard,1933 collected from the Middle Triassic grayish green mudstone and shale of the Upper part of Lower Member,Middle Triassic Tongchuan Formation ( T 2 2t ) in Tongchuan Shaanxi Province,China are reported and two new species Protorthophlebia ladinica sp.nov. and P.triassica sp.nov. are described. A key to 10 species of genus Protorthophlebia is provided.

Ichnofabrics and Their Environmental Interpretation from the Fluvial Deposits of the Middle Triassic Youfangzhuang Formation in Western Henan, Central China

Fluvial deposits from the Middle Triassic Youfangzhuang Formation in Henan Province, China contain a low-diversity trace fossils. Vertical dwelling burrows of opportunists dominate in active channel, whereas horizontal deposit-feeding, grazing, and vertical dwelling burrows occur in overbank deposits. Seven recurrent ichnofabrics were distingushed. The Palaeophycus tubularis ichnofabric pre- serves below scour interface between two fluvial cycles. The Skolithos linearis ichnofabric forms in middle to high-energy, soft substrates in the middle and upper parts of active channel deposits under semi-arid climate. The Skolithos linearis-Planolites montanus ichnofabric occurs in the sediments just a little above the Skolithos linearis ichnofabric and is formed in middle-energy, soft substrates in the up- per part of active channel deposits. The Planolites montanus ichnofabric is mostly preserved in associa- tion with medium- to thick-bedded brown-red silty mudstones or siltstones in low-energy, perennial muddy bottom ponds in overbank settings. The Taenidium barretti ichnofabric is interpreted as peri- odically exposed ephemeral ponds or low-energy distal floodplain. The Skolithos isp. ichnofabric com- monly occurs in middle to high-energy firm ground of proximal foodplain or crevasse-splay deposits. The root trace iehnofabric occurs in the crevasse splay deposits. The presence of thin palaeosols and the abundance of calcretization in mudstones indicate a seasonal climate ranging from humid to semi-arid, with high temperature, rainfall, and well-defined dry and wet seasons.

Mega-shoaling in carbonate platform of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation,Sichuan Basin, Southwest China

Shoaling is a common type of sedimentation in the evolution of carbonate platform,and commonly has poor continuity.This paper presents a newly discovered and rare type of shoaling,i.e.,mega-shoaling in nearly basin scale,which is developed in the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation of the Sichuan Basin,southwest China.During the Leikoupo time,the studied Sichuan Basin experienced hot and dry climate conditions and developed a carbonate platform within a restricted epicontinental sea.In B sub-layer of the Lei-1-1 sub-member of the Leikoupo Formation a series of grainstones of shoal facies accumulated throughout almost the entire basin,thereby generating features associated with basin-scale mega-shoaling.By detailed core examination and microscopic observation of thin sections,it is shown that the lithology of this set of grainstones is dominated by doloarenite(calcarenite)followed by oolitic dolomite(limestone).In addition,it contains three types of sedimentary sequences characterized by upward-coarsening and upward-shallowing as the followings:restricted lagoon to platform interior beach;restricted lagoon to platform interior beach and to platform flat;and tidal flat to peritidal beach.Subsequently,a multicyclic stratigraphic division and correlation revealed that this set of grainstones can be well traced and compared horizontally,and is generally isochronous.In addition,a template for logging facies,established based on core calibrations and logging data,was employed to analyze the 235 wells in the basin.The results demonstrate the shoal grainstones to be 10–40 m thick with a15×104km2continuous distribution area.These findings indicate that the carbonate platform developed mega-shoals within a short period of time.The genesis of such a mega-shoaling was investigated by focusing on various shoaling conditions,such as paleo-tectonics,paleo-geomorphology,paleo-climate,sea-level changes,and palaeo-hydrodynamics.A specific combination of independent geological factors creates beneficial geomorphologic conditions for the mega-shoaling including a quiescent paleo-tectonic environment,relatively flat paleo-geomorphology and evaporites filling up and leveling off.In addition,a stably settling carbonate platform underwent sea-level fluctuations through swift transgressions and protracted regressions,which is not only conducive to continuous,multicyclic and superimposed vertical development of grain beaches but also beneficial for the horizontal migration,coalescence and superimposition of individual grain beaches.As a consequence,large-scale and continuously-distributed grain beach sedimentation emerges and mega-shoals develop.

Eogenetic Karst in Interbedded Carbonates and Evaporites and Its Impact on Hydrocarbon Reservoir: A New Case from Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in Sichuan Basin, Southwest China

Karst in interbedded carbonates and evaporites has been reported to have important and complex impacts on reservoir. It is significant for exploration and karst geology. Here, we report such a new case from Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation of Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. Stratigraphic incompleteness and the occurrence of unconformity provide evidence for the presence of eogenetic karst. Under the impact of this eogenetic karst, residual weathered and solution-collapse breccia, solution pores and silicification and dedolomitization have been observed. Classic stratigraphic zonation of karst is not readily distinguishable, which is ascribed to the stratigraphic collapse of carbonate rocks resulting from the dissolution of evaporites by lateral subsurface fluid flow. In terms of impact on reservoir quality, karst can generally improve the initial physical property of the porous layers in theory. However, subsurface fluid flow dissolved the evarporitic beds and facilitated the collapse of overlying strata. As a consequence, the lateral continuity of the reservoirs would be destroyed, and relatively high-quality reservoirs can only be developed with little collapse of overlying strata, reflecting reservoir heterogeneities. This may be a general feature of reservoir formation under the impact of karst in interbedded carbonates and evaporites.

Patterns of fossil distributions within their environmental context from the Middle Triassic in South Canyon,Central Nevada,USA

The Middle Triassic records the return of diverse marine communities after the severe effects of the end-Permian mass extinction.This diversification leads to the Mesozoic/modern adaptive radiation resulting in substantial changes in marine communities in comparison to their Paleozoic predecessors.This analysis focuses on the faunal abundance,ecological patterns,and environmental interpretation of a Middle Triassic section in Central Nevada.Twelve bulk samples were collected.Visible fossils were identified and tallied from hand samples and thin-sections were used to aid in environmental interpretation.Beginning in the Late Anisian,we observed an ammonoid dominated to flat-clam,epifaunal dominated benthic community within a muddy,quiet,inner shelf depositional environment.Through time,epifaunal bivalves dominate within a middle shelf environment followed by an increase in infaunalization and shell-thickness.During this time the presence of oncoids and the reported finding of corals suggest the middle shelf environment gave way to a higher energy patch reef shelf edge environment.Finally,we observe epifaunal brachiopods communities at the top of our section deposited in a middle shelf environment.In sum,we observe the dominance of modern taxa(i.e.,bivalves)with Paleozoic ecologies(i.e.,epifaunal),followed by the dominance of modern taxa with Modern ecologies(i.e.,infaunal,thick shells)and then a return to Paleozoic taxa(i.e.,brachiopods)and Paleozoic ecologies within an overall transgressive environment.

Lithofacies palaeogeography and biostratigraphy of the lowermost horizons of the Middle Triassic Hallstatt Limestones (Argolis Peninsula,Greece)

Condensed ammonoid beds of the Hallstatt facies (Anisian-Ladinian) are widespread around the Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus,in the locality Theokafta of the Argolis Peninsula (eastern Peloponnesus).The Hallstatt Formation in Argolis appears,generally,in the form of lensoid bodies of variable sizes,inclination and direction and is always found overlying a formation consisting of keratophyric tuffs.In fact,the contact of the keratophyric tuffs with the overlying limestones,specifically evidenced by an in situ brecciated zone,is stratigraphic and constitutes the base of the Hallstatt Limestones.The contact of the Hallstatt Limestones with the overlying radiolarites is stratigraphic as well.Lithofacies and biostratigraphic research has focused on the lowermost horizons of the Hallstatt Limestones of Anisian age (average thickness about 1.30 m),where a dense sampling has been performed,followed by detailed facies analysis.The lowermost horizons of the Hallstatt Limestones of Theokafta represent typical hiatus beds/concretions sensu Wetzel and Allia (2000),characterized by discontinuous sedimentation and erosion.They consist of red ammonoid-bearing hemipelagic limestones with calcium carbonate nodules floating in an enriched Fe-oxides matrix with dispersed lensoid/prismatic calcium carbonate crystals.This part of the section is characterized by condensed sedimentation,due to significant lowering of the rate of sedimentation and includes omission surfaces,firmgrounds and hardgrounds along certain horizons.Nine lithostratigraphic units have been distinguished in the lowermost horizons of the Hallstatt Limestones,including radiolarian packstones,volcaniclastic facies,packstones/floatstones with ammonoids and lag deposits.Tselepidis (2007) defined nine distinct ammonoid biozones from the Anisian to Ladinian,documenting deposition of the Hallstatt facies during a low depositional rate over nearly 5 million years (using the timescale of Gradstein et al.,2004).The biozones:Japonites/Paracrochordiceras,Hollandites,Procladiscites/Leiophyllites,zoldianus,trinidosus,Reitziites/Parakellnerites and the Nevadites (Anisian) and the biozone curionii (Lower Ladinian).Although sedimentation was very condensed,it didn’t reach the level of mixing fauna.Synsedimentary and early burrowing processes differentiated the primary texture characteristics of the deposited sediments.Multiphase diagenesis occurred not very deep below the sediment surface and includes boring and/or encrustation,burial and cementation.The deposition of the studied Hallstatt Limestones is considered to be due to anaerobic oxidation of organic matter,which provided excess alkalinity,inducing carbonate precipitation.Sedi-mentation took place on differentially-subsided deep swells.After drowning,the swells were covered by pelagic carbonate deposits.Further slight rotation of blocks,along listric faults,may have led to additional differential subsidence of the blocks.Shelf bathymetry and thirdorder sea-level changes played a significant role in the formation of the Hallstatt beds.In terms of sequence stratigraphy,the studied hiatus concretions and beds are considered genetically linked to rising or high sea-level,formed at the initiation of transgressions,as well as during the time of maximum rate of transgression,in areas where the sediment input was strongly reduced (’’condensed section’’) .Taking into consideration the present location of the Hallstatt Formation,in the context of the Hellenides,an area suitable for the deposition of the Hallstatt Limestones,should be located between the sub-Pelagonian (western part of the Pelagonian zone) and Pindos geotectonic zones,which during the Triassic corresponded to a platform slope and a deep ocean,respectively.The widespread Middle Triassic Han Bulog Limestones (ammonoid-bearing pelagic limestones) from Triassic successions of the Eastern Alps (Dinarides,Hellenides) may have formed partly in similar slope environments.

The Most Complete Pistosauroid Skeleton from the Triassic of Yunnan,China

A new specimen discovered from the Falang Formation in northeastern Yunnan represents the most complete skeleton of Triassic pistosauroids. The new specimen is referred to Yunguisaurus Cheng et al., 2006 on the basis of the skull features, such as the presence of a separated nasal entering the external naris, a large pineal foramen located at the frontal/parietal suture and an interpterygoid vacuity with a narrow anterior extension. The new specimen differs from the type species of Yunguisaurus liae Cheng et al., 2006 in some aspects. Most of these differences can be attributed to ontogenetic variations. The new specimen is provisionally considered as Yunguisaurus cf. liae although its relatively short snout of the skull and slenderer hyoid may not be explained ontogenetically. Whether or not the new specimen represents a different taxon has to wait for a detailed study of the whole skeleton.

Biostratigraphy of Triassic Marine Reptiles in Southwest Guizhou and Its Adjacent Area

This paper briefly reviews the Triassic marine reptile fossils in Guizhou Province, especially the fossils that have been recently found in the Guanling area. Based on three sections at Guanling and Xingyi, Guizhou Province and Luoping, Yunnan Province, four horizons with vertebrate fossils are recognized in the Middle and Upper Triassic of this area; They are from bottom to top: Member I and Member II of the Guanling Formation, and the Zhuganpo Member and the Wayao Member of the Falang Formation.

深埋条件下微生物碳酸盐岩成岩作用与孔隙演化——以四川盆地西部中三叠统雷口坡组为例

四川盆地西部(简称川西)中三叠统雷口坡组白云岩是埋深超过5 000 m的油气勘探目的层之一。通过对10余口钻井以及多条实测露头剖面的研究,采用了包括薄片、铸体片、阴极发光、环境扫描电镜及能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、流体包裹体、微区碳-氧同位素、碳酸盐岩△47团簇同位素温度计、方解石U-Pb定年以及FIB-CT等技术方法,探讨了深埋条件下微生物碳酸盐岩成岩流体与孔隙演化的机理。研究表明,研究区存在开放、封闭和半开放等3种早期成岩体系,分别对应于潮湿气候条件下的潮间带-潮下浅水带的藻(灰)云岩中的强大气淡水作用(带),干旱条件下的潮上-潮间带膏盐岩-含藻纹层泥晶云岩的弱大气淡水作用以及早期表生-浅埋藏下的细菌微生物-灰泥相互作用。大规模白云岩化作用,以及埋藏-构造期的去云化作用分别发生于晚三叠世的卡尼阶(226.50 Ma±9.68 Ma)与诺利阶(211.50 Ma±1.50 Ma),地层温度分别为43~54℃和50℃。在白云石(δ^(18)O_(水)=-0.83‰~9.70‰)与方解石(δ^(18)O_(水)=-1.16‰~12.94‰)的胶结过程中,随着胶结物晶体增大,δ^(18)O_(水)总体逐渐降低,指示了温度升高与盐度升降变化。统计结果表明,微生物碳酸盐岩的主要孔隙类型包括格架孔(占比32.38%)、扩溶缝洞(占比43.69%)和微孔隙。微孔隙连通性好,富有机酸的孔隙流体抑止了规模性的胶结作用,导致部分孔隙得以保存。向上变浅的浅水潮下带-潮间带“米氏(级)微生物岩沉积旋回”,以及开放-半开放早期成岩体系是孔隙发育的基础。埋藏成岩流体迭加改造作用导致了储层孔隙度在一定程度上减少。

PTME后华北板块南缘生物复苏后期古环境特征:来自豫西登封中三叠统二马营组的证据

三叠纪是二叠—三叠纪生物大灭绝(PTME)之后生态系统恢复的重要时期,也是构造格局的重要转型期。中三叠世生态系统已逐渐恢复,处于生物复苏的后期,该时期的古环境特征、古生物面貌都对生态系统的恢复具有重要意义。本研究通过对豫西地区登封白坪中三叠统二马营组剖面的详细实测和样品的测试分析,运用沉积学和地球化学等方法,进行古环境特征分析。结果表明:(1)二马营组下段以黄绿色细粒长石砂岩与紫红色泥岩不等厚互层为主,发育曲流河的4个沉积旋回;中段底部以厚层黄绿色长石石英砂岩为主,上部出现频繁的砂泥互层,为滨浅湖沉积;二马营组中下段经历了由粗组分为主向细组分为主的多次转变,后期由河流相逐渐转变为滨浅湖相沉积。(2)地化样品中Mg/Ca以及Sr/Cu值(1.8~5.2,均值为3.5)均较低,显示二马营组整体处于温暖湿润的气候条件;Sr/Ba(0.15~0.42,均值为0.29)、∑LREE/∑HREE、Ce异常指数以及氧化还原敏感元素U、V、Cr、Ni、Co等的比值均显示二马营组沉积期为氧化条件为主的陆相淡水沉积环境。综上所述,豫西登封二马营组为一套典型的河湖相沉积,与下伏和尚沟组相比,在古气候方面出现明显的转变,由干旱炎热逐渐转变为温暖湿润的气候,为生态系统的恢复起到了重要的作用。

贵州安顺龙宫海生爬行动物的发现及意义

贵州安顺龙宫戴帽山是新发现的一处海生爬行动物化石产地,通过在该地区开展化石发掘与修理工作,共获取3块保存精美的海生爬行动物化石。上述3块海生爬行动物化石均归属于鳍龙超目(Sauropterygia),基于古生物地层学与沉积学的研究,判断其时代为中三叠世安尼期。化石产地的古地理位置位于扬子台地西南缘,是滇黔桂台地边缘相区内首个产出完整海生爬行动物化石的产地。笔者等的研究成果对三叠纪海生爬行动物系统演化、重塑当时古环境、中三叠世安尼期辐射强度等方面具有十分重要的意义,并为海生爬行动物的古地理分布提供了新材料。

Subdivision and age of the Yanchang Formation and the Middle/Upper Triassic boundary in Ordos Basin, North China

The Yanchang Formation is extensively developed in the Ordos Basin and its surrounding regions. As one of the best terrestrial Triassic sequences in China and the major oil-gas bearing formations in the Ordos Basin, its age determination and stratigraphic assignment are important in geological survey and oil-gas exploration. It had been attributed to the Late Triassic and regarded as the typical representative of the Upper Triassic in northern China for a long time, although some scholars had already proposed that the lower part of this formation should be of the Middle Triassic age in the mid-late 20 th century. In this paper, we suggest that the lower and middle parts of the Yanchang Formation should be of the Ladinian and the bottom possibly belongs to the late Anisian of the Middle Triassic, mainly based on new fossils found in it and high resolution radiometric dating results. The main source rocks, namely the oil shales and mudstones of the Chang-7, are of the Ladinian Age. The upper part of the Yanchang Formation, namely the Chang-6 and the above parts, belongs to the Late Triassic. The uppermost of the Triassic is missed in most parts of the Ordos Basin. The Middle-Upper Triassic Series boundary lies in the Yanchang Formation, equivalent to the boundary between Chang-7 and Chang-6. The Ladinian is an important palaeoenvironmental turning point in the Ordos Basin. Palaeoenvironmental changes in the basin are coincidence with that of the Sichuan Basin and the main tectonic movement of the Qinling Mountains. It indicates that tectonic activities of the Qinling Mountains are related to the big palaeoenvironmental changes in both the Ordos and Sichuan Basins, which are caused by the same structural dynamic system during the Ladinian.

四川盆地西北部中三叠统雷口坡组储层研究

根据四川盆地西北部中三叠统雷口坡组野外剖面及钻井岩心的宏观及微观特征,结合常规物性资料,对其储层的储集空间类型、岩性与物性、纵向分布等基本特征以及沉积和成岩作用等主要控制因素进行了较为深入的研究,探讨了主要储层的形成与演化过程,预测了有利储层分布。该套地层的储层集中分布于雷口坡组雷三段中亚段,主要岩石为砂屑白云岩、藻粘结白云岩和晶粒白云岩;以溶蚀孔隙占绝对优势,溶洞和原生孔隙较少,裂缝起到连通孔隙的作用。该套储层属于中孔中低渗的孔隙型和中孔高渗的裂缝—孔隙型。它是在内碎屑滩和藻粘结颗粒滩沉积体的基础上经受了表生期和埋藏期岩溶作用的改造,以粒间溶孔、藻粘结“格架”溶孔和晶间溶孔为主的岩溶型储层,主要受沉积和成岩作用及其他因素控制,滩体和岩溶发育部位相叠合的中坝—双鱼石区块,为良好储层的分布区带。

鄂尔多斯盆地中-晚三叠世事件沉积对印支运动Ⅰ幕的指示

中三叠世末的印支运动Ⅰ幕在华北板块东部明显地表现为中、上三叠统间的不整合,而西部鄂尔多斯盆地的三叠系内部一般为连续沉积,使得印支运动Ⅰ幕难以识别。本文通过观察延长组的钻井岩芯,分析了湖底扇、震积岩、凝灰岩和油页岩等事件沉积体的发育特征及时间序列,显示出它们发育的高潮期皆为长7油层组沉积初期,时间上与印支运动Ⅰ幕相耦合,是鄂尔多斯盆地印支运动Ⅰ幕的重要标志,暗示了鄂尔多斯盆地中、上三叠统的界线可能大致相当于长7与长8油层组间的界线;平面分布上,都具有从西南部向东北部减少减弱的特点,表明这些事件沉积主要是印支期的秦岭造山作用的沉积响应。事件沉积的成因联系和Dickinson三角图解表明,印支期的秦岭碰撞造山过程导致了鄂尔多斯盆地发生前所未有的变格,盆地的成因动力主要来自古特提斯洋关闭过程中的扬子板块与华北板块间的碰撞缝合作用。

中三叠世脊椎动物生物地层的高精度时间校准:铀-铅锆石法测定的中国肯氏兽动物群和永和鳄年代（英文）

四足动物组合带是全球陆相三叠系对比的有力手段,但是迄今为止中三叠世的四足动物组合尚没有可靠的时间框架。报道了5个采自二马营组和铜川组,与四足动物化石共同产出的火山凝灰岩样品的锆石化学剥蚀-热电离质谱法年龄。结果表明中国肯氏兽动物群时代为安尼期晚期,而永和鳄的时代为拉丁期早期。通过生物地层对比,这一结果还为其他中三叠世的四足动物组合,如南非的犬颌兽带上部、俄罗斯的引鳄动物群以及新疆的克拉玛依组提供了准确的年龄。鄂尔多斯盆地下中三叠统界线应低于二马营组底界。

微量元素分析在判别沉积介质环境中的应用--以鄂尔多斯盆地西部中区晚三叠世为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地西部中区晚三叠世样品中微量元素测试结果为基础,选用对沉积介质环境反映比较敏感的锶(Sr)、铜(Cu)、钡(Ba)、铀(U)、钛(Ti)、钒(V)、镍(Ni)等微量元素指标,分析研究区地层中微量元素含量及其比值与沉积介质环境之间的对应关系,进而探讨鄂尔多斯盆地西部中区晚三叠世的沉积介质环境。结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地西部中区晚三叠世延长组长9-长7期基本为温湿气候且变得越来越温暖潮湿;长9-长7期为微咸水相的淡水环境,长7期盐度含量略有增加;长9、长8期水体的氧化还原条件比较正常,长7期变为厌氧环境;长9-长7期垂向上水体分层不强。

鄂尔多斯盆地中三叠统与上三叠统地层界线讨论

针对延长组地层划分的争议,开展了延长组孢粉组合、岩石学特征、湖盆演化规律等对比分析,结果显示长8—长10油层组与长1—长7油层组差异显著。其中,长8—长10油层组沉积期,地势平坦,河流、三角洲和滨浅湖广泛发育,岩石成分成熟度低,孢粉组合中蕨类植物孢子占优势,中三叠世的重要分子Punctatisporites、Verrucosisporites含量较高;长7油层组沉积期深湖范围宽广,盆地西南、西部地区长7油层组砂岩中石英含量明显提高,岩石类型发生较大的改变,西缘和西南缘沉积体系也由辫状河、辫状河—三角洲体系演化成冲积扇、扇三角洲沉积体系,该段地层孢子花粉含量相近,以具有晚三叠世色彩的Duplexisporites大量出现为特征。此外,在盆地西部、西南及湖盆中部地区,长7油层组底部稳定分布的一套凝灰岩薄层,记录了同期的火山、岩浆活动等地质事件,为早印支运动的重要表现形式,因此长7与长8油层组之间地层界线为中三叠统与上三叠统界线。

四川盆地中西部雷口坡组油气地质条件及勘探方向探讨

四川盆地中三叠统雷口坡组迄今为止只发现了中坝和磨溪两个大中型气田,但近年来,钻井过程中于雷口坡组油气显示活跃,展示了良好的勘探前景。盆地中西部雷口坡组主要为局限台地相沉积,部分地区为开阔台地和蒸发台地相,主要亚相为潟湖和潮坪;其沉积时该区地壳处于拉张状态。雷口坡组有良好的烃源岩条件,多种类型的优质储层(礁滩、热液白云岩、古喀斯特储层等),有膏岩层、泥岩层的良好封隔,具有形成大中型气藏的地质条件。寻找礁滩储层、热液白云岩储层和古喀斯特储层气藏是四川盆地中西部雷口坡组的勘探新方向,其重点勘探地区应是龙门山前缘(川西)地区。然而,雷口坡组源储距离较大,必须要有断穿龙潭组和下三叠统的断层裂缝系统作为运移通道,所以在预测有利勘探区时,应重视天然气输导体系的研究。

四川盆地中南部雷口坡组碳酸盐岩成岩作用与孔隙演化

中三叠统雷口坡组是川中地区的主要产气层段。通过薄片鉴定,对T2l4和T2l3-3及底部T2l1-1亚段碳酸盐岩的成岩作用类型、序列与孔隙类型及其演化模式进行了研究,认为沉积环境、成岩作用、成岩环境共同影响了储集物性。建设性成岩作用有溶蚀作用、混合水白云石化作用;主要的孔隙类型有晶间孔、粒内溶孔(铸模孔)、粒间溶孔。

云南罗平中三叠世大凹子剖面牙形石生物地层及其沉积环境研究

罗平生物群产出于关岭组二段,该段大凹子精细剖面细致的沉积学描述记录显示,剖面岩性变化趋势为:从生物扰动灰岩到含硅质结核的条带泥晶灰岩(钙屑浊积岩)向白云岩演化。剖面详细的牙形石生物地层研究表明,牙形石带属于Nicoraella kockeli带,同时该带可分两个亚带,即Nicoraella kockeli type 1亚带和Nicoraella kocke-li type 2亚带。牙形石生物地层年代确定在Anisian期的Pelsonian亚期。通过大凹子剖面含牙形石段产出环境分析表明:深灰色具脉状层理含泥质灰岩的开阔台地相沉积环境牙形石产出较少且保存一般,而深黑色纹层状泥晶灰岩段台间盆地相沉积环境中牙形石产出丰富且保持完好。大凹子剖面沉积构造研究表明:罗平生物群产出于台间盆地相钙屑浊流沉积环境。