‘Middle-Income Trap’ and ‘High-Income Waft＇： Challenges and Opportunities to China

The history of international industrialization shows that Latin American countries and former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries experienced a siginificant drop in economic growth and fell into the middle-income trap when their per capita GDP reached 4,000-7,000 international dollar （based on the 1990 prices） as a result of long-term implemented import-oriented strategy and planned economic system. Fortunately, China adopted reform and opening-up policy beginning at a lower development phase and achieved sustained high-speed growth for more than thirty years. Currently, China has surpassed the phase which the above-mentioned countries fell into the middle-income trap. On the other side, experiences of successful runner-ups show that when per capita GDP reached II,000 international dollar （based on the 1990 prices）, economic growth speed will present regularly ＂natural drop ＂. Without internal and external shocks, China＇s economy is expected to reach this level by 2015 and the potential growth rate will possibly drop significantly. In this regard, China＇s toughest challenges will be whether it can effectively prevent and solve the financial risks accumulated during high-speed growth and make a shift to innovation-driven growth model Time is pressing for addressing the above challenges. A fundamental change in the growth model depends on the intensification of reform, in particular, the promotion of an ＂participatory and facilitative reform ＂approach.

Is There a "Middle-income Trap"? Theories,Experiences and Relevance to China

Through review of relevant studies and analysis, this article indicates that the ＂middleincome trap ＂ is in line with the framework of the mainstream economic growth theories, and, therefore, it is a useful concept through which we can analyze economic growth phenomena in specific economic growth phases. The empirical experiences of many countries also indicate that at specific middle-income stages, economies with high rates of growth tend to encounter economic slowdown or even stagnation. The article shows that China is facing the challenge of determining how to move smoothly beyond the middle-income stage of economic development, while taking into account the shifting population structure, changing resource endowment and growth patterns. The article, drawing on international experiences, puts forward several policy suggestions relating to improvement in total factor productivity, expansion of human capital accumulation and deepening of system and governmentfunction reforms.

China＇s Path to Overcoming the Double Middle-income Traps

China is at a crucial stage of overcoming the middle-income trap, with the factors that drive economic growth having undergone significant changes, and domestic consumption playing a more important role in economic growth. It is necessary, at this point, to promote mass consumption by expanding the middle-income group. The present paper puts forward the concept of the ＂double middle-income traps.＂ This refers to the situation in which an economy＇s per capita output stagnates and the size of the middle- income group is unable to expand for an extended period of time. These two factors are closely related. Based on data from the Chinese Social Survey conducted by the Institute of Sociology at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the present paper analyzes the scale and development of middle-income groups, and the relationship among middle- income groups, the middle-class and middle-class identity. The marginal consumption propensities of middle-income groups are also considered. The findings of the paper indicate that the expansion of the middle-income group plays an important role in promoting mass consumption, maintaining continuous and stable economic growth, and overcoming the double middle-income traps.

Avoiding the Middle-Income Trap

The news China surpassed Japan as the world’s second largest economy in 2010 has put China in the limelight. China’s per-capita GDP has reached $4,000, turning the country from a lower middle-income country to an upper middle-income country. But the economic growth model is still extensive and the income gap between the rich and the poor is widening.

Digital psychiatry in low-and-middle-income countries:New developments and the way forward

Low-and middle-income countries(LMICs)bear the greater share of the global mental health burden but are ill-equipped to deal with it because of severe resource constraints leading to a large treatment gap.The remote provision of mental health services by digital means can effectively augment conventional services in LMICs to reduce the treatment gap.Digital psychiatry in LMICs has always lagged behind high-income countries,but there have been encouraging developments in the last decade.There is increasing research on the efficacy of digital psychiatric interventions.However,the evidence is not adequate to conclude that digital psychiatric interventions are invariably effective in LMICs.A striking development has been the rise in mobile and smartphone ownership in LMICs,which has driven the increasing use of mobile technologies to deliver mental health services.An innovative use of mobile technologies has been to optimize task-shifting,which involves delivering mental healthcare services in community settings using non-specialist health professionals.Emerging evidence from LMICs shows that it is possible to use digital tools to train non-specialist workers effectively and ensure that the psychosocial interventions they deliver are efficacious.Despite these promising developments,many barriers such as service costs,underdeveloped infrastructure,lack of trained professionals,and significant disparities in access to digital services impede the progress of digital psychiatry in LMICs.To overcome these barriers,digital psychiatric services in LMICs should address contextual factors influencing the delivery of digital services,ensure collaboration between different stakeholders,and focus on reducing the digital divide.

Exploring the current provision of pancreatic transplantations in lowand middle-income countries:Current landscape,challenges,future prospects

This comprehensive review addresses the global health challenge of disparities in pancreas transplant access,particularly in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs)compared to high-income countries.Despite advancements in surgical techniques and immunosuppression for procedures like simultaneous pancreas-kidney,pancreas-after-kidney,and pancreas-transplant alone,LMICs face significant challenges,including limited infrastructure,financial constraints,and a shortage of skilled medical professionals.Donation after brain death remains constrained by sociocultural barriers.Region-specific analyses highlight progress in Latin America,Asia,Russia,and South Africa,showcasing the regional disparities in access and outcomes.Future prospects involve minimally invasive surgeries,telemedicine for enhanced post-operative care,international collaborations with organizations like the European Union of Medical Specialists,and robust funding networks to improve organ availability.In conclusion,the review underscores the importance of multifaceted strategies to address economic,sociocultural,and infrastructural barriers,aiming to improve accessibility,quality,and effectiveness of pancreas transplantation services in LMICs.

Breast cancer awareness in reproductive women in the low-and middle-income countries:a scoping review

Objective:This study aimed to assess breast cancer(BC)awareness among reproductive women in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs),identify influencing factors,and propose feasible interventions or programs.Methods:We followed a 5-step process using a modified version of Arksey and O’Malley framework methodology.A comprehensive search was conducted on the Embase,PubMed,and CINAHL electronic databases for literature published within 10 years(from 2012 to 2022).Results:Thirty-three papers published between 2012 and 2020,spanning 18 countries,were included.Of these,45.6%described a good level of knowledge,while 24.2%reported that women at reproductive ages had good awareness.Twelve influencing factors were identified in 3 categories:socio-demographic(family history,personal history,marital status,age,religion,income status,living place,and occupation),personal(self-efficacy,education,and perceived level),and external(advertisements promoting awareness).Educational programs were recommended in most(>72%)of the included studies.Conclusions:While most studies reported high levels of knowledge and awareness,some found low prevalence among certain groups.Factors affecting knowledge and awareness were classified into socio-demographic,personal,and external categories,with socio-demographic factors such as age,education,income,and marital status being the most frequently cited.The studies recommended implementing educational programs,health prevention strategies,and social interventions to increase BC knowledge and awareness.

Supply-Side Reform Helps Escape Middle-Income Trap

China’s economic growth has now changed from high to medium-high speed,which has aroused arguments on whether the Chinese economy will experience a hard landing and fall into the middle-income trap.Answers to these questions must factor-in long-term growth frameworks as well as international conditions.

BG-Trap法与双层叠帐法对登革热媒介白纹伊蚊监测效果的比较

目的比较BG-trap法与双层叠帐法对登革热媒介白纹伊蚊的监测效果,进一步探讨BG-trap法用于登革热媒介伊蚊监测的可能性,为制定更有效的登革热防控策略提供参考依据。方法实验选取江苏省3个设区市的6个户外监测点,于8—9月的3天时间中,分别于每日16:00-16:30、17:00-17:30、18:00-18:30三个时段同步开展BG-Trap法和双层叠帐法监测。结果BG-Trap法和双层叠帐法均能够有效地捕获白纹伊蚊的雌蚊,双层叠账法捕获的白纹伊蚊占比高于BG-Trap法(χ^(2)=16.034,P<0.01),两种方法捕获的白纹伊蚊雌蚊构成比之间差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.162,P=0.687)。BG-Trap法捕获的白纹伊蚊平均密度指数为7.85±5.23只/(台·h),低于双层叠帐法的27.04±13.86只/(顶·h),差异有统计学意义(t=6.73,P<0.001)。结论BG-Trap法对登革热媒介白纹伊蚊监测效果不及双层叠帐法,其能否应用于登革热媒介伊蚊监测有待于进一步研究。

BG-Trap法在伊蚊成蚊监测中的应用研究

目的采用BG-Trap法进行伊蚊监测,探讨该方法应用于登革热蚊媒常规监测和应急监测的可行性。方法在伊蚊监测场所用BG-Trap法分时段进行监测,用非参数统计分析的Chi-Square过程和t检验对监测结果进行统计和分析。结果应用BG-Trap法对伊蚊进行监测,15:00—17:00监测效果明显高于9:00—11:00(雌:χ^(2)=18963,df=1,P<0001;雄:χ^(2)=18667,df=1,P<0001;总体:χ^(2)=37500,df=1,P<0001);从12:00开始,按每小时一段统计诱蚊效果,以15:00—19:00时段对伊蚊引诱效果最好,平均捕蚊量为(618±21)只/h,平均小时诱蚊量与12:00—15:00有极显著的差异(雌:t=275,df=146,P<0001;雄:t=678,df=156,P<0001;总体:t=1016,df=304,P<0001)。结论可将BG-Trap法引入伊蚊的常规监测和应急监测。

基于UPLC-Q-TRAP-MS分析养心安神药对酸枣仁-五味子配伍煎煮前后10个指标成分含量变化

目的分析养心安神药对酸枣仁-五味子配伍煎煮前后主要指标成分差异变化,并建立含量测定方法。方法采用Welch Ultimate XB-C_(18)色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,5μm),以0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,流速0.4 mL/min柱温40℃,梯度洗脱;质谱采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),多反应监测离子扫描模式(MRM)。分别对该药对单煎液、单煎合并液与合煎液中主要指标成分酸枣仁皂苷A、斯皮诺素、五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素、芦丁、槲皮素、山柰酚、山柰酚-3-O-云香糖苷进行含量测定,并分析药对配伍前后主要指标成分的含量变化差异。结果以上10种成分在一定浓度范围内均呈现良好的线性关系;精密度、重复性和稳定性RSD均良好;平均加样回收率在95.0%~102.1%,RSD为0.03%~3.7%。本次实验结果与前期试验认为酸枣仁与五味子在合煎后,主要指标成分降低保持一致性。结论多指标成分同时测定为该药对配伍质量全面控制提供新的方法并为其药效物质基础的深入研究提供依据。

Association between Active School Travel and Depressive Symptoms among 51,702 Adolescents in 26 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Little is known about the role of active school travel(AST)on mental health among adolescents.Thus,this study aimed to explore the AST-depression association among adolescents aged 12–15 years from 26 low-and middle-income countries(LMICs).Data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey were analyzed in 51,702 adolescents[mean(SD)age 13.8(1.0)years;49.3%boys).Both depressive symptoms and AST were assessed by a single question self-reported measure,respectively.Participants who reported having 5 days or above were considered as AST.Multivariable logistic regression analysis(accounting for sampling weights)was performed while controlling for gender,age,physical activity,sedentary behavior,and food insecurity,and a countrywide meta-analysis was undertaken.The prevalence of depressive symptoms and AST were 30.1%and 37.0%,respectively.Compared with those not having AST,adolescents with AST were less likely to have self-reported depressive symptoms(OR=0.88,95%CI:0.85-0.93)regardless of gender.Countrywide meta-analysis demonstrated that having AST versus not having AST was associated with 12%lower odds for depressive symptoms(OR=0.88;95%CI:0.82-0.94)but with a moderate between-country heterogeneity(I^(2)=59.0%).Based on large samples of adolescents from LMICs,it would be expected that AST may play a critical role in preventing adolescent depression worldwide.However,it is necessary to consider more country-specific factors when implementing AST-related mental health interventions.Future studies should adopt the solid study design to confirm or negate our researchfindings.

基于ISSR和TRAP分子标记的东北地区栽培黑木耳遗传多样性研究

为探究东北地区黑木耳栽培菌株的遗传多样性及亲缘关系,采用ISSR和TRAP分子标记对50株栽培黑木耳菌株进行遗传多样性分析。利用22条高多态性、高分辨率的ISSR和TRAP分子标记引物,对栽培黑木耳进行了DNA扩增。结果表明,黑木耳ISSR和TRAP标记谱带多态性较高,分别占89.58%和84.71%,遗传相似系数为0.53~1.00;在ISSR标记的聚类图中相似系数大于0.96的菌株占44.0%,TRAP标记的聚类图中相似系数大于0.96的菌株占54.0%;STRUCTURE聚类结果显示,50株菌株可分为四大类;遗传多样性分析结果表明,东北地区黑木耳栽培菌株的遗传多样性主要来源于群体间,黑木耳栽培菌株的遗传多样性欠丰富,生产菌种资源的同质化较为突出。

Environmental health perspectives for low- and middle-income countries

In recent decades, the ecological environment has been increasingly challenged by the development of global industrialization and urbanization all over the world, even as global attention for health has raised dramatically. Common global environmental issues, such as air pollution and noise pollution, are associated with lasting impacts on health and contribute significantly to the overall burden of disease. Moreover, a global disparity exists between the burden of such environmental health issues and the global resources available to address this issue. To alleviate the environmental health impacts and ensure a sustainable future for human beings, China has made an important contribution to improving access to ecological protection, environmental governance, patriotic health campaigns, smart city construction, and so on. Experiences gained in China may be useful for some other countries, particularly the low- and middle-income countries with limited sources.

Hospitals’responsibility in response to the threat of infectious disease outbreak in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic:implications for low-and middle-income countries

The WHO declared the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30,2020,and then a pandemic on March 11,2020.COVID-19 affected over 200 countries and territories worldwide,with 25,541,380 confirmed cases and 852,000 deaths associated with COVID-19 globally,as of September 1,2020.1 While facing such a public health emergency,hospitals were on the front line to deliver health care and psychological services.The early detection,diagnosis,reporting,isolation,and clinical management of patients during a public health emergency required the extensive involvement of hospitals in all aspects.The response capacity of hospitals directly determined the outcomes of the prevention and control of an outbreak.The COVID-19 pandemic has affected almost all nations and territories regardless of their development level or geographic location,although suitable risk mitigation measures differ between developing and developed countries.In low-and middle-income countries(LMICs),the consequences of the pandemic could be more complicated because incidence and mortality might be associated more with a fragile health care system and shortage of related resources.2-3 As evidenced by the situation in Bangladesh,India,Kenya,South Africa,and other LMICs,socioeconomic status(SES)disparity was a major factor in the spread of disease,potentially leading to alarmingly insufficient preparedness and responses in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.4 Conversely,the pandemic might also bring more unpredictable socioeconomic and long-term impacts in LMICs,and those with lower SES fare worse in these situations.This review aimed to summarize the responsibilities of and measures taken by hospitals in combatting the COVID-19 outbreak.Our findings are hoped to provide experiences,as well as lessons and potential implications for LMICs.

Knowledge translation for public health in low-and middle-income countries:a critical interpretive synthesis

Background:Effective knowledge translation allows the optimisation of access to and utilisation of research knowledge in order to inform and enhance public health policy and practice.In low-and middle-income countries,there are substantial complexities that affect the way in which research can be utilised for public health action.This review attempts to draw out concepts in the literature that contribute to defining some of the complexities and contextual factors that influence knowledge translation for public health in low-and middle-income countries.Methods:A Critical Interpretive Synthesis was undertaken,a method of analysis which allows a critical review of a wide range of heterogeneous evidence,through incorporating systematic review methods with qualitative enquiry techniques.A search for peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2016 on the topic of knowledge translation for public health in low-and middle-income countries was carried out,and 85 articles were reviewed and analysed using this method.Results:Four main concepts were identified:1)tension between‘global’and‘local’health research,2)complexities in creating and accessing evidence,3)contextualising knowledge translation strategies for low-and middle-income countries,and 4)the unique role of non-government organisations in the knowledge translation process.Conclusion:This method of review has enabled the identification of key concepts that may inform practice or further research in the field of knowledge translation in low-and middle-income countries.

The Prospects of Blue Economy to Promote Bangladesh into a Middle-Income Country

This paper draws attention to the prospects of sea-based economy to promote Bangladesh in a middle-income country through the sustainable use of marine resources. About three-fourths of the earth is covered by the seas. It plays the vital role in two important functions from ancient time known as the means of communication and the source of huge living and non-living natural resources. At present, the countries are becoming very much concerned about their marine resources to resolve many of the present and future challenges of their economies. Generally for Bangladesh, ocean is contributing a significant role to its overall socio-economic progress through rising up the economic activities across the country and especially to the coastal zone at southern part. This paper investigates how much Bangladesh is capable to take of or handle the challenges to become a middle income country through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In addition, it has attempted with a closer-look to find out the barriers or limitations of these activities from different angles if exist.

Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate neuro-immunothrombosis

Neutrophil extracellular traps are primarily composed of DNA and histones and are released by neutrophils to promote inflammation and thrombosis when stimulated by various inflammato ry reactions.Neutrophil extracellular trap formation occurs through lytic and non-lytic pathways that can be further classified by formation mechanisms.Histones,von Willebrand factor,fibrin,and many other factors participate in the interplay between inflammation and thrombosis.Neuroimmunothrombosis summarizes the intricate interplay between inflammation and thrombosis during neural development and the pathogenesis of neurological diseases,providing cutting-edge insights into post-neurotrauma thrombotic events.The blood-brain barrier defends the brain and spinal cord against external assaults,and neutrophil extracellular trap involvement in blood-brain barrier disruption and immunothrombosis contributes substantially to secondary injuries in neurological diseases.Further research is needed to understand how neutrophil extracellular traps promote blood-brain barrier disruption and immunothrombosis,but recent studies have demonstrated that neutrophil extracellular traps play a crucial role in immunothrombosis,and identified modulators of neuro-immunothrombosis.However,these neurological diseases occur in blood vessels,and the mechanisms are unclear by which neutrophil extracellular traps penetrate the blood-brain barrier to participate in immunothrombosis in traumatic brain injury.This review discusses the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in neuro-immunothrombosis and explores potential therapeutic interventions to modulate neutrophil extracellular traps that may reduce immunothrombosis and improve traumatic brain injury outcomes.

Food Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years from Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Purpose:Little is known about the role of food insecurity(FIS)on depressive symptoms among adolescents.Thus,this study aimed to explore the association between FIS and depressive symptoms among adolescents aged 12–15 years from low-and middle-income countries across the world.Methods:Data from the Global school-based Student Health Survey were analyzed in 51,702 adolescents[mean(SD)age 13.8(1.0)years;49.3% girls].Self-reported measures assessed depressive symptoms during the past 12 months,and food insecurity.Partici-pants reporting yes for depressive symptoms.FIS was categorized intofive levels,including‘never’,‘rarely’,‘some-times’,‘most of the time’and‘always’.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed,and a country-wise meta-analysis was undertaken to compare country difference in the associations between FIS and depressive symptoms.Results:The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 30.0%,respectively.Compared with those reporting never for FIS,adolescents with increased severity of FIS were more likely to report depressive symptoms regardless of gender.Country-wise meta-analysis demonstrated that having FIS versus not having FIS was asso-ciated with 60%greater odds for depressive symptoms(OR=1.60;95%CI:1.52–1.69)but with a moderate between-country heterogeneity(I^(2)=12.7%).Conclusion:The current study indicates that alleviating FIS may be an effective prevention against depressive symptoms among adolescents from LMICs.Future studies should adopt improved study design to confirm or negate our researchfindings,which informs more efficient public mental health interventions.

Can Social Support be Protective against Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents from 24 Low- and Middle-Income Countries?

Background:Adolescents are highly vulnerable to depressive symptoms worldwide partially because of limited social supports.However,it still remains largely unknown regarding the associations between social support(s)and depressive symptoms among adolescents living in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs).The aim of this study aimed to explore the associations between different types of social support and depressive symptoms in adolescents from LMICs.Methods:Data were retrieved from the Global School-based Health Survey(GSHS)in which 92,551 adolescents(50.6%females)were included with mean of 15.6 years.Depressive symptoms in the past one month as the dependent variable were measured in combination with social support(was measured by“During the past 30 days,how often were most of the students in your school kind and helpful?”).Multivariable logistic regression and meta-analysis of country-wise estimates were performed to investigate the associations between social support and depressive symptoms,and the heterogeneity of the associations across the countries,respectively.Results:The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 30.9%of adolescents from LMICs.Peer support and parental connectedness were two major factors that were significantly associated with depression symptoms in adolescents.However,the associations of peer support and parental connectedness with depressive symptoms were significant in males and females,respectively.The country-wise analysis indicated that varied inconsistency(small to large)across the associations of peer support and parental connectedness with depressive symptoms in adolescents.Conclusion:Results in this study provides multi-national evidence of the protective roles of social support against depressive symptoms among adolescents.However,the association between social support and depression symptoms may be moderated by sex and types of social support.Although we found that social sup-port may be an important protective factor against depressive symptoms in adolescents from LMICs,specifically designed interventions should be implemented based on sex difference and country difference.