Positive carbon isotope excursions:global correlation and genesis in the Middle-Upper Ordovician in the northern Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Stable carbon isotope ratio （δ13Ccarb） analysis has been widely applied to the study of the inter-conti- nental or global marine carbonate correlation. Large-scale Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate platforms were developed in the Tarim Basin. But research on fluctuation character- istics and global correlation of δ13Ccarb is still weak. Based on conodont biostratigraphy and whole-rock δ13Ccarb data in the Tahe oil-gas field of the northern Tarim Basin, the global correlation and genesis of positive carbon isotope excursions in the Darriwilian--Early Katian was exam- ined. Three positive excursions were identified in the Tahe oil-gas field including the middle Darriwilian carbon iso- tope excursion （MDICE）, the Guttenberg carbon isotope excursion （GICE）, and a positive excursion within the Pygodus anserinus conodont zone which is named the Early Sandbian carbon isotope excursion （ESICE） in this paper. Furthermore, these positive excursions had no direct relation with sea level fluctuations. MDICE and GICE could be globally correlated. The Middle-Upper Ordovi- cian Saergan Formation source rocks of the Kalpin outcrops were in accordance with the geological time of MDICE and ESICE. GICE had close relationship with the source rock of the Lianglitag Formation in the basin.Massive organic carbon burial was an important factor controlling the genesis of these positive excursions.

Petrographic Features and Sedimentary Environments of the Middle-Upper Ordovician at Shetai Town of Urad Front Banner, Inner Mongolia

Most of the hinterland of the North China platform is devoid of Late Ordovician strata. The BaiyanhuaMountain section at Shetai Town is a standard section of the Upper Ordovician newly established in recentyears at the northernmost margin of the platform. This establishment directly involved the determination of thenorth boundary of the platform and the understanding of its evolutionary Listory. The area is quite differentfrom the binterland of the platform in Middle Ordovician rock types and sedimentary environments, with theformer characterized by frequent slope deposits and the latter consisting almost entirely of platform deposits.The present paper focuses on the petrographic features and sedimentary ervironments of the Middle-UpperOrdovician strata in the area, providing further theoretical support to the establishment of the section and fil-ling the gap in this respect.

Method for identifying effective carbonate source rocks:a case study from Middle-Upper Ordovician in Tarim Basin,China

Hydrocarbon expulsion occurs only when pore fluid pressure due to hydrocarbon generation in source rock exceeds the force against migration in the adjacent carrier beds.Taking the Middle-Upper Ordovician carbonate source rock of Tarim Basin in China as an example,this paper proposes a method that identifies effective carbonate source rock based on the principles of mass balance.Data from the Well YW2 indicate that the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation contains effective carbonate source rocks with low present-day TOC.Geological and geochemical analysis suggests that the hydrocarbons in the carbonate interval are likely self-generated and retained.Regular steranes from GC-MS analysis of oil extracts in this interval display similar features to those of the crude oil samples in Tabei area,indicating that the crude oil probably was migrated from the effective source rocks.By applying to other wells in the basin,the identified effective carbonate source rocks and non-source rock carbonates can be effectively identified and consistent with the actual exploration results,validating the method.Considering the contribution from the identified effective source rocks with low present-day TOC(TOC_(pd))is considered,the long-standing puzzle between the proved 3 P oil reserves and estimated resources in the basin can be reasonably explained.

Ordovician sequence stratigraphy and correlation in the Middle-Upper Yangtze region,South China

The precise correlation of the Ordovician successions in different facies is difficult due to the complex changes of the tecto-paleogeography in South China.Based on previous studies,the authors recognized 103rd grade sequences,i.e.,Osq1 to Osq10 in ascending order,by the integrated study of chronostratigraphy,biostratigraphy as well as the analysis on the sedimentary facies.The authors are confident to correlate the Ordovician successions precisely in different facies in an isochronous stratigraphic framework with the application of the method of sequence stratigraphy and correlation.

Ordovician reservoirs in Fuxian area:Gas accumulation patterns and their implications for the exploration of lower Paleozoic carbonates in the southern Ordos Basin

In recent years,the Fuxian area in the southeastern Ordos Basin has undergone significant exploration,with industrial gas flow tested in wells drilled into the Ordovician marine carbonates.Despite this,the gas accumulation patterns of this area are not fully understood,posing challenges for further exploration.Our analysis of geological conditions indicates that the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in this area hosts two gas plays:one found in weathering crusts and the other found in interior of the formation.We investigated various typical gas reservoirs in the area,focusing on differentiating the geological conditions and factors controlling gas accumulation in the weathering-crust and interior gas reservoirs.The results suggest three primary gas accumulation patterns in the Majiagou Formation in the Fuxian area:(1)upper gas accumulation in weathering crusts,present in the high parts of landforms such as residual paleo-hills or buried paleo-platform(Pattern I);(2)the stereoscopic pattern with gas accumulation in both weathering crusts and strata interior,arising in high parts of landforms such as residual paleo-hills or buried paleo-platforms(Pattern II);(3)lower gas accumulation in strata interior,occurring in the upper reaches and on both sides of paleo-trenches(Pattern III).This study will serve as a geological basis for future exploration deployment in the Fuxian area.

A Potential Candidate For the Middle-Upper Cambrian Boundary Stratotype——An Introduction to the Paibi Section in Huayuan,Hunan

The Middle-Upper Cambrian boundary is one of the current stratigraphical problems which remain openin the geological world, since there have been no universally acknowledged delimiting standard and stratotype.Acting on the instruction of Profs. Lu Yanhao and An Taixiang the author studied in details the Paibi Section,which is well exposed as a continuous sequence at an easily accessible locality. The Middle-Upper Cambrianboundary strata are composed of biocalcimicrosparite, indicating the sedimentary environment of anunderwater upheaval on the gentle slope along the frontal margin of the Yangtze carbonate platform. For the upper Middle and lower Upper Cambrian agnostid trilobite zones and conodont zones are erected,and a more accurate correlation between the trilobite and conodont sequences is established. Based on these,the Middle-Upper Cambrian boundary is drawn more reasonably and precisely than what was done before. Inshort, the section studied is superior to other known sections of Middle-Upper Cambrian. and it will probablybe an ideal candidate for the Middle-Upper Cambrian boundary stratotype.

Tectonic paleogeography of Late Sinian and its significances for petroleum exploration in the middle-upper Yangtze region, South China

The paleotectonic pattern,lithofacies paleogeographic features,sedimentary evolution and its controlling effects on hydrocarbon accumulation assemblages during the depositional period of the Sinian Dengying Formation in middle-upper Yangtze region were investigated based on outcrops,drilling,log and seismic data.The study shows that,(1)Affected by the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent,the middle and upper Yangtze areas were in extensional tectonic environment during the depositional period of Dengying Formation.The carbonate platform was structurally differentiated.Intra-platform depressions controlled by syndepositional faults developed,forming a tectonic-paleogeographic pattern of"three platforms with two depressions".(2)During the depositional period of the first and second members of the Dengying Formation,rimmed platforms and intra-platform fault depressions developed in upper Yangtze area and isolated platform developed in middle Yangtze area,and there was the Xuanhan-Kaijiang ancient land block in eastern Sichuan.The depositional period of the third member of the Dengying Formation is the transformation period of tectonic-paleogeographic pattern,when a set of shallow water shelf sediment rich in mud was deposited due to transgression on the background of the eroded terrain formed in EpisodeⅠof Tongwan Movement.The sediment of the fourth member of the Dengying Formation inherited the paleogeographic pattern of the first and second members of the Dengying Formation in general,but the Deyang-Anyue intra-platform fault depression further expanded,and the middle Yangtze platform evolved into two separated platforms.(3)Tectonic-sedimentary differentiation and evolution of carbonate platform in the Sinian gave rise to two types of accumulation assemblages with wide distribution and great exploration potential,which are platform margin and intra-platform.

Paleoenvironment reconstruction of the Middle Ordovician thick carbonate from western Ordos Basin, China

Reconstructing paleoenvironments has long been considered a vital component for understanding the development and evolution of carbonate reservoirs.The Middle Ordovician Period is considered the archetypical greenhouse interval,and also a critical period in biological evolution.The Middle Darriwilian isotope carbon excursion has been observed in many areas of the world and may be related to the biological explosions caused by decreases in the temperature.The thick carbonate rocks in the fifth member of the Middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Dingbei area of the Ordos Basin were chosen as an example,based on the concentration of major,trace and rare earth elements as well as C,O and Sr isotopic analyses,the paleoenvironment was reconstructed.And its impact on natural gas exploration was analyzed.The results show that the seawater paleotemperature was 29℃,suboxicanoxic paleoredox conditions were observed,and the seawater paleosalinity was high.A large number of plankton in the biological explosion caused a rapid increase in the total organic carbon in carbonate rocks,which provided natural gas as supplemental source rocks.Affected by early meteoric water,the dissolution of gypsum laid the foundation for high-quality reservoirs,and the residual gypsum also further preserved natural gas.This study provides new data for the paleoenvironment and a theoretical basis for further natural gas exploration.

Reconstruction of the Yangtze Ramp during Floian to Darriwilian(Ordovician)in South China:Its Morphology,Controlling Factors and Significances

A robust stratigraphic framework and a coherent depositional ramp model for the Zitai,Dawan,Meitan and Ningkuo formations of Floian–Darriwilian age(Early–Middle Ordovician)in the Yangtze(Daoba,Xiangshuidong,Daling,Gudongkou and Honghuayuan sections)and Jiangnan regions(Nanba section)was created based on lithofacies and major element analysis.Three siliciclastic(LF1–3)and six carbonate(LF4–9)lithofacies are recognized representing sediments that were deposited in mixed siliciclastic and carbonate ramp environment.The intensity of mixed sedimentation and terrigenous input were evaluated using the elemental proxies Intensity of Mixed sedimentation(IM)and Aluminum Accumulation Rate(Al AR),as well as their mean values during certain time intervals.Mixed sediments are most well-developed along the marginal Yangtze region,strongly impacted by recurrent influx of westerly derived terrigenous materials in response to global eustatic changes and regional tectonic movements,shaping the gently southeast-dipping morphology.Regular terrigenous influx resulted in periods of enhanced primary productivity on the Yangtze Ramp as evidenced by matching biodiversity peaks in planktonic organisms,i.e.,chitinozoans and acritarchs.Brachiopods and other shelly fauna were also able to proliferate as new niches developed along the gently dipping ramp floor with substrate changes.The biodiversification patterns suggest that terrigenous influx controlled in part by regional tectonics played a more important role than previously thought in the development of Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event in South China.

Formation conditions and reservoir-forming models of the Ordovician buried hill reservoirs in the Jizhong depression

The buried hill in the Jizhong depression contains abundant petroleum reserves and are important production areas.The Ordovician buried hill has restricted the discovery of new oil and gas exploration targets because of its strong reservoir heterogeneity and complex reservoir-controlling factors.Based on a large volume of core,thin section,logging,seismic,and geochemical data and numerous geological analyses,the reservoir-forming conditions and modes were systematically analyzed to guide the exploration and achieve important breakthroughs in the Yangshuiwu and Wen an slope buried hills.The study revealed that three sets of source rocks of the third and fourth members of the Shahejie Formation from the Paleogene and Carboniferous-Permian were developed in the Jizhong depression,providing sufficient material basis for the formation of buried hill oil and gas reservoirs.The reservoir control mechanism involving the three major factors of“cloud-karst-fault”was clarified,and karst cave,fracture fissure-pore,and cloud pore type reservoir models were established,thereby expanding the exploration potential.Controlled by the superposition of multi-stage tectonic processes during the Indosinian,Yanshanian,and Himalayan,two genetic buried hill trap types of uplift-depression and depression-uplift were formed.Based on the analysis of reservoir-forming factors of the Ordovician buried hill,three buried hill oil and gas reservoir-forming models were identified:low-level tectonic-lithologic composite quasi-layered buried hill,medium-level paleo-storage paleo-block buried hill,and high-level paleo-storage new-block buried hill.Comprehensive evaluations indicate that the reservoir-forming conditions of the low-level tectonic-lithologic composite quasi-layered buried hill in the northern portion of the Jizhong depression are the most favorable and that the Sicundian and Xinzhen buried hills are favorable areas for future exploration.

Types and microstructures of pores in shales of the Ordovician Wulalike Formation at the western margin of the Ordos Basin, China

Shale samples from the Ordovician Wulalike Formation at the western margin of the Ordos Basin are studied to define the types, microstructures and connectivity of pores as well as the relationships between the pore structures and gas content of the samples by using experimental techniques such as high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (LTNA), CO_(2) adsorption, and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The results show that the shale has 10 different lithofacies, typical mixed sedimentary characteristics, and poorly developed pores. The reservoir space mainly consists of intercrystalline pores, dissolution pores, intergranular pores, and micro-fissures, with organic pores occasionally visible. The pore size is mostly within 0.4–250 nm range but dominated by micropores and mesopores less than 20 nm, with pore numbers peaking at pore sizes of 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.82 nm, 3 nm, and 10 nm, respectively. The pores are poorly connected and macropores are rarely seen, which may explain the low porosity and low permeability of the samples. Samples with high content of organic matter and felsic minerals are potential reservoirs for oil and gas with their favorable physical properties and high connectivity. The pores less than 5 nm contribute significantly to the specific surface area and serve as important storage space for adsorbed gas.

Enlightenment of calcite veins in deep Ordovician Wufeng-Silurian Longmaxi shales fractures to migration and enrichment of shale gas in southern Sichuan Basin, SW China

The relationship between fracture calcite veins and shale gas enrichment in the deep Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation (Wufeng-Longmaxi) shales in southern Sichuan Basin was investigated through core and thin section observations, cathodoluminescence analysis, isotopic geochemistry analysis, fluid inclusion testing, and basin simulation. Tectonic fracture calcite veins mainly in the undulating part of the structure and non-tectonic fracture calcite veins are mainly formed in the gentle part of the structure. The latter, mainly induced by hydrocarbon generation, occurred at the stage of peak oil and gas generation, while the former turned up with the formation of Luzhou paleouplift during the Indosinian. Under the influence of hydrocarbon generation pressurization process, fractures were opened and closed frequently, and oil and gas episodic activities are recorded by veins. The formation pressure coefficient at the maximum paleodepth exceeds 2.0. The formation uplift stage after the Late Yanshanian is the key period for shale gas migration. Shale gas migrates along the bedding to the high part of the structure. The greater the structural fluctuation is, the more intense the shale gas migration activity is, and the loss is more. The gentler the formation is, the weaker the shale gas migration activity is, and the loss is less. The shale gas enrichment in the core of gentle anticlines and gentle synclines is relatively higher.

塔里木盆地北部奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩断溶体油藏成因类型及特征再认识

前人提出的“断溶体”油藏概念,现已成为海相碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探开发的新目标、新类型。但断溶体油藏与传统的风化壳型喀斯特油藏有显著差别,断溶体储集体类型、结构特点也存在差异。研究断溶体溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用的差异性,将断溶体划分为过溶蚀残留型、破碎+强溶蚀型和强破碎+弱溶蚀型3种类型。研究表明不同成因类型的断溶体油藏,其溶蚀程度、缝洞规模、累产油量、地层能量和缝洞间连通性差异明显。过溶蚀残留型油藏的分布受风化壳不整合面及断裂带的纵向溶蚀作用控制。破碎+强溶蚀型及强破碎+弱溶蚀型油藏的形成和分布与不整合面的发育和构造位置关系不大,主要受溶蚀断裂带“破碎+溶蚀程度”控制,在溶蚀断裂带核部发育规模较大的洞穴,向两侧逐步发育裂缝-孔洞型、裂缝型储层。

安徽南部地区奥陶纪海相红层的分布及时代

在充分收集前人奥陶系地层学、古生物学和沉积学等资料的基础上,对安徽南部地区奥陶系进行了系统梳理,开展皖东地1井和贵池冯村剖面奥陶纪海相红层系统研究,为地层对比、古气候和古地理恢复提供重要的科学依据。研究表明:奥陶纪海相红层主要分布于紫台组、牯牛潭组、大田坝组、宝塔组、汤头组和胡乐组,时代为早奥陶世弗洛晚期至晚奥陶世凯迪中期;主要岩石类型为碳酸盐岩(瘤状泥质灰岩、网纹状灰岩、含生物碎屑灰岩和泥微晶灰岩等),少量碎屑岩(泥岩、含粉砂质泥岩、含粉砂质页岩);大多数属半深水海相红层,局部为浅水和深水海相红层;自北西向南东呈现一层式→二层式→三层式→二层式→一层式→零层式的横向变化,出现时代凯迪期→达瑞威尔期→弗洛期的纵向变化,海相红层的分布与沉积环境、古水温和不同地区构造性质密切相关;研究区海相红层不仅具有区域性(与湖北宜昌奥陶系具有对比性),而且具有全球性(中国主要块体),在地层划分与对比上具有重要的研究价值。

上奥陶统五峰组海底麻坑沉积的首次识别及其地质意义

尽管海底麻坑普遍发育在现代海洋的多种环境,但关于深时、特别是古生代麻坑沉积的研究却极为罕见,研究者对其特征、成因、鉴别标志所知甚少。本次研究在重庆石柱地区柑子坪及歇步头剖面识别了发育在上奥陶统五峰组暗色细粒岩中的海底麻坑沉积,在野外观察、采样的基础上,利用显微薄片及扫描电镜观察了其微观特征,并测试了麻坑与围岩的主量元素和微量元素。研究显示麻坑沉积总体呈楔状或顶平底凹的透镜状,麻坑内岩层紊乱并发育上拱的岩层,被硅质脉分割的角砾普遍发育,麻坑沉积中常见重晶石、沥青及赤铁矿,主量及稀土元素测试结果显示麻坑的形成可能与热液及冷泉无关,推测五峰组自生的低熟油气是麻坑形成的基础。总结认为深时麻坑的识别标志有:地震剖面的负地形形态、碳同位素负偏明显的不规则形态的碳酸盐岩岩体、楔状或透镜状宏观形态、麻坑内杂乱的沉积填充、局部地层的上拱形态及古生物化石显示的沉积间断或时序混乱等。五峰组海底麻坑沉积具岩石学、地层学、古环境及油气地质学意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘奥陶纪马家沟期边界断层的新认识及其对成钾凹陷的控制

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组具备良好的成钾潜力,然而,当前仅勘探到薄钾石盐矿层和厚层钾石盐矿化段,大规模钾盐矿尚未发现。通过分析鄂尔多斯盆地东缘地震剖面的构造特征,认为盆地东缘晋西挠褶带西部马五6亚段沉积期存在活动边界正断层。在该断层作用下,形成东断西超的活动同沉积凹陷,富钾卤水大量汇聚于此。在持续干旱的强蒸发环境下,卤水持续浓缩,成钾窗口出现,钾石盐大规模析出,进而形成整装海相优质固体钾石盐矿床。侏罗纪末期,挤压应力导致成钾凹陷抬升,形成古凹今隆的格局,钾盐层抬升至较浅部位,有利于水溶法经济开采。

北祁连冷龙岭地区上奥陶统扣门子组的时代归属——来自牙形石的证据

本文首次报道了北祁连冷龙岭地区上奥陶统扣门子组牙形石,共识别鉴定出牙形石5属,9种,其中3个未定种,根据牙形石的分布规律,建立了1个牙形石组合:Aphelognathus grandis-Panderodus gracilis组合。笔者通过对研究区牙形石组合与国内外其他地区相同层位的牙形石带对比,并结合扣门子组其它古生物化石资料,将北祁连冷龙岭地区扣门子组的时代重新厘定为晚奥陶世桑比期—赫南特期中期,相当于中国地层年表的艾家山期晚期—钱塘江期中期。

鄂尔多斯盆地中-上元古界—下古生界热演化程度:来自伊利石结晶度及伊蒙混层的指示

由于缺乏有效的古温标,对鄂尔多斯盆地中-上元古界—下古生界热演化程度一直以来了解十分有限。本文通过对盆地内20余口钻井中-上元古界—下古生界开展自生伊利石结晶度和伊蒙混层系统性测试,试图从新的角度分析盆地中-上元古界—奥陶系热演化程度及分布规律。结果表明:盆地不同部位伊利石结晶度与深度关系存在明显的差异,整体具有随深度增大而减小的趋势,主要受控于古埋深及古地温梯度。盆地沉积盖层伊利石结晶度普遍大于0.25,未达到绿片岩相浅变质阶段;盆地下古生界奥陶系伊利石结晶度大于0.42,表明处于成岩演化阶段;寒武系样品结晶度略小于奥陶系,整体处于成岩带中-晚期到极低级变质作用阶段;中元古界伊利石结晶度相对更低,对应热演化程度更高。此外,我们对比了伊利石结晶度和等效镜质体反射率分别恢复的地层最大古地温结果,两者在误差范围内基本一致,表明这一方法对研究我国古老地层热演化程度具有明显的可行性。

不同构造单元页岩孔隙结构差异及其油气地质意义——以四川盆地泸州地区深层页岩为例

不同构造单元页岩储层品质、含气性差异明显,构造改造作用对页岩气勘探开发具有控制作用,但关于深层页岩气的构造控制作用机理研究较少,相关认识尚不明确,制约了深层页岩气的勘探开发。为此,通过“岩心—薄片—扫描电镜”多尺度观察、全岩矿物X射线衍射分析、核磁共振等技术手段,对比分析了四川盆地南部泸州地区不同构造单元上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组深层页岩孔隙结构和储层特征的差异,探讨了不同构造单元页岩孔隙结构差异与储层品质的耦合关系,明确了页岩气产量差异的内在地质原因,落实了构造改造作用下的页岩气勘探开发有利区。研究结果表明:①向斜区页岩主要以有机质孔隙、非构造裂缝为主,孔径大;背斜区页岩孔隙结构被强烈改造,以矿物粒间孔、构造裂缝为主,矿物粒间孔狭长且定向排列,孔径小。②向斜区构造相对稳定,有机质孔隙、矿物粒间孔以及成岩裂缝保存较好,宏孔占比高,储集性能好,含气量和产量高;背斜区页岩储层发育大量构造裂缝与断层,孔隙和成岩裂缝被压实,孔径减小,储集性能变差,含气量和产量低。③距盆缘剥蚀区越远,构造越稳定的单元,保存条件越好,该类构造单元页岩储层越发育,含气量和产量越高,页岩气勘探开发潜力越大。结论认为,构造运动对于压力系统的影响是形成不同构造单元深层页岩孔隙结构特征差异的重要因素,并控制了页岩储层的含气性与产量;向斜区深层保存条件好,远离剥蚀区,为勘探开发的最有利区,该认识可为深层页岩气勘探开发提供技术支撑。

鄂尔多斯盆地西北缘奥陶系克里摩里组等深流沉积

等深流沉积是深水沉积中的常见类型之一。古代地层记录中等深流沉积的鉴别及形成机理研究相对薄弱。在鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系克里摩里组发现了一种新的等深流沉积类型,即透镜状等深流沉积。研究表明:(1)研究区发育4种岩相及组合。岩相1为透镜状泥晶灰岩,岩相2以透镜状粉晶灰岩为主,岩相3为透镜状泥晶及亮晶方解石胶结砾屑-砂屑灰岩,岩相4以层状砾屑灰岩最为常见。(2)透镜状泥晶、粉晶及砾屑-砂屑灰岩相单层厚度相对较小,波状界面,呈透镜状,局部见泥质纹层、条带及斑点,粉晶方解石多呈斑块状,整体呈细—粗—细沉积序列,为等深流持续作用而成;层状砾屑灰岩相中砾屑见叠瓦状构造,局部见倒“小”字排列,可能与风暴相关。(3)碳氧同位素反映相对海平面及古温度具有2个升高—降低旋回及1个持续上升半旋回。(4)研究区等深流为相对低能的温盐环流。等深流活动强度与海平面升降、盐度变化呈正相关。(5)从下至上,等深流活动逐渐加强,局部存在短暂极强现象,并可能受风暴影响。