Effects of current density on preparation and performance of Al/conductive coating/α-PbO_2-Ce O_2-TiO_2/β-Pb O_2-MnO_2-WC-ZrO_2 composite electrode materials

Al/conductive coating/α-Pb O2-Ce O2-Ti O2/β-PbO 2-MnO 2-WC-Zr O2 composite electrode material was prepared on Al/conductive coating/α-PbO 2-Ce O2-Ti O2 substrate by electrochemical oxidation co-deposition technique. The effects of current density on the chemical composition, electrocatalytic activity, and stability of the composite anode material were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDXS）, anode polarization curves, quasi-stationary polarization（Tafel） curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and X-ray diffraction（XRD）. Results reveal that the composite electrode obtained at 1 A/dm2 possesses the lowest overpotential（0.610 V at 500 A/m2） for oxygen evolution, the best electrocatalytic activity, the longest service life（360 h at 40 °C in 150 g/L H2SO4 solution under 2 A/cm2）, and the lowest cell voltage（2.75 V at 500 A/m2）. Furthermore, with increasing current density, the coating exhibits grain growth and the decrease of content of Mn O2. Only a slight effect on crystalline structure is observed.

Preparation of nano-PANI@MnO_2 by surface initiated polymerization method using as a nano-tubular electrode material:The amount effect of aniline on the microstructure and electrochemical performance

In this study,nano-polyanline and manganese oxide nanometer tubular composites（nano-PANI@MnO2）were prepared by a surface initiated polymerization method and used as electrochemical capacitor electrode materials; and the effect of aniline amount on the microstructure and electrochemical performance was investigated. The microstructures and surface morphologies of nano-PANI@MnO2 were characterized by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and fourier transformation infrared spectroscope. The electrochemical performance of these composite materials was performed with cyclic voltammetry,charge–discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,respectively. The results demonstrate that the feed ratio of aniline to MnO2 played a very important role in constructing the hierarchically nano-structure,which would,hence,determine the electrochemical performance of the materials. Using the templateassisted strategy and controlling the feed ratio of aniline to MnO2,the nanometer tubular structure of nanoPANI@MnO2 was obtained. A maximum specific capacitance of 386 F/g was achieved in aqueous 1 mol/L Na NO3 electrolyte with the potential range from 0 to 0.6 V（vs. SCE）.

Oxygen Evolution Efficiency and Chlorine Evolution Efficiency for Electrocatalytic Properties of MnO_2-based Electrodes in Seawater

To improve both oxygen evolution efficiency and stability at high temperatures, Mn, Mn+Mo, Mn+Mo+V, and Mn+Fe+V oxide electrodes were prepared on a Ti substrate, with an intermediate layer of IrO_2, by an anodic deposition method. The crystal structure, surface morphology, pore size distribution, specific surface area, and voltammetric charge were then characterized for each electrode. The results demonstrated that for Mn-O electrodes, the preferential orientation of the(100) crystal plane and the mesopore structure played negative roles in the oxygen evolution reaction. On the basis of the electrocatalytic properties of MnO2-based electrodes in seawater, the outer surface voltammetric charge at a scan rate of 500 mV·s-1 was shown to effectively indicate whether oxygen evolution reactions were preferred over chlorine evolution reactions. The Mn-O electrode exhibited oxygen evolution efficiency of only 47.27%, whereas the Mn+Mo, Mn+Mo+V and Mn+Fe+V oxide electrodes displayed oxygen evolution efficiency of nearly 100%. This means that adding Mo, V, and Fe elements to the electrode can improve its crystal structure and morphology as well as further enhancing its oxygen evolution efficiency.

Designing Membrane Electrode Assembly for Electrochemical CO_(2)Reduction:a Review

Currently, the electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction (CO_(2) RR) can realize the resource conversion of CO_(2) , which is a promising approach to carbon resource use. Important advancements have been made in exploring the CO_(2) RR performance and mechanism because of the rational design of electrolyzer systems, such as H-cells, flow cells, and catalysts. Considering the future development direction of this technology and large-scale application needs, membrane electrode assembly (MEA) systems can improve energy use efficiency and achieve large-scale CO_(2) conversion, which is considered the most promising technology for industrial applications. This review will concentrate on the research progress and present situation of the MEA component structure. This paper begins with the composition and construction of a gas diff usion electrode. Then, the application of ion-exchange membranes in MEA is introduced. Furthermore, the eff ects of pH and the anion and cation of the anolyte on MEA performance are explored. Additionally, we present the anode reaction type in MEA. Finally, the challenges in this field are summarized, and upcoming trends are projected. This review should offer researchers a clearer picture of MEA systems and provide important, timely, and valuable insights into rational electrolyzer design to facilitate further development of CO_(2) electrochemical reduction.

Novel Perovskite Oxide Hybrid Nanofibers Embedded with Nanocatalysts for Highly Efficient and Durable Electrodes in Direct CO_(2) Electrolysis

The unique characteristics of nanofibers in rational electrode design enable effec-tive utilization and maximizing material properties for achieving highly efficient and sustainable CO_(2) reduction reactions( CO_(2)RRs)in solid oxide elec-trolysis cells(SOECs).However,practical appli-cation of nanofiber-based electrodes faces chal-lenges in establishing sufficient interfacial contact and adhesion with the dense electrolyte.To tackle this challenge,a novel hybrid nanofiber electrode,La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.15)Fe_(0.8)Pd_(0.05)O_(3-δ)(H-LSCFP),is developed by strategically incorporating low aspect ratio crushed LSCFP nanofibers into the excess porous interspace of a high aspect ratio LSCFP nanofiber framework synthesized via electrospinning technique.After consecutive treatment in 100% H_(2) and CO_(2) at 700°C,LSCFP nanofibers form a perovskite phase with in situ exsolved Co metal nanocatalysts and a high concentration of oxygen species on the surface,enhancing CO_(2) adsorption.The SOEC with the H-LSCFP electrode yielded an outstanding current density of 2.2 A cm^(-2) in CO_(2) at 800°C and 1.5 V,setting a new benchmark among reported nanofiber-based electrodes.Digital twinning of the H-LSCFP reveals improved contact adhesion and increased reaction sites for CO_(2)RR.The present work demonstrates a highly catalytically active and robust nanofiber-based fuel electrode with a hybrid structure,paving the way for further advancements and nanofiber applications in CO_(2)-SOECs.

Interface and energy band manipulation of Bi2O3-Bi2S3 electrode enabling advanced magnesium-ion storage

Rechargeable magnesium-ion(Mg-ion)batteries have attracted wide attention for energy storage.However,magnesium anode is still limited by the irreversible Mg plating/stripping procedure.Herein,a well-designed binary Bi_(2)O_(3)-Bi_(2)S_(3)(BO-BS)heterostructure is fulfilled by virtue of the cooperative interface and energy band engineering targeted fast Mg-ion storage.The built-in electronic field resulting from the asymmetrical electron distribution at the interface of electron-rich S center at Bi_(2)S_(3) side and electron-poor O center at Bi_(2)O_(3) side effectively accelerates the electrochemical reaction kinetics in the Mg-ion battery system.Moreover,the as-designed heterogenous interface also benefits to maintaining the electrode integrity.With these advantages,the BO-BS electrode displays a remarkable capacity of 150.36 mAh g^(−1) at 0.67 A g^(-1) and a superior cycling stability.This investigation would offer novel insights into the rational design of functional heterogenous electrode materials targeted the fast reaction kinetics for energy storage systems.

Synergistic Coupling of Sulfide Electrolyte and Integrated 3D FeS_(2)Electrode Toward Long-Cycling All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries

FeS_(2)cathode is promising for all-solid-state lithium batteries due to its ultra-high capacity,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the poor performances,induced by limited electrode-electrolyte interface,severe volume expansion,and polysulfide shuttle,hinder the application of FeS_(2)in all-solid-state lithium batteries.Herein,an integrated 3D FeS_(2)electrode with full infiltration of Li6PS5Cl sulfide electrolytes is designed to address these challenges.Such a 3D integrated design not only achieves intimate and maximized interfacial contact between electrode and sulfide electrolytes,but also effectively buffers the inner volume change of FeS_(2)and completely eliminates the polysulfide shuttle through direct solid-solid conversion of Li2S/S.Besides,the vertical 3D arrays guarantee direct electron transport channels and horizontally shortened ion diffusion paths,endowing the integrated electrode with a remarkably reduced interfacial impedance and enhanced reaction kinetics.Benefiting from these synergies,the integrated all-solid-state lithium battery exhibits the largest reversible capacity(667 mAh g^(-1)),best rate performance,and highest capacity retention of 82%over 500 cycles at 0.1 C compared to both a liquid battery and non-integrated all-solid-state lithium battery.The cycling performance is among the best reported for FeS_(2)-based all-solid-state lithium batteries.This work presents an innovative synergistic strategy for designing long-cycling high-energy all-solid-state lithium batteries,which can be readily applied to other battery systems,such as lithium-sulfur batteries.

High Seebeck Coefficient Thermally Chargeable Supercapacitor with Synergistic Effect of Multichannel Ionogel Electrolyte and Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene-Based Composite Electrode

Thermally chargeable supercapacitors can collect low-grade heat generated by the human body and convert it into electricity as a power supply unit for wearable electronics.However,the low Seebeck coefficient and heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency hinder further application.In this paper,we designed a high-performance thermally chargeable supercapacitor device composed of ZnMn_(2)O_(4)@Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene composites(ZMO@Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene)electrode and UIO-66 metal–organic framework doped multichannel polyvinylidene fluoridehexafluoro-propylene ionogel electrolyte,which realized the thermoelectric conversion and electrical energy storage at the same time.This thermally chargeable supercapacitor device exhibited a high Seebeck coefficient of 55.4 mV K^(−1),thermal voltage of 243 mV,and outstanding heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency of up to 6.48%at the temperature difference of 4.4 K.In addition,this device showed excellent charge–discharge cycling stability at high-temperature differences(3 K)and low-temperature differences(1 K),respectively.Connecting two thermally chargeable supercapacitor units in series,the generated output voltage of 500 mV further confirmed the stability of devices.When a single device was worn on the arm,a thermal voltage of 208.3 mV was obtained indicating the possibility of application in wearable electronics.

超级电容器电极材料纳米α-MnO_2的制备及性能研究

用溶胶-凝胶法和沉淀法制备了具有纳米结构的α-MnO2,分别对其进行X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、循环伏安(CV)等测试,结果发现溶胶-凝胶法所合成的材料是由粒径为60nm的微粒组成,沉淀法所合成的材料粒径在80nm范围.并研究了不同配比的α-MnO2和活性炭组成的复合电极在各种浓度的电解液中的循环伏安性能,发现当电极中α-MnO2质量百分含量为40%～60%时,在0.5mol/LNa2SO4、2.0mol/L(NH4)2SO4、1.0mol/LKCl溶液中的比电容较高,其中在2.0mol/L(NH4)2SO4溶液中的比电容最高可达108.26F/g.

新生态MnO_2对水溶性阴离子染料废水的脱色研究

以各种水溶性染料,包括直接染料、酸性媒介染料、活性染料的废水为实验对象,系统研究了新生态MnO2在染料废水脱色过程中的作用。结果表明,受试染料的脱色效果均十分显著,最佳pH≤2.5,脱色作用的机理在于MnO2的表面羟基在酸性条件下发生质子化,可以与阴离子染料以库仑力结合而将其吸附除去。

Influence of nano-CeO_2 on coating structure and properties of electrodeposited Al/α-PbO_2/β-PbO_2

Al/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 composite electrodes doped with rare earth oxide （CeO2） were prepared by anodic oxidation method investigate the influence of nano-CeO2 dopants on the properties of Al/α-PbO2/β-PbO2-CeO2 electrodes and the impact of α-PbO2 as the intermediate layer. The results show that using α-PbO2 as the intermediate layer will benefit the crystallization of β-PbO2 and β-PbO2 is more suitable as the surface layer than α-PbO2. CeO2 dopants change the crystallite size and crystal structure, enhance the catalytic activity, and even change the deposition mechanism of PbO2. The doping of CeO2 in the PbO2 electrodes can enhance the electro-catalytic activity, which is helpful for oxygen evolution, and therefore reduce the cell voltage.

Structures and electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of Si added A_2B_7-type alloy electrodes

In order to ameliorate the electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of La-Mg-Ni system A2B7-type electrode alloys, a small amount of Si was added. The La0.8Mg0.2Ni3.3Co0.2Six （x=0-0.2） electrode alloys were prepared by casting and annealing. The effects of adding Si on the structure and electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of the alloys were investigated systematically. The results indicate that the as-cast and annealed alloys hold multiple structures, involving two major phases of （La, Mg）2Ni7 with a Ce2Ni7-type hexagonal structure and LaNi5 with a CaCu5-type hexagonal structure as well as one residual phase LaNi3. The addition of Si results in a decrease in （La, Mg）2Ni7 phase and an increase in LaNi5 phase without changing the phase structure of the alloys. What is more, it brings on an obvious effect on electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of the alloys. The discharge capacities of the as-cast and annealed alloys decline with the increase of Si content, but their cycle stabilities clearly grow under the same condition. Furthermore, the measurements of the high rate discharge ability, the limiting current density, hydrogen diffusion coefficient as well as electrochemical impedance spectra all indicate that the electrochemical kinetic properties of the electrode alloys first increase and then decrease with the rising of Si content.

Electrochemical oxidation of aniline by a novel Ti/TiO_xH_y/Sb-SnO_2 electrode

Electrochemical oxidation of aniline in aqueous solution was investigated over a novel Ti/TiOxHy/Sb-SnO2 electrode prepared by the electrodeposition method.Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and electrochemical measurements were used to characterize its morphology,crystal structure,and electrochemical properties.Removal of aniline by the Ti/TiOxHy/Sb-SnO2electrode was investigated by ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy and chemical oxygen demand（COD）analysis under different conditions,including current densities,initial concentrations of aniline,pH values,concentrations of chloride ions,and types of reactor.It was found that a higher current density,a lower initial concentration of aniline,an acidic solution,the presence of chloride ions（0.2wt%NaCl）,and a three-dimensional（3D） reactor promoted the removal efficiency of aniline.Electrochemical degradation of aniline followed pseudo-first-order kinetics.The aniline（200 mL of 100mg·L-（-1）） and COD removal efficiencies reached 100%and 73.5%,respectively,at a current density of 20 mA·cm-（-2）,pH of 7.0,and supporting electrolyte of 0.5 wt%Na2SO4 after 2 h electrolysis in a 3D reactor.These results show that aniline can be significantly removed on the Ti/TiOxHy/Sb-SnO2electrode,which provides an efficient way for elimination of aniline from aqueous solution.

水热温度对MnO_2纳米线结构和电容性能的影响

以KMn O4和Mn SO4为原料,采用水热法合成超级电容器电极材料纳米MnO_2,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积测试、循环伏安、恒流充放电和电化学阻抗等方法测试MnO_2的结构和电容性能。结果表明,采用水热法可以合成直径为10~90 nm,长度为1~3 cm的α-MnO_2纳米线;水热温度对MnO_2纳米线的晶粒和形貌影响显著,但不改变MnO_2的晶型;随水热温度升高,MnO_2纳米线的晶粒逐渐长大,同时变长变粗,导致比表面逐渐降低;MnO_2纳米线的比电容随水热温度升高呈先增大后减小,当水热温度为140℃时比电容最大,为227 F/g,同时表现出良好的倍率性能。

α-PbO纳米粉体的固相合成及其对MnO_2电极材料的改性作用

利用 Pb( )盐与 Na OH在室温下进行固相反应制备了纳米级α-Pb O粉体 (桔红色 ) .借助 X射线衍射、透射电镜测试对合成的纳米粉体试样的物理性质作了表征 .初步探讨了反应机理 .将合成的试样用于改性 Mn O2 电极 .1次深度放电测试结果表明 ,样品的掺杂量在 1 .2 5%～ 5.0 0 %之间对 Mn O2 有良好的改性效果 ,中等负荷放电时 ,纳米 Pb O改性的 Mn O2 电极的放电容量比常粒径 Pb O改性的 Mn O2 电极的放电容量高出 2 0 %以上 ,比纯国际 1 # 电解锰样 ( γ-Mn O2 )的放电容量平均高出约 50 % ,在重负荷放电时 ,改性 Mn O2电极的放电容量提高幅度更大 .

纳米α-PbO粉体改性MnO_2的循环伏安行为

探讨了固相合成的纳米α-Pb O粉体样品及其改性 Mn O2 电极的循环伏安行为 .结果表明 ,纳米α-Pb O在碱性电解液中具有优良电化学活性 .铅的掺入改变了 Mn O2 的充放电机理 .在其循环扫描过程中 ,掺杂物与 Mn O2 均不再以单纯氧化物的形式存在 ,而是形成了一系列 Pb( X) ( X=0 , ) Mn( Y) ( Y= , , )复合物的共氧化与共还原 ,抑制了电化学惰性物质 Mn3 O4的生成和积累 ,使 Mn O2 的可逆性得到了明显改善 .纳米α-Pb O样品与普通粒径的α-Pb O样品对 Mn O2 的改性机理类似 .但前者对 Mn O2 的改性效果明显优于后者 .

碱性Zn/MnO_2电池的技术进步与发展潜力(1)

介绍了近年来碱性Zn／MnO2电池的工艺进展，在正极中使用高活性MnOZ2较细的石墨粒子；在负极中使用细粒径Zn粉合金，去Hg、Cd、Pb，以及适宜的胶凝剂、缓蚀剂；在简壳上减小筒壁厚度，使用适宜涂层；使用多孔更薄加有表面活性剂的隔膜；以及其他可提高碱性Zn／MnO2电池性能的措施。指明碱性Zn／MnO2电池仍有较大的发展潜力。

纳米Bi-Ni氧化物改性碱性MnO_2电极

采用固相合成法制备了纳米Bi Ni氧化物 ,XRD、TEM测试表明 ,其组成为单斜晶型Bi2 O3 和菱形晶型NiO的混合氧化物 ,粒径界于 15～ 4 5nm之间。通过物理掺杂的方法 ,用纳米Bi Ni氧化物对碱性MnO2 电极进行改性。掺杂纳米Bi Ni氧化物 ,可使MnO2 电极的深度放电能力有很大程度的提高 ,其中 ,以 95mA/g电流密度恒流深度放电 ,放电容量提高 35

电沉积法制备PANI/MnO_2/石墨烯复合材料及其电化学性能研究

采用简便的脉冲电沉积方法一步合成了呈现层-层分布的三维立体结构的PANI/MnO_2/石墨烯三元复合材料,利用XRD和FT-IR等研究了复合物的结构和组成,SEM和TEM表征了复合物的形貌。同时,通过恒流充放电和循环伏安测试研究了该复合物的电化学性能。结果表明,0.5 A·g^(–1)电流密度下的比容量可达1 120 F·g^(–1),且1 000次循环的稳定性高达99%。出色的超电容性能主要源于石墨烯作为基体,其上均匀分布棒状结构的PANI,MnO_2纳米粒子均匀分布于PANI纳米棒上,形成了一种分级的特殊结构。

超级电容器用(RuO_2/MnO_2)·n H_2O复合电极的研究

采用电沉积法制备超级电容器用钽基(RuO_2/MnO_2)·n H_2O复合薄膜电极材料,制定钽箔基体的预处理方法、复合溶液主盐的配置比例、电沉积参数和热处理参数。重点研究了初始沉积液中Mn^(7+)与Ru^(3+)摩尔浓度比以及不同热处理参数对((RuO_2/MnO_2)·n H_2O复合薄膜附着力与电学性能的影响。借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪对薄膜的形貌和物相分析,用电化学工作站对该复合薄膜电化学性能进行测量。实验结果表明,当初始沉积液中Mn^(7+)与Ru^(3+)摩尔比为3:1,热处理温度为250℃,时间为2.5h,所制备出的复合电极薄膜具有较好的附着力和较高的比电容,分别为14.8MPa与418F/g。该复合薄膜在不同扫描速率下的循环伏安图具有高度可逆的氧化和还原曲线,说明其具有很明显的电容特性,是一种较为理想的RuO_2基复合薄膜。