A Ku-band magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator with overmoded slow-wave-structure

In order to enhance the power capacity, an improved Ku-band magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator （MILO） with overmoded slow-wave-structure （SWS） is proposed and investigated numerically and experimentally. The analysis of the dispersion relationship and the resonant curve of the cold test indicate that the devine can operate at the near π mode of the TM01 mode, which is useful for mode selection and control. In the particle simulation, the improved Ku-band MILO generates a microwave with a power of 1.5 GW and a frequency of 12.3 GHz under an input voltage of 480 kV and input current of 42 kA. Finally, experimental investigation of the improved Ku-band MILO is carried out. A high-power microwave （HPM） with an average power of 800 MW, a frequency of 12.35 GHz, and pulse width of 35 ns is generated under a diode voltage of 500 kV and beam current of 43 kA. The consistency between the experimental and simulated far-field radiation pattern confirms that the operating mode of the improved Ku-band MILO is well controlled in zc mode of the TM01 mode.

A high-power subterahertz surface wave oscillator with separated overmoded slow wave structures

A megawatt-level subterahertz surface wave oscillator （SWO） is proposed to obtain high conversion efficiency by using separated overmoded slow wave structures （SWSs）. Aiming at the repetitive operation and practical applications, the device driven by electron beam with modest energy and current is theoretically analyzed and verified. Then, the functions of the two SWS sections and the effect of the drift tube are investigated by using a particle-in-cell code to reveal how the proposed device achieves high efficiency. The mode analysis of the beam-wave interaction region in the device is also carded out, and the results indicate that multi-modes participate in the premodulation of the electron beam in the first SWS section, while the TM01 mode surface wave is successfully and dominantly excited and amplified in the second SWS section. Finally, a typical simulation result demonstrates that at a beam energy of 313 keV, beam current of 1.13 kA, and guiding magnetic field of above 3.5 T, a high-power subterahertz wave is obtained with an output power of about 70 MW at frequency 146.3 GHz, corresponding to the conversion efficiency of 20%. Compared with the results of the previous subterahertz overmoded SWOs with integral SWS and similar beam parameters, the efficiency increases almost 50% in the proposed device.

安徽省2021年梅雨期降水预报检验分析

对安徽省2021年梅雨期(6月10日—7月10日)6个客观模式和1个主观订正预报产品进行了检验分析,其中包含了3个区域模式数值预报(中国气象局中尺度天气数值预报系统“CMA-MESO”、中国气象局上海数值预报模式系统“CMA-SH9”、安徽WRF,3个全球模式数值预报(中国气象局全球同化预报系统“CMA-GFS”、欧洲中期天气预报中心确定性预报模式“ECMWF”、美国国家环境预报中心全球预报系统“NCEP-GFS”)和安徽智能网格主观订正预报的降水产品,结果表明:传统检验中安徽智能网格和区域模式对晴雨准确率的预报效果优于全球模式,又以CMA-MESO最优;在暴雨及以上量级的强降水预报中,传统检验表明安徽智能网格预报的得分最高(23.83),ECMWF模式则是客观模式预报中效果最好的(20.12),CMA-SH9次之(19.34);通过对除安徽智能网格以外的各个客观数值模式进行的MODE空间检验可知,不同数值模式间暴雨预报误差原因不尽相同,ECMWF与各区域数值模式主要是由雨区位置的预报偏差,尤其是纬度偏差导致的,NCEP-GFS全球模式对降水强度和雨区面积的预报偏弱偏小比较明显,CMA-GFS在强降水方面的预报可参考性较差;各个主客观预报暴雨及以上量级预报,整体表现出较明显的日变化特征,在午夜前后、上午时段TS评分较高,而午后到傍晚评分较低,这个现象或许是梅雨期的午后降水多以地表太阳加热引起的短历时热对流降水为主造成的。

“23·7”华北特大暴雨数值预报检验评估

针对“23·7”华北特大暴雨过程,采用天气学检验及TS(thrcat scorc)评分和MODE(mcthod for objcct-bascd diagnostic cvaluation)方法对中国气象局高分辨率全球同化预报系统(CMA-GFS)、较低分辨率全球集合预报系统(CMA-EPS)、欧洲中期数值预报中心集合预报系统(EC-EPS)和业务预报模式(EC-HR)、美国环境预报中心全球预报系统(NCEP-GFS)等全球模式和中国气象局区域台风数值预报系统(CMA-TYM)、中尺度天气数值预报系统(CMA-MESO)和区域数值预报系统(CMA-BJ)等进行中短期预报效果检验评估。结果表明:EC-EPS提前14 d预报京津冀一带有过程累积降水量超过100 mm强降水的发生概率,CMA-EPS可提前12 d报出,但预报欠稳定且落区偏东偏南。EC-HR对100 mm以上过程累积降水量及2 d以上暴雨日的位置预报提前时效均达8 d左右,CMA-GFS的过程累积降水量预报显著偏小、强降水落区明显偏东,可用预报时效短;NCEP-GFS预报性能介于二者之间。各模式均可提前36 h预报强降水落区和强度的变化趋势,中尺度模式可更加精细地刻画其形态和位置分布,尤以CMA-BJ为佳,但其预报偏强,其余模式不同程度偏弱,其中CMA-GFS显著偏弱。EC-HR提前8 d预报关键影响系统发生发展,但低层倒槽位置偏西偏北,低空急流偏弱,低估了地形对强降水的增幅作用,是太行山东麓降水量预报偏弱的重要原因之一。整体上,EC-EPS、EC-HR的提前时效和稳定性,以及CMA-BJ的落区形态和强度预报等对预报业务有较高参考价值。

Transition from a filamentary mode to a diffuse one with varying distance from needle to stream of an argon plasma jet

Plasma jet has extensive application potentials in various fields, which normally operates in a diffuse mode when helium is used as the working gas. However, when less expensive argon is used, the plasma jet often operates in a filamentary mode. Compared to the filamentary mode, the diffuse mode is more desirable for applications. Hence, many efforts have been exerted to accomplish the diffuse mode of the argon plasma jet. In this paper, a novel single-needle argon plasma jet is developed to obtain the diffuse mode. It is found that the plasma jet operates in the filamentary mode when the distance from the needle tip to the central line of the argon stream(d) is short. It transits to the diffuse mode with increasing d. For the diffuse mode, there is always one discharge pulse per voltage cycle, which initiates at the rising edge of the positive voltage. For comparison, the number of discharge pulse increases with an increase in the peak voltage for the filamentary mode. Fast photography reveals that the plasma plume in the filamentary mode results from a guided positive streamer,which propagates in the argon stream. However, the plume in the diffuse mode originates from a branched streamer, which propagates in the interfacial layer between the argon stream and the surrounding air. By optical emission spectroscopy,plasma parameters are investigated for the two discharge modes, which show a similar trend with increasing d. The diffuse mode has lower electron temperature, electron density, vibrational temperature, and gas temperature compared to the filamentary mode.

Investigation on the roles of equilibrium toroidal rotation during edge-localized mode mitigated by resonant magnetic perturbations

The effects of equilibrium toroidal rotation during edge-localized mode(ELM)mitigated by resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)are studied with the experimental equilibria of the EAST tokamak based on the four-field model in the BOUT++code.As the two main parameters to determine the toroidal rotation profiles,the rotation shear and magnitudes were separately scanned to investigate their roles in the impact of RMPs on peeling-ballooning(P-B)modes.On one hand,the results show that strong toroidal rotation shear is favorable for the enhancement of the self-generated E×B shearing rate<ω_(E×B)>with RMPs,leading to significant ELM mitigation with RMP in the stronger toroidal rotation shear region.On the other hand,toroidal rotation magnitudes may affect ELM mitigation by changing the penetration of the RMPs,more precisely the resonant components.RMPs can lead to a reduction in the pedestal energy loss by enhancing the multimode coupling in the turbulence transport phase.The shielding effects on RMPs increase with the toroidal rotation magnitude,leading to the enhancement of the multimode coupling with RMPs to be significantly weakened.Hence,the reduction in pedestal energy loss by RMPs decreased with the rotation magnitude.In brief,the results show that toroidal rotation plays a dual role in ELM mitigation with RMP by changing the shielding effects of plasma by rotation magnitude and affecting<ω_(E×B)>by rotation shear.In the high toroidal rotation region,toroidal rotation shear is usually strong and hence plays a dominant role in the influence of RMP on P-B modes,whereas in the low rotation region,toroidal rotation shear is weak and has negligible impact on P-B modes,and the rotation magnitude plays a dominant role in the influence of RMPs on the P-B modes by changing the field penetration.Therefore,the dual role of toroidal rotation leads to stronger ELM mitigation with RMP,which may be achieved both in the low toroidal rotation region and the relatively high rotation region that has strong rotational shear.

Influences of Co-Flow and Counter-Flow Modes of Reactant Flow Arrangement on a PEMFC at Start-Up

To investigate the influences of co-flowand counter-flowmodes of reactant flowarrangement on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC)during start-up,unsteady physical and mathematical models fully coupling the flow,heat,and electrochemical reactions in a PEMFC are established.The continuity equation and momentum equation are solved by handling pressure-velocity coupling using the SIMPLE algorithm.The electrochemical reaction rates in the catalyst layers(CLs)of the cathode and anode are calculated using the Butler-Volmer equation.The multiphase mixture model describes the multiphase transport process of gas mixtures and liquid water in the fuel cell.After validation,the influences of co-flow and counter-flow modes on the PEMFC performance are investigated,including the evolution of the current density,flow field,temperature field,and reactant concentration field during start-up,as well as the steady distribution of the current density,reactant concentration,andmembrane water content when the start-up stabilizes.Co-flow and counter-flow modes influence the current density distribution and temperature distribution.On the one hand,the co-flow mode accelerates the start-up process of the PEMFC and leads to a more evenly distributed current density than the counter-flow mode.On the other hand,the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet sections of the cell is up to 10.1℃ under the co-flow mode,much larger than the 5.0℃ observed in the counter-flow mode.Accordingly,the counter-flowmode results in a more evenly distributed temperature and a lower maximum temperature than the co-flow case.Therefore,in the flow field design of a PEMFC,the reactant flow arrangements can be considered to weigh between better heat management and higher current density distribution of the cell.

On the generation of high-quality Nyquist pulses in mode-locked fiber lasers

Nyquist pulses have wide applications in many areas,from electronics to optics.Mode-locked lasers are ideal platforms to generate such pulses.However,how to generate high-quality Nyquist pulses in mode-locked lasers remains elusive.We address this problem by managing different physical effects in mode-locked fiber lasers through extensive numerical simulations.We find that net dispersion,linear loss,gain and filter shaping can affect the quality of Nyquist pulses significantly.We also demonstrate that Nyquist pulses experience similariton shaping due to the nonlinear attractor effect in the gain medium.Our work may contribute to the design of Nyquist pulse sources and enrich the understanding of pulse shaping dynamics in mode-locked lasers.

Probing signals of atmospheric gravity waves excited by the July 29,2021 M_(W8.2) Alaska earthquake

It is commonly believed that the atmosphere is decoupled from the solid Earth.Thus,it is difficult for the seismic wave energy inside the Earth to propagate into the atmosphere,and atmospheric pressure wave signals excited by earthquakes are unlikely to exist in atmospheric observations.An increasing number of studies have shown that earthquakes,volcanoes,and tsunamis can perturb the Earth's atmosphere due to various coupling effects.However,the observations mainly focus on acoustic waves with periods of less than 10 min and inertial gravity waves with periods of greater than 1 h.There are almost no clear observations of gravity waves that coincide with observations of low-frequency signals of the Earth's free oscillation frequency band within 1 h.This paper investigates atmospheric gravity wave signals within1 h of surface-atmosphere observations using the periodogram method based on seismometer and microbarometer observations from the global seismic network before and after the July 29,2021 Mw8.2Alaska earthquake in the United States.The numerical results show that the atmospheric gravity wave signals with frequencies similar to those of the Earth's free oscillations_0S_(2) and_0T_(2) can be detected in the microbaro meter observations.The results con firm the existence of atmospheric gravity waves,indicating that the atmosphere and the solid Earth are not decoupled within this frequency band and that seismic wave energy excited by earthquakes can propagate from the interior of the Earth to the atmosphere and enhance the atmospheric gravity wave signals within 1 h.

2020年北上台风不同模式的预报误差分析

2020年台风“巴威”、“美莎克”和“海神”直接北上引发了辽宁地区大范围的强降水天气过程。针对业务数值预报模式在路径、强度和降水等方面预报存在一定偏差,利用多家数值模式台风预报资料,采用评分检验和空间检验方法对北上台风的模式预报结果进行检验评估,为以后的台风气象预报工作提供参考。结果表明:各模式对台风路径的可预报时效为72 h,随着台风逐渐北上,台风的路径预报误差偏大,台风的强度预报较稳定。在降水的MODE检验结果中,ECMWF全球模式的相似度更高,CMA_MESO_3KM区域模式对降水量级预报偏大,空报较多,但两者对台风降水都有着较好的可参考性,同时台风降水预报效果与台风路径和强度预报密切相关。

Effects of diamagnetic drift on nonlinear interaction between multi-helicity neoclassical tearing modes

A numerical study of the diamagnetic drift effect on the nonlinear interaction between multi-helicity neoclassical tearing modes(NTMs) is carried out using a set of four-field equations including two-fluid effects.The results show that,in contrast to the single-fluid case,5/3 NTM cannot be completely suppressed by 3/2 NTM with diamagnetic drift flow.Both modes exhibit oscillation and coexist in the saturated phase.To better understand the effect of the diamagnetic drift flow on multiple-helicity NTMs,the influence of typical relevant parameters is investigated.It is found that the average saturated magnetic island width increases with increasing bootstrap current fraction f_(b) but decreases with the ion skin depth δ.In addition,as the ratio of parallel to perpendicular transport coefficients χ_(‖)/χ_(⊥) increases,the average saturated magnetic island widths of the 3/2 and 5/3 NTMs increase.The underlying mechanisms behind these observations are discussed in detail.

Control of 2-D Semi-Markov Jump Systems:A View from Mode Generation Mechanism

Dear Editor,Two-dimensional(2-D) systems have wide applications in image data processing,gas absorption and fluid dynamics analysis [1]-[3].When there exist abrupt changes in 2-D systems,they are usually modeled by 2-D Markov jump systems(MJSs) or 2-D semi-Markov jump systems(SMJSs).This letter investigates the control of 2-D SMJSs based on a novel mode generation mechanism,which could avoid mode ambiguousness phenomenon caused by the evolution of system mode in two different directions.The criterion that guarantees the almost surely exponential stability of the system is obtained.A thermal process is studied to demonstrate the availability of the proposed method.

Privacy-Preserving Consensus-Based Distributed Economic Dispatch of Smart Grids via State Decomposition

This paper studies the privacy-preserving distributed economic dispatch(DED)problem of smart grids.An autonomous consensus-based algorithm is developed via local data exchange with neighboring nodes,which covers both the islanded mode and the grid-connected mode of smart grids.To prevent power-sensitive information from being disclosed,a privacy-preserving mechanism is integrated into the proposed DED algorithm by randomly decomposing the state into two parts,where only partial data is transmitted.Our objective is to develop a privacy-preserving DED algorithm to achieve optimal power dispatch with the lowest generation cost under physical constraints while preventing sensitive information from being eavesdropped.To this end,a comprehensive analysis framework is established to ensure that the proposed algorithm can converge to the optimal solution of the concerned optimization problem by means of the consensus theory and the eigenvalue perturbation approach.In particular,the proposed autonomous algorithm can achieve a smooth transition between the islanded mode and the grid-connected mode.Furthermore,rigorous analysis is given to show privacy-preserving performance against internal and external eavesdroppers.Finally,case studies illustrate the feasibility and validity of the developed algorithm.

Experimental Investigations of Quasi-Coherent Micro-Instabilities in J-TEXT Ohmic Plasmas

Quasi-coherent micro-instabilities is one of the key topics of magnetic confinement fusion. This work focuses on the quasi-coherent spectra of ion temperature gradient(ITG) and trapped-electron-mode instabilities using newly developed far-forward collective scattering measurements within ohmic plasmas in the J-TEXT tokamak.The ITG mode is characterized by frequencies ranging from 30 to 100 k Hz and wavenumbers(k_(θρs)) less than 0.3. Beyond a critical plasma density threshold, the ITG mode undergoes a bifurcation, which is marked by a reduction in frequency and an enhancement in amplitude. Concurrently, enhancements in ion energy loss and degradation in confinement are observed. This ground-breaking discovery represents the first instance of direct experimental evidence that establishes a clear link between ITG instability and ion thermal transport.

Dynamic impact properties of deep sandstone under thermal-hydraulicmechanical coupling loads

The deep rock mass within coal mines situated in a challenging environment are characterized by high ground stress,high geotemperature,high osmotic water pressure,and dynamic disturbances from mechanical excavation.To investigate the impact of this complex mechanical environment on the dynamic characteristics of roof sandstone in self-formed roadways without coal pillars,standard specimens of deep sandstone from the 2611 upper tunnel working face of the Yongmei Company within the Henan Coal Chemical Industry Group in Henan,China were prepared,and an orthogonal test was designed.Using a self-developed geotechnical dynamic impact mechanics test system,triaxial dynamic impact tests under thermal-hydraulicmechanical coupling conditions were conducted on deep sandstone.The results indicate that under high confining pressure,deep sandstone exhibits pronounced brittle failure at low temperatures,with peak strength gradually decreasing as temperature and osmotic water pressure increase.Conversely,under low confining pressure and low temperature,the brittleness of deep sandstone weakens gradually,while ductility increases.Moreover,sandstone demonstrates higher peak strength at low temperatures under high axial pressure conditions,lower peak strength at high temperatures,and greater strain under low axial pressure and high osmotic water pressure.Increases in impact air pressure and osmotic water pressure have proportionally greater effects on peak stress and peak strain.Approximately 50%of the input strain energy is utilized as effective energy driving the sandstone fracture process.Polar analysis identifies the optimal combination of factors affecting the peak stress and peak strain of sandstone.Under the coupling effect,intergranular and transgranular fractures occur within the sandstone.SEM images illustrate that the damage forms range from minor damage with multiple fissures to extensive fractures and severe fragmentation.This study elucidates the varied dynamic impact mechanical properties of deep sandstones under thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling,along with multifactor analysis methods and their optimal factor combinations.

Coupling of quasi-localized and phonon modes in glasses at low frequency

Boson peak of glasses,a THz vibrational excess compared to Debye squared-frequency law,remains mysterious in condensed-matter physics and material science.It appears in many different kinds of glassy matters and is also argued to exist in damped crystals.A consensus is that boson peak originates from the coupling of the(quasi)-localized non-phonon modes and the plane-wave-like phonon modes,but the coupling behavior is still not fully understood.In this paper,by modulating the content of localized modes and the frequencies of phonon modes,the coupling is clearly reflected in the localization and anharmonicity of low-frequency vibrational modes.The coupling enhances with increasing cooling rate and sample size.For finite sample size,phonon modes do not fully intrude into the low frequency to form a dense spectrum and they are not sufficiently coupled to the localized modes,thus there is no Debye level and boson peak is ill-defined.This suggestion remains valid in the presence of thermal motions induced by temperature,even though the anharmonicity comes into play.Our results point to the coupling of quasi-localized and phonon modes and its relation to the boson peak.

Fully spin-polarized, valley-polarized and spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitters utilizing zero-line modes in a three-terminal device

Topological zero-line modes(ZLMs) with spin and valley degrees of freedom give rise to spin, valley and spinvalley transport, which support a platform for exploring quantum transport physics and potential applications in spintronic/valleytronic devices. In this work, we investigate the beam-splitting behaviors of the charge current due to the ZLMs in a three-terminal system. We show that with certain combinations of ZLMs, the incident charge current along the interface between different topological phases can be divided into different polarized currents with unit transmittance in two outgoing terminals. As a result, fully spin-polarized, valley-polarized and spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitters are generated. The mechanism of these splitters is attributed to the cooperative effects of the distribution of the ZLMs and the intervalley and intravalley scatterings that are modulated by the wave-vector mismatch and group velocity mismatch. Interestingly, half-quantized transmittance of these scatterings is found in a fully spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitter.Furthermore, the results indicate that these splitters can be applicable to graphene, silicene, germanene and stanene due to their robustness against the spin–orbit coupling. Our findings offer a new way to understand the transport mechanism and investigate the promising applications of ZLMs.

Energy evolution and structural health monitoring of coal under different failure modes:An experimental study

Structural instability in underground engineering,especially in coal-rock structures,poses significant safety risks.Thus,the development of an accurate monitoring method for the health of coal-rock bodies is crucial.The focus of this work is on understanding energy evolution patterns in coal-rock bodies under complex conditions by using shear,splitting,and uniaxial compression tests.We examine the changes in energy parameters during various loading stages and the effects of various failure modes,resulting in an innovative energy dissipation-based health evaluation technique for coal.Key results show that coal bodies go through transitions between strain hardening and softening mechanisms during loading,indicated by fluctuations in elastic energy and dissipation energy density.For tensile failure,the energy profile of coal shows a pattern of “high dissipation and low accumulation” before peak stress.On the other hand,shear failure is described by “high accumulation and low dissipation” in energy trends.Different failure modes correlate with an accelerated increase in the dissipation energy before destabilization,and a significant positive correlation is present between the energy dissipation rate and the stress state of the coal samples.A novel mathematical and statistical approach is developed,establishing a dissipation energy anomaly index,W,which categorizes the structural health of coal into different danger levels.This method provides a quantitative standard for early warning systems and is adaptable for monitoring structural health in complex underground engineering environments,contributing to the development of structural health monitoring technology.

A Novel Disturbance Observer Based Fixed-Time Sliding Mode Control for Robotic Manipulators With Global Fast Convergence

This paper proposes a new global fixed-time sliding mode control strategy for the trajectory tracking control of uncertain robotic manipulators.First,a fixed-time disturbance observer(FTDO) is designed to deal with the adverse effects of model uncertainties and external disturbances in the manipulator systems.Then an adaptive scheme is used and the adaptive FTDO(AFTDO) is developed,so that the priori knowledge of the lumped disturbance is not required.Further,a new non-singular fast terminal sliding mode(NFTSM) surface is designed by using an arctan function,which helps to overcome the singularity problem and enhance the robustness of the system.Based on the estimation of the lumped disturbance by the AFTDO,a fixed-time non-singular fast terminal sliding mode controller(FTNFTSMC)is developed to guarantee the trajectory tracking errors converge to zero within a fixed time.The settling time is independent of the initial state of the system.In addition,the stability of the AFTDO and FTNFTSMC is strictly proved by using Lyapunov method.Finally,the fixed-time NFESM(FTNFTSM) algorithm is validated on a 2-link manipulator and comparisons with other existing sliding mode controllers(SMCs) are performed.The comparative results confirm that the FTNFTSMC has superior control performance.

Robust optical mode converter based on topological waveguide arrays

Optical mode converters are essential for enhancing the capacity of optical communication systems. However, fabrication errors restrict the further improvement of conventional mode converters. To address this challenge, we have designed an on-chip TE0–TE1mode converter based on topologically protected waveguide arrays. The simulation results demonstrate that the converter exhibits a mode coupling efficiency of 93.5% near 1550 nm and can tolerate a relative fabrication error of 30%. Our design approach can be extended to enhance the robustness for other integrated photonic devices, beneficial for future development of optical network systems.