Analysis and Modeling of Broadband CMOS Monolithic Balun up to Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

The implementation of broadband monolithic baluns based on CMOS technology is investigated. The configuration and parameterized layout are analyzed. Then,a wide-band lumped element equivalent circuit model accounting for all necessary physical effects is proposed and model parameters are extracted, with high accuracy in a broadband frequency range ,via combination of physical formula and fitting optimization. Two baluns were implemented with TSMC＇s one-poly eight-metal （1P8M） 0.13μm mixed-signal （MS）/RF CMOS process. The S-parameters of these two baluns were measured using a vector network analyzer. The measured results agree well with the modeled parameters up to millimeter-wave frequencies.

Non-LOS target localization via millimeter-wave automotive radar

This paper considers the non-line-of-sight(NLOS)vehicle localization problem by using millimeter-wave(MMW)automotive radar.Several preliminary attempts for NLOS vehicle detection are carried out and achieve good results.Firstly,an electromagnetic(EM)wave NLOS multipath propagation model for vehicle scene is established.Subsequently,with the help of available multipath echoes,a complete NLOS vehicle localiza-tion algorithm is proposed.Finally,simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the established EM wave propagation model and the proposed NLOS vehicle localization algorithm.

Analysis and Optimum Design of Differential Inductors Using Distributed Capacitance Model

A distributed capacitance model for monolithic inductors is developed to predict the equivalently parasitical capacitances of the inductor.The ratio of the self-resonant frequency (f SR) of the differential-driven symmetric inductor to the f SR of the single-ended driven inductor is firstly predicted and explained.Compared with a single-ended configuration,experimental data demonstrate that the differential inductor offers a 127% greater maximum quality factor and a broader range of operating frequencies.Two differential inductors with low parasitical capacitance are developed and validated.

Parameter Extraction for 2-π Equivalent Circuit Model of RF CMOS Spiral Inductors

A novel parameter extraction method with rational functions is presented for the 2-πequivalent circuit model of RF CMOS spiral inductors. The final S-parameters simulated by the circuit model closely match experimental data. The extraction strategy is straightforward and can be easily implemented as a CAD tool to model spiral inductors. The resulting circuit models will be very useful for RF circuit designers.

Analysis of substrate eddy effects and distribution effects in silicon-based inductor model

The concepts of substrate eddy influence factor and distribution-effects-occurring frequency are presented. The effects of substrate resistivity and inductor spiral length on the substrate eddy and distribution effects are captured. The substrate eddy influence factors of an inductor （6 turn, 3 060 μm in length） fabricated on low （ 1 Ω. cm） and high resistivity（ 1 000 Ω.cm） silicon substrates are 0. 3 and 0. 04, and the distribution-effects- occurring frequencies are 1.8 GHz and 14. 5 GHz, respectively. The measurement results show that the equivalent circuit model of the inductor on low resistivity silicon must take into consideration substrate eddy effects and distribution effects. However, the circuit model of the inductor on high resistivity silicon cannot take into account the substrate eddy effects and the distribution effects at the frequencies of interest. Its simple model shows agreement with the measurements, and the contrast is within 7%.

An Inductor Model for Analyzing the Performance of Printed Meander Line Antennas in Smart Structures

Meander line antenna has been considered desirable on flight vehicles to reduce drag and minimize aerodynamic disturbance;however, the antenna design and performance analysis have made mostly by trial-and-error. An inductor model by simulating the meander line sections as electrical inductors and the interconnecting radiation elements as a quasi-monopole antenna is developed to analyze the antenna performance. Experimental verifications of the printed meander line antennas embedded in composite laminated substrates show that the inductor model is effective to design and analyze. Of the 4 antennas tested, the discrepancy of resonant frequency in simulation and experiment is within 4.6%.

基于MPC的耦合电感飞跨电容双向DC/DC变换器功率均衡解耦控制策略

耦合电感功率变换器因耦合电感阻抗、电感值等参数差异易导致功率不均衡。针对耦合电感飞跨电容双向DC/DC变换器,提出一种基于模型预测控制(MPC)的功率均衡解耦控制策略。通过对变换器原理进行分析,建立基于电感电流解耦的数学模型,得到包括电感电流和飞跨电容电压等6个控制变量的解耦控制方法。在此基础上,提出基于MPC的功率均衡解耦控制策略。同时,为降低MPC算法的运算负荷,根据解耦控制模型重构模型预测价值函数,实现各控制变量独立动态寻优,使系统能在稳定控制输出电压及飞跨电容电压的同时,实现两相耦合电感的功率均衡控制。最后,通过理论分析及实验对所提策略进行有效验证。

独立充放时序SIDO开关变换器电流型变频控制技术

单电感双输出(single-inductor dual-output,SIDO)开关变换器工作在共享充放时序下存在电感电流纹波大、输出支路间交叉影响严重以及电路参数宽范围变化下控制电路不能正常工作等问题.为此,提出一种独立充放时序电流型变频控制(current-mode variable frequency control,C-VF)技术.首先,具体描述变换器在连续导电模式(continuous conduction mode,CCM)下的工作原理,并推导主电路开环传递函数;进一步构建闭环小信号模型,推导闭环交叉阻抗,详细分析不同输出电压及负载电流下变换器的交叉影响特性;最后,通过仿真和实验进行验证.研究表明:相较于共享充放时序,独立充放时序C-VF CCM SIDO buck变换器减小了交叉影响,改善了负载瞬态响应性能;当两支路负载电压不等时,减轻某一支路负载可以降低该支路的交叉影响;当两支路输出电压相同但负载不同时,重载支路对轻载支路的交叉影响更小.

超导储能电感用于重接型电磁推进电源的研究

为了验证高温超导储能电感作为重接型电磁推进脉冲电源的可行性,采用Ansoft Maxwell 3D建立了重接型电磁推进器瞬态仿真模型,脉冲电源的设计结合了多模块储能电感串联充电和并联放电的模式,电路中采用转换电容器限制断路开关工作过程中的高电压。电感和电容参数都对最佳触发放电位置有一定的影响,即对驱动线圈电流脉冲的上升沿时间有影响。因为驱动线圈建立磁场的速度决定抛体感应出的涡流大小,抛体受到的驱动力与驱动线圈磁场大小和磁场建立的速度都有关。在多级推进系统的参数设计时,除了减小触发放电位置外,还需适当地减小驱动线圈的电感和减小转换电容的参数。

考虑频变特性的共模电感宽频段阻抗建模方法

共模电感由绕组和磁芯组成,锰锌铁氧体可以作为共模电感的磁芯,其高频参数的频变特性使共模电感的阻抗特性在150 kHz~30 MHz内呈非线性。针对传统共模电感集总电路模型与实测阻抗特性存在较大偏差,难以准确预测共模电感在高频段阻抗特性的问题,分析磁芯材料参数与绕组绕制方式对共模电感高频阻抗特性的影响;从共模电感分布电容特性的角度阐述磁性材料参数与绕组结构对分布电容大小的作用机理;提出考虑磁芯相关频变参数的共模电感宽频段阻抗仿真建模方法,结合阻抗测试验证所提方法的有效性。

基于平均值模型的感应子脉冲发电机电容器重频充电系统分析

基于平均值模型对感应子脉冲发电机电容器重频充电系统进行了研究。分析了次暂态磁链在充电过程中的变化规律,以及次暂态磁链的变化对充电性能的影响。仿真和计算结果表明,次暂态磁链在充电过程中逐渐变小。当充电时间与发电机的电磁时间常数相当时,充电过程中次暂态磁链下降会导致充电电压明显降低,因此必须考虑次暂态磁链变化的影响。进一步研究了具有恒流控制功能的励磁电源对充电过程中调节作用的影响,并指出为了降低发电机对绝缘性能的要求,在重频充放电脉冲模式下励磁电流应该采用逐渐上升的方式。

准Z源逆变器的模型预测电流误差控制

为降低准Z源逆变器模型预测控制的控制误差,提出一种模型预测电流误差控制方法。首先,在充分分析电压矢量对被控量性能影响的基础上,合理地选择适合各被控量的电压矢量组合方式。然后,利用电流对称控制思想保证电感电流关于其参考指令对称。最后,采用电压矢量抵消原理使输出电流幅值逼近其目标值。实验结果表明,所提方法能够大幅降低电感电流脉动和输出电流谐波含量;证明了所提方法能有效提高准Z源逆变器的控制精度,简化了对权重系数的设计工作。

MEMS Inductor Consisting of Suspended Thick Crystalline Silicon Spiral with Copper Surface Coating

A novel MEMS inductor consisting of a planar single crystalline silicon spiral with a copper surface coating as the conductor is presented. Using a silicon-glass anodic bonding and deep etching formation-and-release process,a 40μm-thick silicon spiral is formed, which is suspended on a glass substrate to eliminate substrate loss. The surfaces of the silicon spiral are coated with highly conformal copper by electroless plating to reduce the resis- tive loss in the conductor,with thin nickel film plated on the surface of the copper layer for final surface passivation. The fabricated inductor exhibits a self-resonance frequency higher than 15GHz,with a quality factor of about 40 and an inductance of over 5nil at 11.3GHz. Simulations based on a compact equivalent circuit model of the inductor and parameter extraction using a characteristic-function approach are carried out,and good agreement with measurements is obtained.

用于新能源发电的新型升降压转换器及其控制策略

针对新能源发电装置输出电压变化大难以实现储能的问题,提出一种基于PI控制器结合前馈控制的新型单管耦合型升降压转换器,通过调节耦合电感的变比灵活调节电压转换比,同时降低了开关器件电压应力,采用无源钳位电路,起到回收漏感能量和抑制开关管电压尖峰的作用,与传统升降压转换器相比具有更宽电压转换比,输入电流连续和开关管电压应力小等优势;利用PI控制器结合前馈控制策略实现闭环控制,保证了转换器整个输入电压范围内良好的输入暂态响应。详细分析了转换器的工作原理并推导了转换器稳态特性,将所提转换器与其他单管升降压转换器的各项性能进行比较。推导了转换器的小信号模型,同时利用伯德图验证PI参数设计的正确性,分析了PI控制器结合前馈控制策略的设计过程。最后,搭建了一台额定功率100 W,20~60 V输入、48 V输出的实验样机,通过升压和降压模式下的实验来验证所提转换器的性能,同时验证了PI控制器结合前馈控制策略的可行性,其中升压模式最大效率为97.08%,降压模式最大效率为97.10%。

感应子电机二维磁场计算模型的对比研究

感应子电机因其转子结构简单,具有非常高的可靠性,特别适用于高速场合,在脉冲电源、储能系统、航空发电、船舶推进系统等领域有着广泛的应用。感应子电机的磁场为三维磁场,但三维磁场分析所需计算资源和时间太多。因此,对感应子电机的磁场分析一般采用简化二维模型。目前,感应子电机二维磁场计算模型主要有:标量磁位法、矢量磁位法、等效励磁绕组法和改进等效励磁绕组法四种模型。标量磁位法、矢量磁位法、等效励磁绕组法和改进等效励磁绕组法各有优缺点,本文对以上四种二维磁场计算模型进行了对比研究,分析了各自的优缺点,对其适用性进行了讨论。

Reluctance Network Analysis for Complex Coupled Inductors

The use of reluctance networks has been a conventional practice to analyze transformer structures. Basic transformer structures can be well analyzed by using the magnetic-electric analogues discovered by Heaviside in the 19th century. However, as power transformer structures are getting more complex today, it has been recognized that changing transformer structures cannot be accurately analyzed using the current reluctance network methods. This paper presents a novel method in which the magnetic reluctance network or arbitrary complexity and the surrounding electrical networks can be analyzed as a single network. The method presented provides a straightforward mapping table for systematically linking the electric lumped elements to magnetic circuit elements. The methodology is validated by analyzing several practical transformer structures. The proposed method allows the analysis of coupled inductor of any complexity, linear or non-linear.

Non-inverting buck-boost DC-DC converter based on constant inductor current control

The hysteresis control combined with PWM control non-inverting buck-boost was proposed to improve the light load efficiency and power density.The constant inductor current control(CICC)was established to mitigate the dependence on the external components and device variation and make smooth transition between hysteresis control loop and pulse width modulation(PWM)control loop.The small signal model was deduced for the buck and boost operation mode.The inductor current slope control(ICSC)was proposed to implement the automatic mode transition between buck and boost mode in one switching cycle.The results show that the converter prototype has good dynamic response capability,achieving 94%efficiency and 95%peak efficiency at full 10 A load current.

High efficiency modeling of broadband millimeter-wave CMOS FETs with gate width scalability by using pre-modeled cells

Thisworkpresentsahighlyefficientapproachforbroadbandmodelingofmillimeter-waveCMOSFETs with gate width scalability by using pre-modeled cells. Only a few devices with varied gate width are required to be measured and modeled with fixed models, and later used as pre-modeled cells. Then a target device with the desired gate width is constructed by choosing appropriate cells and connecting them with a wiring network. The corresponding scalable model is constructed by incorporating the fixed models of the cells used in the target device and the scalable model of the connection wires. The proposed approach is validated by experiments on 65-nm CMOS process up to 40 GHz and across a wide range of gate widths.

一种交错并联双向DC-DC变换器的新型磁集成技术

为了提高交错并联双向DC-DC变换器的功率密度,降低高频工作下的磁心损耗,提高变换器的整体效率,该文提出一种新型磁集成电感结构,采用分段绕组优化设计,通过计算磁心气隙以及各磁柱绕线匝数等参数,将两个分立的电感集成在一个EE型磁心上。使磁元件体积和重量分别减小了48.2%和46.7%。与现有的交错并联磁集成方案相比,该方法能有效降低磁心的饱和度,使磁心上的磁通分布更加均匀,减小电感磁心损耗,提高系统效率。最后,通过有限元仿真和实验样机验证该设计的正确性和有效性.

基于孪生模型的模块化多电平换流器保护

随着柔性直流输电技术的发展,模块化多电平换流器(MMC)由于其拓扑优势越来越受到关注。作为直流输电换流阀的主要元件,子模块与桥臂电抗器故障将对换流站安全稳定运行造成严重影响,现有差动保护均无法有效识别此类故障。文中提出了基于孪生模型的MMC保护原理,结合MMC的控制信息建立数字孪生模型,通过动态状态估计构建保护判据。所提保护方案能够准确检测MMC换流器故障,包括桥臂电抗器匝间短路故障、子模块开路故障及桥臂相间短路故障。根据保护动作类型提出两套保护判据。仿真结果表明,所提保护方案能够可靠地自适应辨识MMC区内故障,具有良好的速动性以及耐受过渡电阻能力。