Statistics of languages are usually calculated by counting characters, words, sentences, word rankings. Some of these random variables are also the main “ingredients” of classical readability formulae. Revisiting th...Statistics of languages are usually calculated by counting characters, words, sentences, word rankings. Some of these random variables are also the main “ingredients” of classical readability formulae. Revisiting the readability formula of Italian, known as GULPEASE, shows that of the two terms that determine the readability index G—the semantic index , proportional to the number of characters per word, and the syntactic index GF, proportional to the reciprocal of the number of words per sentence—GF is dominant because GC is, in practice, constant for any author throughout seven centuries of Italian Literature. Each author can modulate the length of sentences more freely than he can do with the length of words, and in different ways from author to author. For any author, any couple of text variables can be modelled by a linear relationship y = mx, but with different slope m from author to author, except for the relationship between characters and words, which is unique for all. The most important relationship found in the paper is that between the short-term memory capacity, described by Miller’s “7 ? 2 law” (i.e., the number of “chunks” that an average person can hold in the short-term memory ranges from 5 to 9), and the word interval, a new random variable defined as the average number of words between two successive punctuation marks. The word interval can be converted into a time interval through the average reading speed. The word interval spreads in the same range as Miller’s law, and the time interval is spread in the same range of short-term memory response times. The connection between the word interval (and time interval) and short-term memory appears, at least empirically, justified and natural, however, to be further investigated. Technical and scientific writings (papers, essays, etc.) ask more to their readers because words are on the average longer, the readability index G is lower, word and time intervals are longer. Future work done on ancient languages, such as the classical Greek and Latin Literatures (or modern languages Literatures), could bring us an insight into the short-term memory required to their well-educated ancient readers.展开更多
Efficient computation of Tate pairing is a crucial factor for practical applications of pairing-based cryptosystems(PBC).Recently,there have been many improvements for the computation of Tate pairing,which focuses on ...Efficient computation of Tate pairing is a crucial factor for practical applications of pairing-based cryptosystems(PBC).Recently,there have been many improvements for the computation of Tate pairing,which focuses on the arithmetical operations above the finite field.In this paper,we analyze the structure of Miller’s algorithm firstly,which is used to implement Tate pairing.Based on the characteristics that Miller’s algorithm will be improved tremendous if the order of the subgroup of elliptic curve group is low hamming prime,a new method for generating parameters for PBC is put forward,which enable it feasible that there is certain some subgroup of low hamming prime order in the elliptic curve group generated.Finally,we analyze the computation efficiency of Tate pairing using the new parameters for PBC and give the test result.It is clear that the computation of Tate pairing above the elliptic curve group generating by our method can be improved tremendously.展开更多
Introduction: The differential diagnosis of patients presenting with multiple cranial neuropathies, ataxia, and altered mentation is broad and includes immunologic, infectious, vasculitic and metabolic conditions. Pri...Introduction: The differential diagnosis of patients presenting with multiple cranial neuropathies, ataxia, and altered mentation is broad and includes immunologic, infectious, vasculitic and metabolic conditions. Primary considerations are Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis (BBE), the Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), Wernicke’s encephalopathy and botulism. The initial workup may be unrevealing. Timely treatment is imperative and unnecessary treatment can be associated with serious adverse reactions. Sensitivity to the decisions needed in such patients is therefore important. Case report: A 58-year-old male presented with symptoms of altered mental status, blurred vision, dysphagia and dysarthria, impaired pupillary responses to light, facial diplegia, ataxia, and decreased tendon reflexes after an episode of a self resolving diarrheal disease. Primary initial diagnostic concerns were Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis (BBE), Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), Wernicke’s encephalopathy and botulism. Initial work-up including cerebrospinal fluid analyses, imaging studies, and an electrodiagnostic examination did not provide information helpful for narrowing this differential. The patient was treated with botulinum antitoxin, thiamine and intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) before the results of specialized tests were available. The patient’s clinical condition improved. Retrospectively, the patient was diagnosed as BBE. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the difficulties in distinguishing between BBE, MFS, and botulism as well as demonstrating the complexities of treating such patients.展开更多
文摘Statistics of languages are usually calculated by counting characters, words, sentences, word rankings. Some of these random variables are also the main “ingredients” of classical readability formulae. Revisiting the readability formula of Italian, known as GULPEASE, shows that of the two terms that determine the readability index G—the semantic index , proportional to the number of characters per word, and the syntactic index GF, proportional to the reciprocal of the number of words per sentence—GF is dominant because GC is, in practice, constant for any author throughout seven centuries of Italian Literature. Each author can modulate the length of sentences more freely than he can do with the length of words, and in different ways from author to author. For any author, any couple of text variables can be modelled by a linear relationship y = mx, but with different slope m from author to author, except for the relationship between characters and words, which is unique for all. The most important relationship found in the paper is that between the short-term memory capacity, described by Miller’s “7 ? 2 law” (i.e., the number of “chunks” that an average person can hold in the short-term memory ranges from 5 to 9), and the word interval, a new random variable defined as the average number of words between two successive punctuation marks. The word interval can be converted into a time interval through the average reading speed. The word interval spreads in the same range as Miller’s law, and the time interval is spread in the same range of short-term memory response times. The connection between the word interval (and time interval) and short-term memory appears, at least empirically, justified and natural, however, to be further investigated. Technical and scientific writings (papers, essays, etc.) ask more to their readers because words are on the average longer, the readability index G is lower, word and time intervals are longer. Future work done on ancient languages, such as the classical Greek and Latin Literatures (or modern languages Literatures), could bring us an insight into the short-term memory required to their well-educated ancient readers.
基金Acknowledgments This research is supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60873107 to G.M. Dai, Nature Science Foundation CD2008438B to G.M. Dai and in Hubei under Grant No. Special Funds to Finance Operating Expenses for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges in China under Grant No. CUGL090241 to M.C. Wang.
文摘Efficient computation of Tate pairing is a crucial factor for practical applications of pairing-based cryptosystems(PBC).Recently,there have been many improvements for the computation of Tate pairing,which focuses on the arithmetical operations above the finite field.In this paper,we analyze the structure of Miller’s algorithm firstly,which is used to implement Tate pairing.Based on the characteristics that Miller’s algorithm will be improved tremendous if the order of the subgroup of elliptic curve group is low hamming prime,a new method for generating parameters for PBC is put forward,which enable it feasible that there is certain some subgroup of low hamming prime order in the elliptic curve group generated.Finally,we analyze the computation efficiency of Tate pairing using the new parameters for PBC and give the test result.It is clear that the computation of Tate pairing above the elliptic curve group generating by our method can be improved tremendously.
文摘Introduction: The differential diagnosis of patients presenting with multiple cranial neuropathies, ataxia, and altered mentation is broad and includes immunologic, infectious, vasculitic and metabolic conditions. Primary considerations are Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis (BBE), the Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), Wernicke’s encephalopathy and botulism. The initial workup may be unrevealing. Timely treatment is imperative and unnecessary treatment can be associated with serious adverse reactions. Sensitivity to the decisions needed in such patients is therefore important. Case report: A 58-year-old male presented with symptoms of altered mental status, blurred vision, dysphagia and dysarthria, impaired pupillary responses to light, facial diplegia, ataxia, and decreased tendon reflexes after an episode of a self resolving diarrheal disease. Primary initial diagnostic concerns were Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis (BBE), Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), Wernicke’s encephalopathy and botulism. Initial work-up including cerebrospinal fluid analyses, imaging studies, and an electrodiagnostic examination did not provide information helpful for narrowing this differential. The patient was treated with botulinum antitoxin, thiamine and intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) before the results of specialized tests were available. The patient’s clinical condition improved. Retrospectively, the patient was diagnosed as BBE. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the difficulties in distinguishing between BBE, MFS, and botulism as well as demonstrating the complexities of treating such patients.
