Prediction of tree crown width in natural mixed forests using deep learning algorithm

Crown width(CW)is one of the most important tree metrics,but obtaining CW data is laborious and timeconsuming,particularly in natural forests.The Deep Learning(DL)algorithm has been proposed as an alternative to traditional regression,but its performance in predicting CW in natural mixed forests is unclear.The aims of this study were to develop DL models for predicting tree CW of natural spruce-fir-broadleaf mixed forests in northeastern China,to analyse the contribution of tree size,tree species,site quality,stand structure,and competition to tree CW prediction,and to compare DL models with nonlinear mixed effects(NLME)models for their reliability.An amount of total 10,086 individual trees in 192 subplots were employed in this study.The results indicated that all deep neural network(DNN)models were free of overfitting and statistically stable within 10-fold cross-validation,and the best DNN model could explain 69%of the CW variation with no significant heteroskedasticity.In addition to diameter at breast height,stand structure,tree species,and competition showed significant effects on CW.The NLME model(R^(2)=0.63)outperformed the DNN model(R^(2)=0.54)in predicting CW when the six input variables were consistent,but the results were the opposite when the DNN model(R^(2)=0.69)included all 22 input variables.These results demonstrated the great potential of DL in tree CW prediction.

Twenty years of population dynamics in European beech-oak forest at their rear range margin anticipate changes in its structure and composition

There is an increasing interest in restoring degraded forests,which occupy half of the forest areas.Among the forms of restoration,passive restoration,which involves the elimination of degrading factors and the free evolution of natural dynamics by applying minimal or no management,is gaining attention.Natural dynamics is difficult to predict due to the influence of multiple interacting factors such as climatic and edaphic conditions,composition and abundance of species,and the successional character of these species.Here,we study the natural dynamics of a mixed forest located in central Spain,which maintained an open forest structure,due to intensive use,until grazing and cutting were banned in the 1960s.The most frequent woody species in this forest are Fagus sylvatica,Quercus petraea,Quercus pyrenaica,Ilex aquifolium,Sorbus aucuparia,Sorbus aria and Prunus avium,with contrasting shade and drought tolerance.These species are common in temperate European deciduous forest and are found here near their southern distribution limit,except for Q.pyrenaica.In order to analyze forest dynamics and composition,three inventories were carried out in 1994,2005 and 2015.Our results show that,despite the Mediterranean influence,the natural dynamics of this forest has been mainly determined by different levels of shade tolerance.After the abandonment of grazing and cutting,Q.pyrenaica expanded rapidly due to its lower shade tolerance,whereas after canopy closure and forest densification,shade-tolerant species gained ground,particularly F.sylvatica,despite its lower drought and late-frost tolerance.If the current dynamics continue,F.sylvatica will overtake the rest of the species,which will be relegated to sites with shallow soils and steep slopes.Simultaneously,all the multi-centennial beech trees,which are undergoing a rapid mortality and decline process,will disappear.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONSHIP OF LARCH STAND MIXED WITH ASH

Permanent sample plots were set up for researching interspecific relationship of the artificia1 larch stand mixed with natural ash in the slash site in Maoershan Experiment Forestry Farm of Northeast Forestry University. All trees in the plots were taken as objective trees and tree number,DBH, distance between trees and that of crown diameter were measured in range of 1-6m from every objective tree. Then study by Alemdag competition index, variance analysis and quantitation method were made. The result showed that the intraspecific competition was more intensive than the interspecific competition. Especially the competition between larch and ash was least relatively. For these kinds of site, the suitable mixture at 20-30 ages should be 2800 Ind/hm2 in density and 2 larch;1 ash in mixed ratio, which might improve site condition to promote stand produetivity.

COMPETITION IN OLD GROWTH KOREAN PINE FOREST

Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) interspecilic competition and intraspecifie companioned with other species competition in old growth Korean pine forest in northeast China were studied using Hegyi's competition index model for individual tree.The results show that differences of competitive intensity exist in interspecific and intraspecific for Korean pine with an order of intraspecific ＞Abies nephrolepis Picea koraiensis Tilia amurensis Betula costat＞Acer mono ＞Ulnuts propinqua＞Populus davidiana,and that relationship of competitive index to indivdual size (in DBH) of objective tree follows closely multiplieate eqtuation and that competitive intensity gradually reduces with inereasing of individual size of objective tree, but it is tending towards stability after individual of objective tree inerease to specified size (DBH about 20 cm).It provided a serviceable approach for researches of intraspecific relationship in population ecology.

Impacts of competition and nitrogen addition on plant stoichiometry and non-structural carbohydrates in two larch species

Previous research has shown that competition between plants can have differential effects on leaf stoichiometry and non-structural carbohydrate(NSC)in different environments.However,little attention has been given to understanding these effects on non-photosynthetic organs,particularly of deciduous tree species.Here we assess the impact of competition on below and aboveground biomass,stoichiometry,nutrient composition and NSC in pure and mixed forests of two Larch species,Larix kaempferi and L.olgensis under nitrogen(N)addition.Nitrogen enrichment did not result in stronger intraspecific competition for both species and L.olgensis benefited from the presence of L.kaempferi under different N levels.Stems kept relatively stable C/N compared to roots and branches in response to competition,while N addition imposed stronger impacts on N/P of different organs rather than competition.In contrast to stable C concentrations,starch and soluble sugar concentrations were more easily impacted by competition and the addition of nitrogen.Competition forced L.kaempferi and L.olgensis to allocate more carbon into storage by increasing their starch concentration and starch/soluble sugar of stems under competition.However,no significant differences in stoichiometry and NSC concentration between intra-and interspecific competition were found.NSC and nutrient pools of L.kaempferi stems,branches and coarse roots consistently declined due to competition regardless of N addition.Coarse and fine roots of L.kaempferi accumulated more N when in competition with L.olgensis than with a conspecific neighbor under N addition.Our results show that NSC was more sensitive to competition relative to stoichiometric traits(N and P)of non-photosynthetic organs.

基于树冠重叠面积的天然混交林林木竞争指数

构建基于树冠重叠面积和林木混交关系的竞争指数,探究天然混交林林分及主要树种竞争的表达方法,并以甘肃省小陇山林区锐齿槲栎天然混交林为研究对象,采用胸径、树高、冠幅、距离等信息的2期调查数据,对新构建的基于树冠重叠面积的天然混交林林木竞争(CIM)指数进行验证,并选取Spearman系数,对CIM竞争指数和传统竞争指数进行相关性分析。结果表明,采用树冠投影重叠和考虑树高关系确定竞争木的方法能有效避免竞争木多选或漏选;CIM1、CIM2、CIM3能够表达出混交林竞争压力变化,表现出竞争压力越大林木蓄积生长量越小的趋势,将树种混交因子引入竞争指数能够提高蓄积生长量与竞争指数的相关性,更加客观的描述林分中竞争状况。竞争指数与蓄积生长量相关性由大到小排序为CIM2>CIM3>CIM1>Bella竞争指数(CIO)>简单竞争指数(CI)>CIO_(2)>CIO1,表明竞争指数CIM2对混交林竞争表达更具参考意义。林分中主要树种锐齿槲栎由于相邻木中同树种相邻木增加,导致竞争压力增大。天然混交林中树种组成复杂多样,林木分布不均匀,在竞争指数中引入树种混交因子能够较为真实的反映林木竞争状况。

宁夏引黄灌区燕麦与箭筈豌豆的混播效果研究

豆禾混播比例是影响混播草地产量和品质的关键因素,为筛选宁夏引黄灌区适宜的燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播比例,试验设置燕麦与箭筈豌豆4个比例[A5V5(5∶5)、A6V4(6∶4)、A7V3(7∶3)和A8V2(8∶2)]混播及两者单播共6个处理,对混播草地生产性能、种间竞争以及营养价值进行研究。结果表明,混播处理的年干草产量为14.84~17.62 t·hm^(-2),较燕麦单播提高4.53%~24.10%,较箭筈豌豆单播提高64.03%~94.75%,其中A8V2处理的年干草产量最高(17.62 t·hm^(-2)),且显著高于单播及A5V5处理,A6V4次之(16.61 t·hm^(-2))。所有混播的土地当量比均大于1,表明混播提高了土地利用效率,且种间干扰小于种内干扰,燕麦和箭筈豌豆表现出共生关系,其中A8V2处理的土地当量比最高,为1.30,说明该处理增产效益最为明显。混播群落中燕麦的相对产量均大于箭筈豌豆,燕麦的侵略强度大于0,燕麦的竞争比率大于箭筈豌豆,表明燕麦的侵占力大于箭筈豌豆,燕麦具有竞争优势。而在饲草营养品质上,各混播处理间无显著差异,其中A5V5处理营养品质数值最高,A6V4处理的粗蛋白产量最高(1.90 t·hm^(-2))。综上所述,燕麦和箭筈豌豆以A8V2混合配比的产量、土地当量比、系统生产力指数(8.94)以及年净收入(16418元·hm^(-2))均最高。因此推荐燕麦与箭筈豌豆以8∶2比例在宁夏引黄灌区推广种植。

基于树种谱系的林木种间竞争分析

为探究针阔混交林中竞争木与对象木的亲缘性对林木种间竞争的影响,以浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区的针阔混交林为研究对象,将树种谱系引入Hegyi竞争指数,构建树种谱系竞争指数(G_Hegyi竞争指数)。对Hegyi种间竞争指数、G_Hegyi种间竞争指数与胸径的相关性,胸高断面积生长量、胸高断面积生长率与Hegyi种间竞争指数、G_Hegyi种间竞争指数的相关性进行比较分析。同时,对Hegyi种间竞争指数比值、G_Hegyi种间竞争指数比值与林木生长之间的关系进行对比研究。结果表明:两种种间竞争指数与胸径均表现为极显著负相关(P<0.01),均呈幂函数关系;胸高断面积生长量与两种种间竞争指数均表现为极显著负相关,且均符合对数函数关系。胸高断面积生长率与两种种间竞争指数均为极显著正相关,均服从幂函数分布。G_Hegyi种间竞争指数与胸径的决定系数(R^(2))、相关系数的绝对值及胸高断面积生长量、胸高断面积生长率与G_Hegyi种间竞争指数的R2、相关系数的绝对值均大于Hegyi种间竞争指数。G_Hegyi种间竞争指数比值较Hegyi种间竞争指数比值更能准确地反映林木生长与种间竞争的关系。G_Hegyi种间竞争指数在分析林木种间竞争方面优于Hegyi种间竞争指数,更适用于林木生长的相关研究。

Competitive effect, but not competitive response, varies along a climatic gradient depending on tree species identity

Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the variation in competitive effect and response of different species along climatic gradients. In this study, we investigated the importance of climate, tree size, and competition on the growth of three tree species: spruce(Picea abies), fir(Abies alba), and beech(Fagus sylvatica), and examined their competitive response and effect along a climatic gradient.Methods: We selected 39 plots distributed across the European mountains with records of the position and growth of 5,759 individuals. For each target species, models relating tree growth to tree size, climate and competition were proposed. Competition was modelled using a neighbourhood competition index that considered the effects of inter-and intraspecific competition on target trees. Competitive responses and effects were related to climate.Likelihood methods and information theory were used to select the best model.Results: Our findings revealed that competition had a greater impact on target species growth than tree size or climate. Climate did influence the competitive effects of neighbouring species, but it did not affect the target species? response to competition. The strength of competitive effects varied along the gradient, contingent on the identity of the interacting species. When the target species exhibited an intermediate competitive effect relative to neighbouring species, both higher inter-than intraspecific competitive effects and competition reduction occurred along the gradient. Notably, species competitive effects were most pronounced when the target species' growth was at its peak and weakest when growing conditions were far from their maximum.Conclusions: Climate modulates the effects of competition from neighbouring trees on the target tree and not the susceptibility of the target tree to competition. The modelling approach should be useful in future research to expand our knowledge of how competition modulates forest communities across environmental gradients.

Rodent-mediated plant community competition:what happens to the seeds after entering the adjacent stands?

Background:Seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding animals can affect the developmental dynamics of plant communities.However,how animals might participate in plant inter-community competition has rarely been investigated.Forest community junction is an area where the competition between plant communities is most prominent and animal activity is more frequent.At present,little is known about how scatter-hoarding animals might assist competitions by adjacent plant communities.Thus,for 3 years(2015–2017),we tracked the fate of 2880 tagged seeds(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata,Pinus tabuliformis,and P.armandii seed)placed near an edge where the forest composition changes from a pine forest to an oak forest in northwestern China.Results:We found that the seed fates differed when Quercus and Pinus seeds entered adjacent stands.In contrast to Pinus seeds,acorns that entered pine forests were characterized by higher caching rates and longer dispersal distances.Pinus seeds had the highest probability of being predated(85%)by rodents,and eleven Q.aliena var.acuteserrata seedlings were established in pine forests,although none survived in the later stages.In addition,rodents exhibited obvious selectivity in terms of the microhabitats for the seed caching sites.Conclusions:Seed fates differed when Quercus and Pinus seeds entered adjacent stands.The predation pressure by rodents on the seeds of Pinus species limited the germination of seeds and seedling establishment in oak forests.The different seed fates after their bidirectional dispersal could affect the differences in natural regeneration between pine and oak forests,and they might increase the recruitment rates for oak at the edge of an adjacent community.Rodent-mediated seed dispersal could potential unintentionally affect the competition between plant communities.

星斗山天然次生林优势种的生态位和种间联结动态

[目的]常绿落叶阔叶混交林是我国特有的天然林类型,作为亚热带山地的主要植被类型。探讨典型亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势种的生态位和种间联结动态变化,阐明短期群落发展中优势种的适应能力、种间关系和变化规律,为亚热带地区生物资源保护、恢复和森林管理提供理论依据。[方法]本研究以湖北星斗山国家级自然保护区天然次生林为研究对象,结合2013年和2018年的两次固定样地(48个)调查监测数据,对比分析重要值排名前10名的优势种(重要值大于2%)的生态位宽度、生态位重叠指数、方差比率法、χ^(2)检验、联结系数、Jaccard指数和Spearman秩相关系数的动态变化。[结果](1)2013年和2018年物种组成变化较小,物种株数、科属种数减少;重要值排名前10名的优势种仅1名物种发生变动。(2)两次调查结果的生态位重叠指数均以0.2~0.5之间为主,种对数随群落发展而增加,大部分物种对生境需求具有一定相似性、互补性。随着群落发展,多数优势种的生态位重叠程度逐渐降低、生态位宽度逐渐变窄、利用资源能力逐渐减弱。(3)5年间,重要值排序与生态位宽度排序并不完全相同,群落资源未被完全充分利用。水榆花楸和翅柃一直占据优势地位,与其他优势种的生态位重叠指数呈现稳定或增加趋势。(4)两次调查中优势种的总体联结性均为显著正关联,χ^(2)检验、联结系数、Jaccard指数和Spearman秩相关系数的结果基本一致:正关联种对数大于负关联种对数,极显著或显著正关联种对数比极显著或显著负关联种对数多,不显著关联种对数也占有重要比例。随着群落发展,总体联结性的显著正关联逐渐增强,正相关对数和正负比值逐渐增加,负相关对数逐渐减少。[结论]湖北星斗山国家级自然保护区天然次生林处于自然演替的早期至中期阶段,种间联结松散、不紧密,水榆花楸和翅柃竞争力强,长蕊杜鹃、多脉青冈和包果柯常绿树种对环境资源利用能力不断提高。

竞争对天然针阔混交林树木直径生长的影响

为探究不同竞争水平条件时天然针阔混交林中主要组成树种单木直径生长的变化规律,将竞争因子作为重要影响因素来构建天然针阔混交林单木直径生长模型。根据穆棱林业局44块天然针阔混交林固定样地的3期调查数据,利用方差分析分别比较了不同竞争强度时红松(Picea koraiensis)、冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)、云杉(Picea koraiensis)、桦木(白桦(Betula platyphylla),枫桦(Betula costata))、椴树(糠椴(Tilia mandshurica),紫椴(Tilia amurensis))、色木槭(Acer mono)、其他树种间直径生长量的差异,利用最小二乘法建立了与距离无关的单木直径生长基础模型,然后构建树种哑变量单木直径生长模型,并以此为基础引入样地随机效应因子构建样地水平混合效应模型。使用独立检验数据对基础模型、哑变量模型、混合模型进行检验。结果表明:天然针阔混交林各树种间直径生长量不同,随竞争强度的增大,各树种直径生长量均显著降低。不同树种在同一竞争强度下直径生长量不同,所有林木断面积之和(B_(AL))≤9 m^(2)时,其他树种的直径生长量最大,色木槭的最小;9 m^(2)<B_(AL)≤36 m^(2)时,云杉的直径生长量最大,色木槭的最小;36 m^(2)<B_(AL)≤45 m^(2)时,色木槭的直径生长量最大,桦木的最小。与基础模型相比,哑变量模型在保证预估精度的同时能够体现树种间直径生长量的差异,其决定系数(R^(2))从0.6115提高到0.6425,均方根误差(ERMS)从0.7669 cm下降到0.7360 cm;混合效应模型的R^(2)从0.6425提升到0.6627,ERMS降低到0.7149 cm,提高了模型的预测精度。在天然针阔混交林中,所有树种直径生长量均随竞争强度的增大而减小,但不同树种间存在差异。包含哑变量的线性混合效应模型可以提高天然针阔混交林的单木直径生长模型预测精度,能较好地描述天然针阔混交林树木直径生长过程。

白云山锐齿槲栎-华山松混交林优势种群空间格局分析

【目的】确定锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena)和华山松(Pinus armandii)优势种不同发育阶段的种群数量和分布格局及其种间竞争关系,对于二者合理间伐具有重要指导意义,有助于白云山针阔混交林群落的更新和稳定。【方法】调查研究区内锐齿槲栎-华山松混交林,将锐齿槲栎和华山松分为3个径级,分别归属为大树、中树、小树三个成长阶段,分别采用成对相关的g(r)函数和双变量g_(12)(r)函数对其空间分布格局和种内种间关系进行分析。【结果】在完全随机模型下,锐齿槲栎和华山松主要呈聚集分布并向随机分布过渡;在异质泊松模型下锐齿槲栎小树、华山松小树和中树呈聚集分布并逐渐向均匀分布过渡;锐齿槲栎中树和大树呈随机分布并逐渐过渡为均匀分布;华山松大树呈聚集分布并逐渐过渡为随机分布;在种内不同径级空间关联上,负相关主要集中在小树分别与中树、大树之间,中树和大树之间不存在竞争关系;在种间关联上,锐齿槲栎和华山松一直处于负相关关系。【结论】锐齿槲栎和华山松空间分布格局受密度制约,竞争关系在种内和种间均有体现。未来此区域的群落结构和种群空间格局将会向以锐齿槲栎为优势种、华山松优势不再明显的方向演变。

太行山南麓锐齿槲栎-油松混交林竞争关系与空间格局

【目的】探究太行山南麓针阔混交林内植物的竞争关系及空间格局,以期更好地理解针阔混交林种内、种间相互作用,为生物多样性保护和森林生态系统管理提供一定的指导作用。【方法】在河南太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区内设置1 hm2锐齿槲栎-油松混交林固定监测样地,调查样地内所有木本植物(DBH≥2 cm)的物种名、胸径、坐标等。通过计算可知样地内锐齿槲栎和油松的重要值较高且平均胸径较大,进一步采用Hegyi单木竞争指数和g(r)函数分别研究混交林内优势种锐齿槲栎和油松的竞争强度和空间分布格局。【结果】1)混交林样地内所有木本植物径级结构呈倒“J”型曲线,且在小尺度上聚集分布,大尺度上随机分布;2)锐齿槲栎种群的径级结构呈“J”型曲线,不同径级个体在样地内都呈随机分布,平均种内竞争强度大于平均种间竞争强度,且小径级(DBH≤5 cm)个体所受竞争压力最大,平均种内、种间竞争指数CI分别为13.47和10.08;3)油松种群径级结构近似正态分布,全部个体在样地内呈聚集分布,油松的平均种内竞争强度大于平均种间竞争强度,小径级(DBH≤5 cm)个体所受竞争压力最大,其平均种内、种间竞争指数CI分别为18.95和1.01。【结论】样地内锐齿槲栎和油松的分布格局不同,锐齿槲栎呈随机分布,主要受种内竞争作用的影响;油松呈明显的聚集分布,可能是受环境异质性影响;两个种群的种内、种间竞争强度都随着径级的增加而降低,且种内竞争强度大于种间竞争。本研究通过对太行山南麓针阔混交林的竞争关系和空间格局进行相关研究,可以为当地的森林生态环境与生物多样性保护提供一定的理论依据。

湖北七姊妹山亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林主要木本植物的生态位与种间联结

[目的]探究亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的生态位特征和种间联结,阐明主要木本植物种间关系及对环境适应状况,为亚热带地区生物资源保护和森林管理提供理论依据。[方法]本研究基于湖北七姊妹山国家级自然保护区6 hm2(300 m×200 m)标准大样地数据,从物种组成、生态位宽度、生态位相似性系数、生态位重叠指数、方差比率法、χ^(2)检验、联结系数、Jaccard指数等方面研究了16种主要木本植物(重要值大于1%)的生态位和种间联结。[结果](1)2020年湖北七姊妹山亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林共有64科140属266种木本植物,主要有桦木科、壳斗科和金缕梅科等,物种组成逐渐复杂。(2)川陕鹅耳枥的物种重要值和生态位宽度最高,占据绝对优势地位,与其他主要木本植物之间具有较高的生态位重叠和生态位相似性。四照花、灯台树和尖叶四照花的优势地位次之。生态位重叠指数和生态位相似系数均以0.2~0.5之间为主,大部分物种对生境需求具有一定相似性、互补性。物种重要值排序与生态位宽度排序并不完全相同。(3)湖北七姊妹山亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林内物种间总体关联性呈现显著正联结,且正负联结比值大于1。16种主要木本植物的χ2检验、联结系数、Jaccard指数、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数的结果基本一致:正关联种对数大于负关联种对数,极显著或显著正关联种对数比极显著或显著负关联种对数多,不显著关联种对数也占有重要比例。[结论]亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种丰富,群落处于演替早期至中期阶段,种间关系松散、不紧密。

小叶杨与樟子松混交林结构特征分析

以奈曼沙漠化研究站内立地条件基本一致的小叶杨与樟子松混交林作为实验样地,运用空间结构参数的一元分布及三元分布分析小叶杨–樟子松混交林的空间结构特征,运用Ripley’s K函数分析小叶杨与樟子松混交林的空间分布格局与种间关联性。结果表明:樟子松的株数主要集中在12 cm径级,小叶杨的株数主要集中在6 cm径级。小叶杨–樟子松混交林的角尺度2/3为随机分布,1/3为聚集分布;大小比数分布频率较为均匀,主要为中庸分布;混交度较小,主要为弱度混交与中度混交之间。当M和U保持不变时,随着W的增加,小叶杨–樟子松混交林的相对频率以W=0.5为中轴呈现正态分布;当W和M保持不变时,小叶杨–樟子松混交林的U分布状况在范围[0, 0.25]>[0.75, 1]。在0~25 m空间尺度上,小叶杨、樟子松种群主要为随机分布和聚集分布,其中随机分布的情况占大多数,小叶杨和樟子松间主要为不相关性。小叶杨–樟子松混交林是一种人工和天然相结合的混交林,水平分布格局为随机分布,大小比数为中庸分布,混交程度为中度混交,且小叶杨与樟子松的种间关联性相互竞争较弱,所以合理地调整与优化林分的空间结构可以使演替朝着理想的方向发展。

天目山针阔混交林与常绿阔叶林的空间结构比较

【目的】比较分析天目山地区针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林的空间结构,从空间结构角度揭示该地区针阔混交林向常绿阔叶林演替的规律,为常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林可持续经营提供依据。【方法】2015和2016年,分别对浙江天目山国家级自然保护区的常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林各设置1块1 hm2固定样地,调查每株树木的树种、胸径等因子以及三维空间坐标,应用Python语言结合ArcGIS软件,编程计算两类森林的空间结构指数,采用聚集指数、竞争指数和混交度指数,对两类森林的空间结构特征进行比较。【结果】常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林的株数密度分别是2850、1842株·hm-2,前者比后者大54.72%。常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林中的树种数分别为89、66种,前者比后者多23种。常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林的优势树种数量分别为14和4种,常绿阔叶林中细叶青冈优势地位最高,针阔混交林中杉木优势地位最高且占明显优势。在空间结构方面,常绿阔叶林群落的聚集指数在[0.75,1]之间,林木分布格局属弱度聚集;针阔混交林的聚集指数处于[1,1.38]范围,林木分布格局属弱均匀分布。两类森林群落的混交度均在[0.5,0.75]之间,为中度混交。常绿阔叶林的森林群落竞争指数处于[28,44]范围,属中度竞争;针阔混交林的森林群落竞争指数处于[12,28]范围,整体呈低度竞争。【结论】常绿阔叶林的株数密度、树种数和优势树种数均明显高于针阔混交林。常绿阔叶林比针阔混交林的混交度低,分布更聚集,竞争更剧烈。针阔混交林的4个优势树种的分布格局均为聚集分布,常绿阔叶林的14个优势树种中除榧树、蓝果树和金钱松为均匀分布外,其他11个优势树种均为聚集分布。2个森林群落的优势树种均呈中度以上混交,其中常绿阔叶林中的金钱松为强度混交;随优势树种的优势地位降低,优势树种的混交度在常绿阔叶林呈增强趋势,但在针阔混交林差异不显著。同一优势树种的竞争强度在常绿阔叶林中大于在针阔混交林中。在常绿阔叶林森林经营中,有必要加强对有聚集繁殖特性的优势树种的抚育,增加群落混交度,降低群落竞争强度和聚集程度,以提高群落稳定性;针阔混交林则可采取抚育结合促进更新的措施,增加群落密度和树种多样性,提高群落混交度和林木空间分布均匀度,以促进群落向常绿阔叶林演替。

闽中山地不同坡位多树种混交造林效果比较

以8年生枫香、木荷、杉木、马尾松组成的混交林为研究对象,分析了相同树种在不同坡位的生长情况和相同坡位的各树种生长情况。结果表明:枫香、木荷、杉木均表现为坡位越低,生长越优。其中,枫香对立地条件变化的反应特别敏感,在下坡是优势树种,在中坡表现一般,在上坡生长差。木荷在各坡位均具有生长潜力。而马尾松表现为坡位越低,生长越差,在下坡因受其他树种遮挡,生长极差;在中坡,平均胸径、平均冠幅最大;在上坡,马尾松是优势树种且能促进其他树种生长。可见,下坡适宜营造枫香、杉木(或保留萌芽)、木荷混交林,中坡适宜营造马尾松、杉木(或保留萌芽)、枫香、木荷混交林,上坡适宜营造马尾松、杉木(或保留萌芽)、木荷混交林。

不同混交类型马尾松种间关系及空间结构研究

以贵州龙架山国家森林公园马尾松和3种类型的混交林为研究对象,分析了不同混交组成树种种间和种类竞争强度及空间结构(角尺度、混交度和大小比)。结果表明:以马尾松为对象木,马尾松种内和种间竞争强度均是随对象木胸径的增大而减弱。种间竞争和种内竞争关系最为激烈的都是在马尾松×南方红豆杉混交林,马尾松与桂南木莲的种间竞争最弱;马尾松×南方红豆杉混交林随机分布混交程度最弱,种间隔离程度较差;马尾松×桂南木莲分布均匀;马尾松×连香树混交林种间隔离程度较好;3种混交林中马尾松的胸径优势度明显大于混交树种。根据角尺度、混交度和大小比空间结构参数对3种不同混交类型林分进行了优化调整。合理筛选出了需要调整的林木结构单元,运用合理措施进行了改造,使林分水平分布格局处于随机分布状态,营造混交程度高、结构均匀的健康林分。

竹木混生林中观光木的空间结构及竞争力比较

于2020年3—5月,在福建省明溪县夏阳乡的竹木混生林中,采用3种择伐方式(HW、HE、JW处理),以不间伐的林分作为对照(CK),选择观光木为对象木,与观光木相邻的4株林木作为竞争木,测定混交度(M_(i))、角尺度(W_(i))、密集度(C_(i))等主要空间结构指标,并采用Hegyi竞争模型计算观光木竞争指数,对其空间结构及竞争力进行综合评价。结果表明,对照(保留竹木混生林原有状态)中,观光木的M_(i)、W_(i)、C_(i)分别为1.0、0.6667、0.7083,属极重度混交,呈团状、密集分布;同一高度级林木竞争指数基本上高于择伐处理,由于空间结构不合理,观光木受到以毛竹为主的竞争木上层遮盖和侧方挤压程度大,竞争力较低。择伐处理中,以HE处理(以对象木为中心,砍伐半径2 m范围内所有竞争木)效果最好,观光木的M_(i)、W_(i)、C_(i)分别为1.0、0.3125、0.2500,混交度仍属极重度混交,但分布格局呈均匀、开阔分布,同一高度级竞争指数较大幅度降低,观光木竞争力增强;不同高度级观光木的平均竞争指数存在差异,小于10~12 m高度级观光木的平均竞争指数基本大于0.5;大于10~12 m高度级的观光木竞争指数在0.1280~0.4870之间,竞争指数较大幅度降低,趋于平稳,观光木竞争力增强。在观光木树高达到10 m之前,采取人工干预是必要且关键的技术措施。