Mechanism analysis of regulating Turing instability and Hopf bifurcation of malware propagation in mobile wireless sensor networks

A dynamical model is constructed to depict the spatial-temporal evolution of malware in mobile wireless sensor networks(MWSNs). Based on such a model, we design a hybrid control scheme combining parameter perturbation and state feedback to effectively manipulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of malware propagation. The hybrid control can not only suppress the Turing instability caused by diffusion factor but can also adjust the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation induced by time delay. Numerical simulation results show that the hybrid control strategy can efficiently manipulate the transmission dynamics to achieve our expected desired properties, thus reducing the harm of malware propagation to MWSNs.

Trust-based co-operative routing for secure communication in mobile ad hoc networks

The working of a Mobile Ad hoc NETwork(MANET)relies on the supportive cooperation among the network nodes.But due to its intrinsic features,a misbehaving node can easily lead to a routing disorder.This paper presents two trust-based routing schemes,namely Trust-based Self-Detection Routing(TSDR)and Trust-based Cooperative Routing(TCOR)designed with an Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector(AODV)protocol.The proposed work covers a wide range of security challenges,including malicious node identification and prevention,accurate trust quantification,secure trust data sharing,and trusted route maintenance.This brings a prominent solution for mitigating misbehaving nodes and establishing efficient communication in MANET.It is empirically validated based on a performance comparison with the current Evolutionary Self-Cooperative Trust(ESCT)scheme,Generalized Trust Model(GTM),and the conventional AODV protocol.The extensive simulations are conducted against three different varying network scenarios.The results affirm the improved values of eight popular performance metrics overcoming the existing routing schemes.Among the two proposed works,TCOR is more suitable for highly scalable networks;TSDR suits,however,the MANET application better with its small size.This work thus makes a significant contribution to the research community,in contrast to many previous works focusing solely on specific security aspects,and results in a trade-off in the expected values of evaluation parameters and asserts their efficiency.

Analysis of Mobile and Internet Network Coverage: Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves and Concept of Digital Divide in Burundi

Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is still a long process. 2G networks have developed the messaging service, which complements the already operational voice service. 2G technology has rapidly progressed to the third generation (3G), incorporating multimedia data transmission techniques. It then progressed to fourth generation (4G) and LTE (Long Term Evolution), increasing the transmission speed to improve 3G. Currently, developed countries have already moved to 5G. In developing countries, including Burundi, a member of the East African Community (ECA) where more than 80% are connected to 2G technologies, 40% are connected to the 3G network and 25% to the 4G network and are not yet connected to the 5G network and then still a process. The objective of this article is to analyze the coverage of 2G, 3G and 4G networks in Burundi. This analysis will make it possible to identify possible deficits in order to reduce the digital divide between connected urban areas and remote rural areas. Furthermore, this analysis will draw the attention of decision-makers to the need to deploy networks and coverage to allow the population to access mobile and Internet services and thus enable the digitalization of the population. Finally, this article shows the level of coverage, the digital divide and an overview of the deployment of base stations (BTS) throughout the country to promote the transformation and digital inclusion of services.

Quality of Service and Security on Cisco Network Devices, Coupled with the Development of a Mobile Application Prototype Software for Server Room Temperature Monitoring

In an era where digital technology is paramount, higher education institutions like the University of Zambia (UNZA) are employing advanced computer networks to enhance their operational capacity and offer cutting-edge services to their academic fraternity. Spanning across the Great East Road campus, UNZA has established one of the most extensive computer networks in Zambia, serving a burgeoning community of over 20,000 active users through a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). However, as the digital landscape continues to evolve, it is besieged with burgeoning challenges that threaten the very fabric of network integrity—cyber security threats and the imperatives of maintaining high Quality of Service (QoS). In an effort to mitigate these threats and ensure network efficiency, the development of a mobile application to monitor temperatures in the server room was imperative. According to L. Wei, X. Zeng, and T. Shen, the use of wireless sensory networks to monitor the temperature of train switchgear contact points represents a cost-effective solution. The system is based on wireless communication technology and is detailed in their paper, “A wireless solution for train switchgear contact temperature monitoring and alarming system based on wireless communication technology”, published in the International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 79-87, 2015 [1]. Therefore, in this study, a mobile application technology was explored for monitoring of temperatures in the server room in order to aid Cisco device performance. Additionally, this paper also explores the hardening of Cisco device security and QoS which are the cornerstones of this study.

A Minimum Cost Handover Algorithm for Mobile Satellite Networks

For mobile satellite networks, an appropriate handover scheme should be devised to shorten handover delay with optimized application of network resources. By introducing the handover cost model of service, this article proposes a rerouting triggering scheme for path optimization after handover and a new minimum cost handover algorithm for mobile satellite networks. This algorithm ensures the quality of service （QoS） parameters, such as delay, during the handover and minimizes the handover costs. Simulation indicates that this algorithm is superior to other current algorithms in guaranteeing the QoS and decreasing handover costs.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network与Internet互联的技术研究

分析了移动IP和AODV协议的工作机理,对MANET与Internet互联的关键技术,包括协议转换、地址分配、网关发现、路由发现与数据传输等问题进行了详细的讨论,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望。

Adaptive and distance-driven power control scheme in mobile ad hoc networks

In order to save the energy and reduce the latency of the end-to-end transmission in mobile ad hoc networks an adaptive and distance-driven power control ADPC scheme is proposed by means of distance research in random geometrics. Through mathematical proof the optimal number of relay nodes and the optimal location of each node for data transmission can be obtained when a distance is given.In the ADPC first the source node computes the optimal number and the sites of the relay nodes between the source and the destination nodes.Then it searches feasible relay nodes around the optimal virtual relay-sites and selects one link with the minimal total transmission energy consumption for data transmission.Simulation results show that the ADPC can reduce both the energy dissipation and the end-to-end latency of the transmission.

Improved approach to enhanced Internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc networks

An improved internetworking approach is proposed to enhance the Internet connectivity which is deteriorated due to unidirectional links and blind rebroadcasting of gateway discovery packets for mobile ad hoc networks. The hybrid gateway discovery scheme that combined the advantages of a proactive and reactive gateway discovery approach is used to achieve high connectivity while keeping overhead costs low. By exchanging ad hoc on-demand distance vector （AODV） hello packet which includes additional fields named symmetric neighbor list and asymmetric neighbor list, unidirectional links are removed from route computation and broadcast storm can also be relieved simultaneously. Performance results using ns-2 simulations, under varying numbers of unidirectional links and node speeds, show that this improved Internet connectivity approach can provide better performance than others.

Multi-agent cooperative intrusion response in mobile adhoc networks

The nature of adhoc networks makes them vulnerable to security attacks. Many security technologies such as intrusion prevention and intrusion detection are passive in response to intrusions in that their countermea- sures are only to protect the networks, and there is no automated network-wide counteraction against detected intrusions, the architecture of cooperation intrusion response based multi-agent is propose. The architecture is composed of mobile agents. Monitor agent resides on every node and monitors its neighbor nodes. Decision agent collects information from monitor nodes and detects an intrusion by security policies. When an intruder is found in the architecture, the block agents will get to the neighbor nodes of the intruder and form the mobile firewall to isolate the intruder. In the end, we evaluate it by simulation.

Distributed intrusion detection for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networking （MANET） has become an exciting and important technology in recent years, because of the rapid proliferation of wireless devices. Mobile ad hoc networks is highly vulnerable to attacks due to the open medium, dynamically changing network topology, cooperative algorithms, and lack of centralized monitoring and management point. The traditional way of protecting networks with firewalls and encryption software is no longer sufficient and effective for those features. A distributed intrusion detection approach based on timed automata is given. A cluster-based detection scheme is presented, where periodically a node is elected as the monitor node for a cluster. These monitor nodes can not only make local intrusion detection decisions, but also cooperatively take part in global intrusion detection. And then the timed automata is constructed by the way of manually abstracting the correct behaviours of the node according to the routing protocol of dynamic source routing （DSR）. The monitor nodes can verify the behaviour of every nodes by timed automata, and validly detect real-time attacks without signatures of intrusion or trained data. Compared with the architecture where each node is its own IDS agent, the approach is much more efficient while maintaining the same level of effectiveness. Finally, the intrusion detection method is evaluated through simulation experiments.

Network-Aided Intelligent Traffic Steering in 5G Mobile Networks

Recently,the fifth generation(5G)of mobile networks has been deployed and various ranges of mobile services have been provided.The 5G mobile network supports improved mobile broadband,ultra-low latency and densely deployed massive devices.It allows multiple radio access technologies and interworks them for services.5G mobile systems employ traffic steering techniques to efficiently use multiple radio access technologies.However,conventional traffic steering techniques do not consider dynamic network conditions efficiently.In this paper,we propose a network aided traffic steering technique in 5G mobile network architecture.5G mobile systems monitor network conditions and learn with network data.Through a machine learning algorithm such as a feed-forward neural network,it recognizes dynamic network conditions and then performs traffic steering.The proposed scheme controls traffic for multiple radio access according to the ratio of measured throughput.Thus,it can be expected to improve traffic steering efficiency.The performance of the proposed traffic steering scheme is evaluated using extensive computer simulations.

Recommending Friends Instantly in Location-based Mobile Social Networks

Differently from the general online social network(OSN),locationbased mobile social network(LMSN),which seamlessly integrates mobile computing and social computing technologies,has unique characteristics of temporal,spatial and social correlation.Recommending friends instantly based on current location of users in the real world has become increasingly popular in LMSN.However,the existing friend recommendation methods based on topological structures of a social network or non-topological information such as similar user profiles cannot well address the instant making friends in the real world.In this article,we analyze users' check-in behavior in a real LMSN site named Gowalla.According to this analysis,we present an approach of recommending friends instantly for LMSN users by considering the real-time physical location proximity,offline behavior similarity and friendship network information in the virtual community simultaneously.This approach effectively bridges the gap between the offline behavior of users in the real world and online friendship network information in the virtual community.Finally,we use the real user check-in dataset of Gowalla to verify the effectiveness of our approach.

HAS Dynamic Buffer-Driven Resource Management to Enhance QoE in Mobile Network

Hypertext transfer protocol(HTTP) adaptive streaming(HAS) plays a key role in mobile video transmission. Considering the multi-segment and multi-rate features of HAS, this paper proposes a buffer-driven resource management(BDRM) method to enhance HAS quality of experience(QoE) in mobile network. Different from the traditional methods only focusing on base station side without considering the buffer, the proposed method takes both station and client sides into account and end user's buffer plays as the drive of whole schedule process. The proposed HAS QoE influencing factors are composed of initial delay, rebuffering and quality level. The BDRM method decomposes the HAS QoE maximization problem into client and base station sides separately to solve it in multicell and multi-user video playing scene in mobile network. In client side, the decision is made based on buffer probe and rate request algorithm by each user separately. It guarantees the less rebuffering events and decides which HAS segment rate to fetch. While, in the base station side, the schedule of wireless resource is made to maximize the quality level of all access clients and decides the final rate pulled from HAS server. The drive of buffer and twice rate request schemes make BDRMtake full advantage of HAS's multi-segment and multi-rate features. As to the simulation results, compared with proportional fair(PF), Max C/I and traditional HAS schedule(THS) methods, the proposed BDRM method decreases rebuffering percent to 1.96% from 11.1% with PF and from 7.01% with THS and increases the mean MOS of all users to 3.94 from 3.42 with PF method and from 2.15 with Max C/I method. It also guarantees a high fairness with 0.98 from the view of objective and subjective assessment metrics.

Machine Learning for 5G and Beyond:From ModelBased to Data-Driven Mobile Wireless Networks

During the past few decades,mobile wireless communications have experienced four generations of technological revolution,namely from 1 G to 4 G,and the deployment of the latest 5 G networks is expected to take place in 2019.One fundamental question is how we can push forward the development of mobile wireless communications while it has become an extremely complex and sophisticated system.We believe that the answer lies in the huge volumes of data produced by the network itself,and machine learning may become a key to exploit such information.In this paper,we elaborate why the conventional model-based paradigm,which has been widely proved useful in pre-5 G networks,can be less efficient or even less practical in the future 5 G and beyond mobile networks.Then,we explain how the data-driven paradigm,using state-of-the-art machine learning techniques,can become a promising solution.At last,we provide a typical use case of the data-driven paradigm,i.e.,proactive load balancing,in which online learning is utilized to adjust cell configurations in advance to avoid burst congestion caused by rapid traffic changes.

Joint Resource Allocation Using Evolutionary Algorithms in Heterogeneous Mobile Cloud Computing Networks

The problem of joint radio and cloud resources allocation is studied for heterogeneous mobile cloud computing networks. The objective of the proposed joint resource allocation schemes is to maximize the total utility of users as well as satisfy the required quality of service(QoS) such as the end-to-end response latency experienced by each user. We formulate the problem of joint resource allocation as a combinatorial optimization problem. Three evolutionary approaches are considered to solve the problem: genetic algorithm(GA), ant colony optimization with genetic algorithm(ACO-GA), and quantum genetic algorithm(QGA). To decrease the time complexity, we propose a mapping process between the resource allocation matrix and the chromosome of GA, ACO-GA, and QGA, search the available radio and cloud resource pairs based on the resource availability matrixes for ACOGA, and encode the difference value between the allocated resources and the minimum resource requirement for QGA. Extensive simulation results show that our proposed methods greatly outperform the existing algorithms in terms of running time, the accuracy of final results, the total utility, resource utilization and the end-to-end response latency guaranteeing.

Flex Ethernet Technology and Application in 5G Mobile Transport Network

With the advent of 5G era,the rise of cloud services,virtual reality/virtual reality(AR/VR),vehicle networking and other technologies has put forward new requirements for the bandwidth and delay of the bearer network.Traditional Ethernet technology cannot meet the new requirements very well.Flex Ethernet(FlexE)technology has emerged as the times require.This paper introduces the background,standardization process,functional principle,application mode and technical advantages of FlexE technology,and finally analyses its application prospects and shortcomings in 5G mobile transport network.

Mobile Network Computer Can Better Describe The Future of Information Society

In the paper, we illustrate the importance of the concept of mobile network computer from a technological perspective. Because of the usefulness of mobile network computers, with the growth of the Internet of things, mobile network computers may include not only TV box audio-visual equipment, wireless household appliances, and mobile communication equipment, but may also include devices such as intelligent foot rings, smart watches, smart glasses, smart shoes and smart coats. Considering the different types of networks, e.g. IP multimedia Subsystem(IMS), we explain why some network elements are inaccurate and misleading from a technological perspective. We aim to popularize the concept of mobile network computers for its accuracy and importance, which better define modern mobile terminals and reflects the nature of multiple mobile terminals based on the structure of their integrated computers and the capabilities of processing multimedia. In the computer and Internet age, network computers and mobile network computers are the main terminals of fixed and mobile networks, respectively. Therefore, based on the concept of mobile network computers, we discuss the future of information society.

A DQN-Based Cache Strategy for Mobile Edge Networks

The emerging mobile edge networks with content caching capability allows end users to receive information from adjacent edge servers directly instead of a centralized data warehouse,thus the network transmission delay and system throughput can be improved significantly.Since the duplicate content transmissions between edge network and remote cloud can be reduced,the appropriate caching strategy can also improve the system energy efficiency of mobile edge networks to a great extent.This paper focuses on how to improve the network energy efficiency and proposes an intelligent caching strategy according to the cached content distribution model for mobile edge networks based on promising deep reinforcement learning algorithm.The deep neural network(DNN)and Q-learning algorithm are combined to design a deep reinforcement learning framework named as the deep-Q neural network(DQN),in which the DNN is adopted to represent the approximation of action-state value function in the Q-learning solution.The parameters iteration strategies in the proposed DQN algorithm were improved through stochastic gradient descent method,so the DQN algorithm could converge to the optimal solution quickly,and the network performance of the content caching policy can be optimized.The simulation results show that the proposed intelligent DQN-based content cache strategy with enough training steps could improve the energy efficiency of the mobile edge networks significantly.

Anonymous multipath routing protocol based on secret sharing in mobile ad hoc networks

Because the intrinsic characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks（MANETs） cause several vulnerabilities,anonymous routing protocols attract much more attention in secure mobile ad hoc networks for the purposes of security and privacy concerns.Until recently,lots of anonymous routing protocols have been proposed.However,most of them are single path or use one path at a time,and the multipath schemes can not thwart both the passive attacks and active attacks simultaneously.Thus an anonymous multipath routing protocol based on secret sharing is proposed.The protocol provides identity anonymity,location anonymity,data and traffic anonymity by employing cryptograph technology and secret sharing in MANET communication process.Meanwhile,a hash function is introduced to detect active attacks in the data transmission process.The protocol can effectively thwart various passive attacks and reduce the successful probability of active attacks（such as interception and physical destroy attacks）.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides a reasonably good level of network security and performance.

Improved control for distributed parameter systems with time-dependent spatial domains utilizing mobile sensor-actuator networks

A guidance policy for controller performance enhancement utilizing mobile sensor-actuator networks （MSANs） is proposed for a class of distributed parameter systems （DPSs）, which are governed by diffusion partial differential equations （PDEs） with time-dependent spatial domains. Several sufficient conditions for controller performance enhancement are presented. First, the infinite dimensional operator theory is used to derive an abstract evolution equation of the systems under some rational assumptions on the operators, and a static output feedback controller is designed to control the spatial process. Then, based on Lyapunov stability arguments, guidance policies for collocated and non-collocated MSANs are provided to enhance the performance of the proposed controller, which show that the time-dependent characteristic of the spatial domains can significantly affect the design of the mobile scheme. Finally, a simulation example illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed policy.