A Tentative Study of Chinese Loanwords in the Oxford English Dictionary

As a common phenomenon, languages borrow words from each other. This paper aims at studying the Chinese loanwordsin the Oxford English dictionary online(henceforth OED). Built upon the research achievements having been made in the study ofChinese loanwords in English, it mainly concentrates on the analysis of the date of citation, related fields and etymologies of Chi-nese loanwords specifically in the OED.

Necessary and Luxury Loanwords in British, American, and Georgian Online Newspapers and Magazines

The perception and use of loanwords in most literature, more specifically, online newspapers and magazines based on British, American, and Georgian media discourse, focus on the origin and the fundamental development of language content and the essentiality of luxury and necessary loanwords. Due to the fact that most magazines are created with an intention of convincing readers of various ideologies, most linguists would consider the use of loanwords to give a comprehensive presentation of ideas. Incorporating English loanwords is not only a requisite tool for integrating and addressing the cultural differences between various communities across the globe, but also acts as a bridge that fills the conceptual gaps that exist in various languages. This is no longer the job of a linguist, because there are many other ways through which the people of a particular country can adopt a loanword （e.g., social media）. Also, it enriches the recipient language and puts its citizens up to date with the latest developments and inventions.

Sinicization of Indic Loanwords in Chinese Language: Foreignization to domestication

Indic loanwords in Chinese language account for the largest number of loanwords in Mandarin Chinese.These loanwords have become an important integral part of the lexicon of Chinese language and throughout decades have undergone assimilation,semantic extension and phonological adaptation.The present study is an investigation into the modes,levels and history of Sinicization of Indic loanwords in Chinese language.Fundamentally,it is evident from the literature and historical accounts that Sinicization of these loanwords is a process from foreignization to domestication.Native-Chinese doctrines and philosophies,essentially Taoism and Confucianism have had multifaceted influences on the Sinicization process which has resulted in semantic extension,semantic change or total diminution of original meaning.While less used high culture-sensitive loanwords have completely disappeared from modern Chinese,loanwords of higher Sinicization level have completely secularized.It is observed that foreignized loanwords have very less tendency of being absorbed into modern Chinese and many such terms have been excluded in modern Chinese dictionaries.

English Loanwords in Chinese Mandarin

With rapid development of China and China’s frequent contact with English speaking countries,a greet number of English words have been introduced to Chinese Mandarin.This paper introduces three types of English loanwords(transliterations,calques,and hybrid loans)in Chinese Mandarin,discusses their influence in terms of morphological and semantic change in Chinese Mandarin,and addresses the sociolinguistic situations as markers of age and education reflected from using English loanwords.

A Memetics-based Study on the Linguistic Value of Web Language——Take the English Loanwords as an Example

This article argues that each important aspect of language communication has to be studied,which is conductive to the growth of linguistic knowledge and harmonious development of language life.In modern daily communication,language as a kind of meme plays a crucial and indispensable role in the process of social interaction.This article will concentrate on the emerging English loan words to explore its linguistic value.

The Study on the Chinese Loanwords in Laomian Language

Located in Zhutang, Lancang County, Laomian language, which still enjoys its vitality recently, is surrounded by variousdominant languages. But as the development of the links between ethnic groups, especially with the Han group, the Laomian lan-guage has undergone many variations, among which typically includes an increase of words. This paper is based on the research onLaomian village regarding the Chinese loanwords in Laomian language under the language contact.

First Language Role in Loanwords Adaptation:A Study of English Loanwords Into Taif Arabic

Language is the best means of communication with the people in your surroundings.People create or find word to name and describe new things which they never saw,examining the role of the speaker’s native language in loanword adaptation.This study aimed to investigate how the English loanwords into Taif Arabic(TA)are phonologically adapted.The study adopted a qualitative and descriptive approach.The study collected 190 English loanwords from national TA speakers of various ages,genders,and educational levels.These loanwords were transcribed using IPA symbols.Online Cambridge Dictionary is used to compare the pronunciation of the loanwords in DL and RL.The outcomes of this paper discovered that substitution was the most common adaptive process and deletion was the rarest.It can be concluded that the determinant of the adaptation process is the phonological rules of the speaker’s native language.The results of this study are of great benefit to learners of Arabic English.

Research on the Transmutation of Chinese Loanwords-Based on Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)

Vocabulary plays an irreplaceable role in a language.As an important carrier to record foreign cultures in vocabulary,loanwords are widely used in all aspects of society.Modern Chinese Dictionary includes loanwords from a variety of languages from the perspective of universal use.This paper takes the loanwords in Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)as the closed corpus,and analyzes the etymology,structure,word length,and other aspects while making blanket statistics on the loanwords.The representative words are investigated by word frequency and described from multiple perspectives.

21世纪以来非汉语中的汉语借词研究述评(2000~2023)

在我国汉语和非汉语关系的研究中,汉语借词对少数民族语言的影响最为突出。对汉语借词的研究,过去在描写、分析上做了大量的工作,而对借词适应性的专题研究做得不够。文章根据21世纪以来非汉语中的汉语借词研究成果进行述评,论述非汉语中汉语借词研究的重要性和必要性,归纳了汉语借词在研究内容上主要有借词的类型、特点、规律研究3个方面,并进而论述汉语借词的适应性主要包括结构适应与功能适应两个部分。提出大力加强汉语借词的适应性研究必须包括以下3点:挖掘汉语借词中的中华民族共同体意识;提升对汉语借词丰富发展民族语言重要作用的科学认识;构建适合中国国情的汉语影响少数民族语言的理论体系。

从《广东新语》看清初借词的若干问题

词汇是语言中最为敏感的要素,词语的借用是语言接触最为常见的现象.《广东新语》详细记载了广州及周边地区的经济、文化、民俗等内容,其间使用了不少反映异域概念的借词.这些借词的内容与外交、外贸有关,其产生方式有纯音译式、合璧式、标记式、非标记式等.同实异形现象在借词中较为普遍,这与字形、译介方式的选择等有关.读懂借词,不仅可以为汉语词汇研究提供一手资料,还有助于古籍整理.

闽南方言外来词视角下泉州华侨文化游客感知元素研究

在实施《“十四五”旅游业发展规划》和建设“海丝文化”的背景下,海外华侨与祖国往来日益频繁和密切,华侨寻根旅游已成为国内旅游业尤其是侨乡文化旅游关注的热点。文章基于旅游凝视理论,将“感知元素”引入华侨文化研究领域,选取著名侨乡泉州的华侨文化为感知对象,以闽南旅游归侨为受试样本,通过深度访谈和文本分析,运用ZMET隐喻抽取技术和词频分析法提取14个起始构念、14个连接构念和11个终结构念,识别其共识逻辑链,构建华侨游客对华侨文化感知元素的共识地图,并据此探究闽南华侨文化元素宣传和宜游化的新举措。

现代汉语字母词的语素化研究

语素化是外来词融入汉语词汇系统的重要途径,同时也是外来词汉化的重要体现。字母词作为外来词的特殊成员,其语素化也具有特殊之处。文章以10部代表性的外来词词典中的字母词作为考察对象,筛选并提取了12个字母语素,分析了字母词语素化的类型及相关特点。文章认为:字母词语素化包括降格和升格两种类型,但是与一般汉语语素不同,字母语素在构词、语义类型以及分布领域等方面具有自身的特点。字母词的语素化会受到音节数量、语法规则、语义选择和使用频度等方面的制约。音节制约主要表现为在升格语素化的过程中,受现代汉语双音节占优势特点的限制,字母语素与汉语语素构成的词语通常不超过三音节;语法制约主要表现为语素的词性转化和功能变化;语义制约主要表现为通常会选择活跃度低、不具有相对稳定义的字母作为语素形式;频度制约主要表现为高频使用是字母词语素化前提,也是完成语素化的重要条件。总的来说,字母词的语素化是多种因素共同作用的结果。

贵琼语中汉语借词的适应性研究

我国语言存在国家通用语汉语和众多少数民族语言,在长期的语言接触中,汉语借词广泛进入各少数民族语言之中,适应着不同少数民族语言的发展。文章以四川康定麦崩贵琼语为个案,分析汉语借词在贵琼语中的各种适应性表现。汉语借词通过音译、合璧、添加轻动词、替换词缀以及意译等方式借用到贵琼语,进入后又采用直接适应、调适适应、分层适应等不同策略来适应贵琼语,反映出汉语借词强大的适应力。汉语借词适应贵琼语的动因主要是:长期交融的民族关系是汉语借词适应的社会基础,社会发展的需要是汉语借词适应的深层缘由,汉语的柔性活力是汉语借词适应的内在动力,语言间亲缘关系的“基因”是汉语借词适应的便利条件。汉语借词在民族语言中表现出的强大适应力,是中华民族共同体进一步发展的表现,是今后必须顺应的语言科学发展规律。

“作风”源流考

现代汉语“作风”源于日语,其最初词义是“作品风格”,后来由于电影行业的发展和社会政治的变化,逐渐转移为“(思想上、工作上和生活上)表现出来的态度、行为”。“作”的词素义由原来的“作品”转为“做事”,“风”的构词能力得到提升。一些辞书中的“作风”词条释义尚有不足之处,需进一步完善,《现代汉语规范词典》应适时补充“作风”词条的示例,《近现代辞源》和《汉语大词典》应调整义项顺序,使用时间更早的书证。另外,《辞海》应补充“作风”词条,并准确释义。

新名词、外来语与清末的“新小说”--以《新中国未来记》《东欧女豪杰》《自由结婚》为例

清末具有革新倾向的小说,在词汇方面,大胆创造、引进和使用了很多表现新事物、新思想、新行为的新名词与外来语。这些新词汇,无论是在思想内容层面,还是在语言形式层面,都改变了旧文学的主题与文体。通过对三部清末“新小说”文本中使用新名词、外来语的统计分析,发现这些“新小说”在思想内容与语言形式两个方面逐渐显露出现代特征。这从一个侧面可以说明清末的文学在新词汇的创造和使用方面为后来的“五四”文学革命在语言层面作出了开拓性、奠基性贡献。

吴语描写借词的地理变异

描写借词指以“洋、番”等修饰性成分加上本地原有词语构成的、用来给外来事物命名的一类词语。该文针对明清以来吴语中的描写借词,考察它们在吴语中的地理分布情况。基于方言词典的语料,吴语在“洋”系列描写借词的使用上较为统一,在数量、种类以及词形上近似,表明吴语各地区对外来工商业产品的传播接受快,其进入语言层面的过程非常迅速。吴语在“番”系列描写借词的使用上差异较大,尤其是南部吴语中的“番”系列描写借词较为特殊,在货币用词及称谓词的使用上与北部吴语有明显不同,与闽语、粤语的方言点更相近。这种现象揭示了在吴语方言中“洋”“番”两个系列描写借词有不同的传播路径,北部吴语内部接触更为密切,南部吴语则与闽语、粤语接触更为密切。

蒙古语借词对满语词汇系统的适应及其影响

在漫长的历史发展过程中,满、蒙民族因其政治、经济、文化等方面的交往交流,蒙古语和满语相互接触与影响程度紧密且广泛。满语中被借入的蒙古语借词便是一项重要佐证,此类借词数量多且涉及领域广。根据构词结构可将其分为词根词和派生词两种类型。满语中的多数蒙古语借词词义保留其原义,但部分借词发生了不同程度的词义扩大、缩小和转移等变化,表现出满语在语言接受过程中的一项重要原则,即依据自身语言系统对借词进行适应、内化、更新和创造性使用。总之,蒙古语借词不但丰富了满语词汇,而且在一定程度上反映着满、蒙民族在历史发展过程中的语言接触和文化影响情况。

中日近代词汇环流个例研究——“神经”词义的演变及身份认定

综合利用语料库、报刊数据库、词典等资料,可以明晰“神经”一词在中日两国间演变和环流的词汇史,辨析其古今各义的出处,对“日语借词”的身份进行认定。该研究得出以下结论。“神经”一词于1889年通过《申报》传入中国,但并未得到广泛认可,1908年颜惠庆译《英华大辞典》参考了英和辞典中对于日源新词的对译,继中国前代各双语词典之后首次将“神经”一词编入辞典对译英语词nerve。经认定“神经”一词极有可能为日语借词,该词现代释义主要源自日本,古代释义及部分现代释义源自中国。对于该词“日语借词”身份的最终认定仍有待今后针对词汇传入、成立、固定的动态过程进行深入调查。

英源食品类外来词形式称名的变异——基于《新华外来词词典》的研究

以《新华外来词词典》中的英源食品类同实异形外来词为研究对象,运用社会语言学的变异理论,对食品类外来词异形称名的数量、异形的构成类型、变异形式产生的原因和异形称名竞争的制约因素等进行分析,结果表明:食品词变异形式的产生,有汉语同音近音字众多的原因,也有外来词引入地域的不同、表意表音之争、英语语音变体等原因。最后,从社会语言学角度分析了同实异形的食品类外来词竞争的制约因素,以期勾勒现代汉语食品类名词外源部分定名规律。

音译词汉化程度的影响因素考察

汉化是外来词适应汉语特点的必然选择。本文基于《新华外来词词典》中的音译词,考察了影响音译词汉化的主要因素以及相关特点。结论认为:音译词被借入汉语词汇系统时,需要接受来自语音、语义、语法等多个层面的制约,词形联想义、语音相似度、音节的长短、语义显著度、使用普遍性以及高频性是影响其汉化程度的六大因素。同时音译词汉化程度并不是一成不变的,具有时间性和动态性,其总体趋势表现为从低到高,由弱到强。