Donor-Derived CD19-Targeted T Cell Infusion Eliminates B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Minimal Residual Disease with No Response to Donor Lymphocytes after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Leukemia relapse is still the leading cause of treatment failure after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Relapsed patients with BALL after allo-HSCT have a very short median survival. Minimal residual disease (MRD) is predictive of forthcoming hematological relapse after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT);furthermore, eliminating MRD effectively prevents relapse. Donor lymphoblastic infusion (DLI) is the main established approach to treat B-ALL with MRD after allo-HSCT. However, about one-third of patients with MRD are non-responsive to DLI and their prognosis worsens. Although donor-derived cluster of differentiation (CD)19-directed chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) T cells (CART19s) can potentially cure leukemia, the efficiency and safety of infusions with these cells have not yet been investigated in patients with MRD after HSCT. Between September 2014 and February 2018, six patients each received one or more infusions of CART19s from HSCT donors. Five (83.33%) achieved MRD-negative remission, and one case was not responsive to the administration of CAR T cells. Three of the six patients are currently alive without leukemia. No patient developed acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), and no patient died of cytokine release syndrome. Donor-derived CAR T cell infusions seem to be an effective and safe intervention for patients with MRD in B-ALL after allo-HSCT and for those who were not responsive to DLI.

A comparison of flow cytometry detection of minimal residual disease and chimerism kinetics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Determination of minimal residual disease (MRD) remains crucial for the follow-up after therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Chimerism was assessed by short tandem repeat (STR)-PCR and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-PCR, and MRD by a multicolor flow cytometric approach in 12 consecutive patients with CLL after they received allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Overall, 11 patients achieved MRD flow negativity [10 had full donor chimerism (FDC) and one had mixed chimerism (MC)]. Only one patient remained with MRD flow positivity and displayed MC. Fifty-six samples were concomitantly studied by both chimerism and MRD flow. A significant correlation was observed between MRD flow data and chimerism in both PB and BM by using a mixed effect linear regression (p < 0.001). Flow cytometry approach of MRD can be easily combined with chimerism during the follow-up post-allogeneic SCT. Both techniques appeared complementary for guiding post-transplant immunomodulation.

Study of Minimal Residual Disease in Adults with B-Lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Flowcytometry

Background: After achieving morphological remission, existence of few number of leukemic cells in the patient’s blood represents the minimal residual disease (MRD) and its monitoring helps in evaluating early treatment response and future relapse. Patients and methods: Eighty seven newly diagnosed (B-ALL) cases were enrolled in the present study in the time period from October 2013 to October 2016. A panel of 4 monoclonal antibodies (CD10FITC, CD19PE, CD34PercP and CD45APC) were defined at diagnosis and after morphological remission for tracing of minimal residual disease (MRD). Results: Eighty seven newly diagnosed B-ALL cases were included in the present study of which 73 (84%) showed positive expression to CD45 in combination with (CD10, CD19 and CD34) at diagnosis, which allow us to use this combination for further assessment of MRD after morphological remission. In our study 65% of patients had negative MRD ( Conclusion: MRD detection by flow cytometry using the combination of CD45 with CD10, CD19 & CD34 is an easy and reliable method. Patients with positive MRD are at higher risk of relapse and have inferior overall survival rates compared to those with MRD-ve. Future studies focusing on treatment intensification for the group of patients with +ve MRD aiming to improve the treatment outcome are warranted.

AML化疗期间不同时间点流式细胞术MRD检测对预后的影响

目的:探讨AML化疗期间不同时间点流式细胞术微小残留病(MRD)检测对预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析2018年3月到2022年3月确诊并规范化疗的130例成人原发AML患者,用流式细胞术检测MRD,Kaplan-Meier曲线进行生存分析,log-rank检验进行差异性分析,Cox比例风险回归模型进行影响患者生存的单因素和多因素分析。竞争风险模型进行影响患者累计复发率(CIR)的分析,Fine-Gray进行差异性分析。结果:130例患者中,CR181例,CR226例,PR 14例,NR 9例。CR1组OS高于CR2、PR、NR组。CR2组OS高于PR组,但与NR组比较无统计学差异;PR组OS与NR组比较无统计学差异。CR1和CR2的107例患者根据流式细胞术检测的MRD分组,第一次诱导化疗后MRD~-和MRD~+组患者的4年预期RFS率分别为65.3%和27.9%,4年预期OS率分别为58.7%和41.4%,4年预计CIR率分别为34.7%和69.7%,2组比较差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.639,P=0.010;χ^(2)=6.131,P=0.013;χ^(2)=6.637,P=0.010);第二次化疗后MRD~-和MRD~+组患者的4年预期RFS率分别为50.8%和37.9%,4年预期OS率分别为49.2%和44.5%,4年预计CIR率分别为49.2%和59.5%,2组比较差异均无统计学意义(χ^(2)=1.475,P=0.225;χ^(2)=2.432,P=0.119;χ^(2)=1.416,P=0.234);巩固治疗期间MRD~-和MRD~+组患者的4年预期RFS率分别为51.9%和29.6%,4年预期OS率分别为67.5%和24.6%,4年预计CIR率分别为48.1%和70.4%,2组比较差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=20.982,P<0.001;χ^(2)=17.794,P<0.001;χ^(2)=19.879,P<0.001);3个时间点MRD均为阴性和任一时间点为阳性患者的4年预期RFS率分别为69.9%和33.3%,4年预期OS率分别为59.1%和44.7%,4年预计CIR率分别为30.1%和65.1%,2组比较差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=7.367,P=0.007;χ^(2)=6.042,P=0.014;χ^(2)=7.662,P=0.006)。单因素分析结果显示,染色体高危核型是影响患者RFS和OS的不利因素,诱导化疗2个疗程达CR、第一次诱导化疗后MRD~-和第二次化疗MRD~-是患者RFS和OS的保护因素;巩固治疗期间MRD~-和3个时间点MRD~-是患者RFS、OS和CIR的保护因素。多因素分析结果显示,诱导化疗2个疗程达CR是患者RFS和CIR的保护因素,巩固治疗期间MRD~-是RFS、OS和CIR的保护因素。结论:成人AML患者早期获得CR和MRD~-,特别是巩固治疗期间的MRD~-是预后良好的标志,流式细胞术是AML患者MRD检测最常用的方法。

定期监测微小残留病变对儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的预后价值

背景微小残留病变(MRD)用于监测和评估儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的治疗反应,并根据MRD水平进行危险度分层。目的探讨ALL患儿化疗期间及结束化疗后定期监测MRD对复发的预后价值。设计回顾性队列研究。方法收集2015年1月至2020年2月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院(我院)接受CCCG-ALL 2015方案化疗的初诊ALL连续病例的临床资料,使用流式细胞术检测MRD。分析定期监测MRD与早期预测复发之间的关系。主要结局指标无复发生存期(RFS)。结果224例患儿纳入本文分析,男134例,女90例,中位年龄4.8岁。①诱导缓解第19天(D19)MRD阳性104例(46.4%),第46天(D46)MRD阳性23例(10.3%)。从诱导缓解后(16周)至结束化疗(125周)MRD均阴性145例。结束化疗后随访期间(152~287周),13例MRD阳性,其中11例(84.6%)复发。②28例患儿复发,中位复发时间33月,14例存活,12例死亡,2例失访;20例骨髓复发,其中2例合并睾丸复发,1例合并中枢神经系统复发(CNSL);8例单纯CNSL。③224例患儿随访时间52(IQR:36.5~69.5)月,5年RFS(84.5±2.8)%。D46 MRD≥0.01%与<0.01%、诱导缓解后至结束化疗期间MRD均阴性与MRD至少1次阳性患儿的5年RFS差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论D46 MRD≥0.01%及诱导缓解后至结束化疗期间MRD至少1次阳性的患儿预后较差。化疗过程中定期监测MRD十分重要。

儿童急性髓系白血病早期流式微小残留病检测与预后相关性的临床研究

目的:探索应用多参数流式细胞术(MFC)监测儿童急性髓系白血病(AML)诱导化疗后骨髓微小残留病(MRD)对预测预后的价值。方法:回顾性分析2015年8月-2022年12月武汉儿童医院血液科97例初诊AML患儿接受诱导化疗第Ⅰ周期和第Ⅱ周期后采用MFC检测骨髓MRD的结果,并分析其与预后的相关性。结果:97例AML患儿诱导治疗Ⅰ后57名患儿MRD阳性(MRD1^(+),58.8%),诱导治疗Ⅱ后仍有19名患儿MRD阳性(MRD2^(+),19.6%)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果显示37例(64.9%)MRD1^(+)接受移植治疗患儿预计3年总生存(OS)率明显高于20例(35.1%)未接受移植治疗患儿(84.6%vs 40.0%,P=0.0001)。35例MRD1^(+)MRD2^(-)患儿中,接受移植的25例患儿3年OS率高于10例未移植患儿(87.2%vs 70.0%,P=0.3229)。19例MRD1^(+)MRD2^(+)患儿3年OS率低于35例MRD1^(+)MRD2^(-)患儿(57.4%vs 81.8%,P=0.059)。12例MRD2^(+)移植治疗患儿3年OS率高于MRD2+7例未移植患儿(80.8%vs 14.3%,P=0.0007)。12例MRD1^(+)MRD2^(+)移植患儿和25例MRD1^(+)MRD2-移植患儿3年OS差异无统计学意义(80.8%vs 87.2%,P=0.8868)。7例MRD1^(+)MRD2^(+)未移植患儿3年OS明显低于10例MRD1^(+)MRD2^(-)未移植患儿(14.3%vs 70.7%,P=0.0114)。进一步多因素分析结果显示MRD2^(+)和移植治疗是患儿预后的独立影响因素(P=0.031,0.000),MRD1^(+)对预测97例患儿总体生存无统计学差异(P=0.902)。结论:诱导化疗Ⅱ后MRD阳性是AML患儿预后不良的独立危险因素。MRD2^(+)预示着更差的预后,可筛选出需接受移植的患儿。MRD2^(+)不是患儿移植治疗禁忌症尽早移植明显改善高危患儿的预后。

运用数据挖掘总结胡晓梅教授治疗微小残留白血病的用药规律

目的:通过中医传承辅助平台(V3.0)挖掘胡晓梅教授治疗微小残留白血病(Minimal Residual Leukemia,MRL)的用药规律,总结MRL的辨治方法。方法:收集胡晓梅教授门诊治疗MRL的有效处方133首,录入中医传承辅助平台,建立胡晓梅教授治疗MRL的方药数据库。结果:分析数据库中患者的症状及所用药物的四气、五味、归经、使用频次和组方规律,得出常用药物有茯苓、山药、山茱萸、白术、炙甘草、牡丹皮、陈皮等共14味,核心药物组合中多见茯苓、山茱萸、熟地黄等药物与山药关联,通过聚类分析得到8首治疗MRL的新处方。结论:文本挖掘、关联规则等数据挖掘方法可以有效总结用药规律,胡晓梅辨治MRL的思路是从正虚邪恋的病理状态入手,以健脾益肾、扶正祛邪为治法,主要使用六味地黄丸合六君子汤加减以滋补肝肾、健脾益气。

儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病预后影响因素分析——CCCG-ALL-2015方案单中心临床研究

目的探讨儿童急性T淋巴细胞白血病(acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia,T-ALL)患儿的临床特征,并分析其与预后的关系。方法回顾性分析2015年11月—2019年12月南京医科大学附属儿童医院血液肿瘤科采用CCCG-ALL-2015方案诊治的50例T-ALL患儿的临床资料及随访结果,运用Kaplan-Meier生存分析、Cox回归分析等方法分析患儿预后的影响因素。结果50例T-ALL患儿中,共复发7例。复发组和非复发组基本临床资料的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。复发组诱导缓解治疗后第46天微小残留病(minimal residual disease,MRD)阳性率(≥0.01%)高于非复发组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.037)。50例患儿5年总体生存率为(87±5)%,5年无事件生存率为(86±5)%。多因素Cox回归分析显示诱导缓解治疗后第46天MRD水平是预后的独立影响因素(HR=0.104,95%CI:0.015~0.740,P=0.024)。结论MRD对T-ALL患儿的预后有重要意义,临床上需根据MRD水平提供个性化治疗,预防复发、改善预后。

WT1基因在急性白血病中的表达及临床价值

目的对急性白血病初诊患者的WT1基因表达进行研究和分析,探讨其临床意义。方法收集昆明医科大学第一附属医院2021年1月-2022年12月急性白血病初诊患者145例作为实验组,同期非白血病初诊患者69例作为对照组,应用RT-PCR法检测患者骨髓标本WT1基因表达。结果实验组与对照组之间的WT1基因表达量有显著性差异(P<0.05);性别、年龄与WT1基因的表达量无显著性差异(P>0.05);低危组、中危组及高危组比较,均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论WT1基因在急性白血病初诊患者中高表达,可作为临床治疗和预后的评估指标。

地西他滨联合重组人干扰素ɑ-2b对儿童急性髓系白血病的疗效

目的探讨地西他滨联合重组人干扰素ɑ-2b治疗儿童急性髓系白血病(AML)的疗效及对血常规指标、免疫功能、微小残留病变(MRD)表达情况、不良反应发生率的影响。方法本研究为随机对照试验,将西安市儿童医院血液肿瘤科2020年5月至2024年1月收治的100例AML患儿按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各50例。对照组男29例,女21例,年龄(9.79±2.60)岁;观察组男27例,女23例,年龄(9.96±2.35)岁。对照组接受地西他滨治疗,以15 mg/m2的剂量静脉滴注,每天一次,连续5 d。观察组在对照组基础上联合重组人干扰素ɑ-2b治疗:从地西他滨治疗的第1天开始,给予重组人干扰素ɑ-2b皮下或肌肉注射,剂量为3 mIU/m2,每周3次,连续治疗6周。比较两组患儿的临床疗效、血常规指标、免疫功能、MRD表达情况及不良反应发生率。采用χ^(2)检验、Fisher确切概率法、独立样本t检验。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组[76.00%(38/50)比52.00%(26/50)],差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.250,P=0.012)。6周后,观察组血小板计数和血红细胞计数、CD3^(+)和CD4^(+)水平高于对照组[(116.24±12.52)×10^(9)/L比(99.20±10.93)×10^(9)/L、(197.12±17.27)×10^(9)/L比(169.67±14.64)×10^(9)/L、(58.74±5.40)%比(54.94±5.97)%、(34.09±4.26)%比(30.37±3.80)%],骨髓原始细胞比例低于对照组[(9.46±3.13)%比(12.90±3.54)%],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。两组MRD阳性表达率和不良反应发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论地西他滨联合重组人干扰素ɑ-2b治疗儿童AML能有效提高临床疗效,改善血常规指标和免疫功能,且安全性良好。

Current assessment and management of measurable residual disease in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the setting of CAR-T-cell therapy

Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-modified T-cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL).Measurable/minimal residual disease(MRD)monitoring plays a significant role in the prognostication and management of patients undergoing CAR-T-cell therapy.Common MRD detection methods include flow cytometry(FCM),polymerase chain reaction(PCR),and next-generation sequencing(NGS),and each method has advantages and limitations.It has been well documented that MRD positivity predicts a poor prognosis and even disease relapse.Thus,how to perform prognostic evaluations,stratify risk based on MRD status,and apply MRD monitoring to guide individual therapeutic decisions have important implications in clinical practice.This review assesses the common and novel MRD assessment methods.In addition,we emphasize the critical role of MRD as a prognostic biomarker and summarize the latest studies regarding MRD-directed combination therapy with CAR-T-cell therapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT),as well as other therapeutic strategies to improve treatment effect.Furthermore,this review discusses current challenges and strategies for MRD detection in the setting of disease relapse after targeted therapy.

miR-155-5p在急性髓系白血病预后判断中的意义研究

目的:分析外周血单个核细胞miR-155-5P表达水平在急性髓系白血病(AML)患者预后判断中的作用与预后之间的相关性。方法:采用qRT-PCR法检测诱导治疗2周后AML患者外周血单个核细胞的miRNA-155-5P表达水平。以临界值为基准分为大于临界值组和小于临界值组。按照2017ELN疗效标准确定完全缓解组(CR)和未缓解组(NR)。统计分析治疗2周后外周血单个核细胞miR-155-5P表达水平在评估AML患者生存率、复发率、微小残留病、无病生存期中的意义。结果:化疗诱导治疗2周时AML患者的外周血单个核细胞的miRNA-155-5P表达水平均高于正常对照组(t=2.812,P=0.0001)。完全缓解组的外周血单个核细胞miRNA-155-5P表达水平明显低于未缓解组(t=3.407,P=0.0012),复发组外周血单个核细胞miRNA-155-5P的表达水平高于非复发组(r=4.293,P<0.0001)。外周血单个核细胞miRNA-155-5P水平与无病生存期(DFS)没有明显的相关性(r=0.1600,P=0.265)。但是,miRNA-155-5P大于和小于临界值两组的无病生存期具有显著性差异(t=4.54,P<0.0001)。大于临界值组的MRD发生率和NR率均低于小于临界值组(χ^(2)=7.810,P=0.011);(χ^(2)=10.083,P=0.001)。但是,miRNA-155-5P大于和小于临界值两组的CR率和复发率没有明显差异(χ^(2)=3.176,P=0.075;χ^(2)=1.539,P=0.215)。外周血单个核细胞miRNA-155-5P小于临界值组的AML患者,具有更高的3年生存率和5年生存率(χ^(2)=12.84,P=0.0003;χ^(2)=10.81,P=0.0010)。结论:化疗诱导治疗2周后的外周血单个核细胞miR-155-5P的表达水平是AML患者临床预后判断的重要生物学指标。

儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病MRL与mdr1基因表达动态监测

目的 探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病 (ALL)中 ,微小残留白血病 (MRL)与mdr 1基因表达动态监测的临床意义。方法 对 35例ALL患儿不同病期骨髓标本进行PCR或巢式PCR检测IgH和TCRVδ2 Dδ3 基因重排 ,同时应用半定量RT PCR检测mdr 1基因表达。结果 随着完全缓解期延续 ,IgH或 /和Vδ2 Dδ3 基因重排检出率逐渐下降 ,而mdr 1基因阳性表达检出率增加 ,IgH或 /和Vδ2 Dδ3 基因重排持续检测阳性或mdr 1表达水平增高者易复发。结论 动态监测MRL和mdr 1基因表达可判断疗效和预知复发 ,且较一次单独检测更为重要。当IgH或 /和Vδ2 Dδ3 转阴后检测mdr

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病第15天微小残留与预后的关系

目的 分析儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL)第15天微小残留(minimal residual disease, MRD)与预后的关系,并以第15天MRD 0.01%、0.1%、1%这三个数值为临界值建立模型以评估其预测价值。方法 收集广东医科大学附属医院儿童医学中心2016年01月至2020年10月共90例住院ALL患儿的临床资料,采用Cox回归模型分析各临床特征的独立预后价值。分别用0.01%、0.1%、1%作为第15天MRD临界值形成3个Cox回归模型,用似然比检验评估不同模型对数据的拟合效果。结果 90例ALL患儿的5年总生存率为(69.1±5.6)%,截至随访截止日期,总体死亡率为25.6%(23/90)。Cox多因素回归分析显示:当以MRD为0.01%和0.1%为阳性参考值时,第15天MRD是影响ALL儿童预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。用似然比检验评估不同预后模型对数据的拟合效果显示:以0.1%为临界值构建预测模型其预测ALL临床结局的效能更佳。结论 第15天MRD是影响患儿预后的独立危险因素,且以0.1%为临界值时更具临床预测价值。

多参数流式细胞术识别与急性髓系白血病微小残留病具有类似表型的再生细胞

目的探讨如何利用多参数流式细胞术(MFC)鉴别与急性髓系白血病(AML)微小残留病(MRD)具有类似表型的正常细胞。方法回顾性分析2020年3月-2022年4月在我院利用MFC检测的AML患者MRD骨髓标本157例次,识别容易被误认为是MRD的正常细胞。结果AML患者治疗后再生的骨髓样本中会出现如下易误判为MRD的正常细胞群:CD117 dim CD56^(+)CD7^(+)CD45^(str)自然杀伤(NK)细胞、CD19 dim CD56^(+)CD7^(+)CD45^(str) NK细胞、CD300e^(+)HLA-DR^(+)CD14^(part) CD64^(part)非经典单核细胞;这些细胞群占骨髓有核细胞比例的中位值分别是0.084%(范围:0~0.6200%)、0%(范围:0~0.2134%)、0.1549%(范围:0~2.0940%)。结论MFC检测AML患者MRD过程中,应避免将治疗后骨髓再生的正常细胞,误判为残留病。

Predictive Value of Dynamic Peri-Transplantation MRD Assessed By MFC Either Alone or in Combination with Other Variables for Outcomes of Patients with T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

We performed a retrospective analysis to investigate dynamic peri-hematopoieticstem cell transplantation(HSCT)minimal/measurable residual disease(MRD)on outcomes inpatients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(T-ALL).A total of 271 patients were enrolledand classified into three groups:unchanged ncgative MRD pre-and post-HSCT group(group A),post-MRD non-increase group(group B),and post-MRD increase group(group C).The patientsin group B and group C experienced a higher cumulative incidence of relapse(CIR)(42%vs.71%vs.16%,P<0.001)and lower leukemia-free survival(LFS)(46%vs.21%vs.70%,P<0.001)andoverall survival(OS)(50%vs.28%vs.72%,P<0.001)than in group A,but there was no significantdifference in non-relapse mortality(NRM)among three groups(14%vs.12%vs.8%,P=0.752).Multivariate analysis showed that dynamic peri-HSCT MRD was associated with CIR(HR=2.392,95%CI,1.816-3.151,P<0.001),LFS(HR=1.964,95%CI,1.546-2.496,P<0.001)and os(HR=1.731,95%CI,1.348-2.222,P<0.001).We also established a risk scoring system based ondynamic peri-HSCT MRD combined with remission status pre-HSCT and onsct of chronic graft-versus-host disease(GVHD).This risk scoring system could better distinguish ClR(c=0.730)thanthat for pre-HSCT MRD(c=0.562),post-HSCT MRD(c=0.616)and pre-and post-MRD dynamics(c=0.648).Our results confirm the outcome predictive value of dynamic peri-HSCT MRD eitheralone or in combination with other variables for patients with T-ALL.

Detection and clinical significance of multidrug resistance-1 mRNA in bone marrow cells in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR

Objective： Multidrug resistance（MDR） is one of the most important reasons for treatment failure and recurrence of acute leukemia. Its manifestations are different in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia（ALL） which may be due to different detection methods. This study was to detect the expression of MDR1 mRNA in bone marrow cells of children with ALL by real-time fluorescence- quantitative reverse transcription polymerase-chain reaction（FQ-RT-PCR）, and combine minimal residual desease（MRD） detection by flow cytometry（FCM） and to study their relationship with treatment response and prognosis of ALL. Methods：The MDR1 mRNA levels in bone marrow cells from 67 children with ALL[28 had newly diagnosed disease, 27 had achieved complete remission（CR）, 12 recurrent] and 22 children without leukemia were detected by FQ-RT-PCR. MRD was detected by FCM. The patients were observed for 9-101 months, with a median of 64 months. Results：Standard curves of human MDR1 and GAPDH genes were constructed successfully. MDR1 mRNA was detected in all children with a positive rate of 100%. The mRNA level of MDR1 was similar among the newly diagnosed ALL group, CR group, and control group（P 〉 0.05）, but significantly higher in the recurrence group than that in newly diagnosed disease group and control group（0.50 ± 0.55 vs. 0.09 ± 0.26 and 0.12 ± 0.23, P〈 0.05）. 54 ALL patients were followed up, and it was found that MDR1 mRNA level was significantly higher in ALL patients within 3 years duration than that of ALL patients with 3-6 years and over 6 years duration（0.63 ± 0.56 vs. 0.11 ± 0.12 and 0.04 ± 0.06, P〈 0.01）. For the 28 children with newly diagnosed disease, the MDR1 mRNA level was similar between WBC 〉 50 ~ 109 group and WBC〈50 × 10^9 group（P〉 0.05）. In the 33 CR patients, the MDR1 mRNA level was significantly higher in MRD〉10a group than that in MRD〈10a group（0.39 ± 0.47 vs. 0.03 ± 0.03, P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion：The sensitivity and specificity of FQ-RT-PCR in detecting MDR1 mRNA in bone marrowy cells of children with ALL patients are high. MDR1 mRNA is expressed in children with and without leukemia. MDR1 mRNA is highly expressed in the CR ALL patients with high MRD, recurrence and short duration（within 3 years）. Monitoring MRD and the MDR1 mRNA level might be helpful for individual treatment.

PRAME Gene Expression in Acute Leukemia and Its Clinical Significance

Objective To investigate the expression of the preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma （PRAME） gene in acute leukemia and its clinical significance. Methods The level of expressed PRAME mRNA in bone marrow mononuclear cells from 34 patients with acute leukemia （AL） and in 12 bone marrow samples from healthy volunteers was measured via RT-PCR. Correlation analyses between PRAME gene expression and the clinical characteristics （gender, age, white blood count, immunophenotype of leukemia, percentage of blast cells, and karyotype） of the patients were performed. Results The PRAME gene was expressed in 38.2% of all 34 patients, in 40.7% of the patients with acute myelogenous leukemia （AML, n=27）, and in 28.6% of the patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia （ALL, n=7）, but was not expressed in the healthy volunteers. The difference in the expression levels between AML and ALL patients was statistically significant. The rate of gene expression was 80% in M~, 33.3% in M2, and 28.6% in M~. Gene expression was also found to be correlated with CDl5 and CD33 expression and abnormal karyotype, but not with age, gender; white blood count or percentage of blast cells. Conclusions The PRAME gene is highly expressed in acute leukemia and could be a useful marker to monitor minimal residual disease. This gene is also a candidate target for the immunotherapy of acute leukemia.

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病治疗失败相关因素分析

目的 探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)治疗失败的相关因素。方法 随访2013年1月至2017年12月收治的初诊ALL患儿,对124例治疗失败患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较不同临床特征与复发时间及部位的关系,以及治疗失败的可能危险因素。结果 124例治疗失败患儿中男82例、女42例,初诊时中位年龄为8.0(3.3~13.0)岁,中位随访时间24.0(14.0~43.5)月。治疗失败原因包括复发(104例)、非复发性死亡(19例)及第二肿瘤(1例)。104例复发患儿的中位复发时间为17.7(3.0~57.2)月,其中复发时间以极早期复发为主(52例),复发部位以单纯骨髓复发为主(84例)。复发时间与初诊白细胞计数、免疫分型、不同融合基因及危险度分层相关(P<0.05);复发部位与初诊白细胞计数、免疫分型有关(P<0.05)。第33天的MRD水平是影响治疗失败生存(TFS)率和总生存(OS)率的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 复发是儿童ALL治疗失败的最主要原因,密切监测早期治疗反应,积极预防、治疗极早期复发可降低治疗失败发生率,提高患儿OS率。

流式细胞术检测初诊儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病患者脑脊液状态与预后的相关性分析

目的:探讨流式细胞术(FCM)检测初诊儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患者的脑脊液状态及与预后的相关性。方法:回顾性分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院2020年9月至2021年12月资料完整的75例新诊断ALL患儿的临床资料、脑脊液常规细胞学(CC)检查、不同时期骨髓及脑脊液微小残留病灶(MRD)等结果。通过FCM与CC对比分析脑脊液状态,分析初诊时不同脑脊液状态患儿的临床特征及其预后。结果:75例新诊断ALL患儿中,FCM检出16例(21%)中枢神经系统浸润(central nervous system infiltration,CNSI)阳性患儿,而CC检出异常幼稚细胞2例(3%),FCM检测CNSI阳性率明显高于常规细胞学检查(P<0.05)。与CNSI^(-)ALL患儿相比,CNSI^(+)ALL患儿初诊时的中位年龄更小[2.6(0.3-12.0)岁vs 4.5(0.8-14.5)岁]且血小板中位计数更低[23(2-180)×10^(9)/L vs 65(5-355)×10^(9)/L],具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。截至随访终点(2022年8月31日),4例ALL患儿死亡,其中CNSI^(+)患儿1例;复发3例,其中CNSI^(+)患儿1例。不同CNSI状态患儿的总体生存(OS)率及无复发生存(RFS)率均无明显统计学差异。结论:对使用FCM评估初诊ALL患儿的CNSI状态比CC更敏感。初诊时不同CNSI状态的ALL患儿接受积极治疗后OS率及RFS率无明显差异。