Combination of a reaction cell and an ultra-high vacuum system for the in situ preparation and characterization of a model catalyst

An in-depth understanding of the structure-activity relationship between the surface structure,chemical composition,adsorption and desorption of molecules,and their reaction activity and selectivity is necessary for the rational design of high-performance catalysts.Herein,we present a method for studying catalytic mechanisms using a combination of in situ reaction cells and surface science techniques.The proposed system consists of four parts:preparation chamber,temperatureprogrammed desorption(TPD)chamber,quick load-lock chamber,and in situ reaction cell.The preparation chamber was equipped with setups based on the surface science techniques used for standard sample preparation and characterization,including an Ar+sputter gun,Auger electron spectrometer,and a low-energy electron diffractometer.After a well-defined model catalyst was prepared,the sample was transferred to a TPD chamber to investigate the adsorption and desorption of the probe molecule,or to the reaction cell,to measure the catalytic activity.A thermal desorption experiment for methanol on a clean Cu(111)surface was conducted to demonstrate the functionality of the preparation and TPD chambers.Moreover,the repeatability of the in situ reaction cell experiment was verified by CO_(2) hydrogenation on the Ni(110)surface.At a reaction pressure of 800 Torr at 673 K,turnover frequencies for the methanation reaction and reverse water-gas shift reaction were 0.15 and 7.55 Ni atom^(-1) s^(-1),respectively.

Cobalt porphyrins supported on carbon nanotubes as model catalysts of metal-N_(4)/C sites for oxygen electrocatalysis

Transition-metal based M-N_4/C catalysts are appealing for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER). Employing model catalysts, which have well-defined molecular structures and coordination environments, to investigate electrocatalytic performance of M-N_4/C sites for ORR and OER is of fundamental significance. Herein, we reported the use of Co tetra(phenyl)porphyrin 1 and Co tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin 2 as models to probe the role of Co-N_4/C sites for oxygen electrocatalysis. We showed that Co porphyrin 1 is more efficient than its structural analogue 2 for oxygen electrocatalysis in alkaline aqueous solutions, indicating that the electronrich Co-N_4/C site is more favored when noncovalently adsorbed on carbon supports. This work inspires rational design of reaction-oriented catalysts for sustainable energy storage and conversion technologies.

SIMULATION MODELING ON THE COORDINATION MECHANISM OF ETHYLENE MONOMER ON VARIOUS PREREDUCED Cr（Ⅱ）Ox/SiO2 PHILLIPS POLYETHYLENE MODEL CATALYSTS

As one of the most important catalysts in polyethylene industry,Phillips catalyst(CrO_x/SiO_2)was quite unique for its activation by ethylene monomer without using any activator like alkyl-aluminium or MAO.In this work,the density functional theory(DFT)calculation combined with paired interacting orbitals(PIO)method was applied for the theoretical studies on coordination reaction mechanism between ethylene monomer and two model catalysts namely Cr(Ⅱ)(OH)_2(M1) and silsesquioxane-supported Cr(Ⅱ)(M2)as surfac...

Unraveling the advantages of Pd/CeO_(2)single-atom catalysts in the NO+CO reaction by model catalysts

Selective catalytic reduction of NO by CO is challenging in environmental catalysis but attractive owing to the advantage of simultaneous elimination of NO and CO.Here,model catalysts consisting of Pd nanoparticles(NPs)and single-atom Pd supported on a CeO_(2)(111)film grown on Cu(111)(denoted as Pd NPs/CeO_(2)and Pd_(1)/CeO_(2),respectively)were successfully prepared and characterized by synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy(SRPES)and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy(IRAS).The NO+CO adsorption/reaction on the Pd_(1)/CeO_(2)and Pd NPs/CeO_(2)catalysts were carefully investigated using SRPES,temperature-programmed desorption(TPD),and IRAS.It is found that the reaction products on both model catalysts are in good agreement with those on real catalysts,demonstrating the good reliability of using these model catalysts to study the reaction mechanism of the NO+CO reaction.On the Pd NPs/CeO_(2)surface,N_(2)is formed by the combination of atomic N coming from the dissociation of NO on Pd NPs at higher temperatures.N_(2)O formation occurs probably via chemisorbed NO combined with atomic N on the surface.While on the single-atom Pd_(1)/CeO_(2)surface,no N_(2)O is detected.The 100%N_(2)selectivity may stem from the formation of O-N-N-O^(*)intermediate on the surface.Through this study,direct experimental evidence for the reaction mechanisms of the NO+CO reaction is provided,which supports the previous density functional theory(DFT)calculations.

Recent Advances in Mechanistic Understanding of Metal-Free Carbon Thermocatalysis and Electrocatalysis with Model Molecules

Metal-free carbon,as the most representative heterogeneous metal-free catalysts,have received considerable interests in electro-and thermo-catalytic reac-tions due to their impressive performance and sustainability.Over the past decade,well-designed carbon catalysts with tunable structures and heteroatom groups coupled with various characterization techniques have proposed numerous reaction mechanisms.However,active sites,key intermediate species,precise structure-activity relationships and dynamic evolution processes of carbon catalysts are still rife with controversies due to the monotony and limitation of used experimental methods.In this Review,we sum-marize the extensive efforts on model catalysts since the 2000s,particularly in the past decade,to overcome the influences of material and structure limitations in metal-free carbon catalysis.Using both nanomolecule model and bulk model,the real contribution of each alien species,defect and edge configuration to a series of fundamentally important reactions,such as thermocatalytic reactions,electrocatalytic reactions,were systematically studied.Combined with in situ techniques,isotope labeling and size control,the detailed reaction mechanisms,the precise 2D structure-activity relationships and the rate-determining steps were revealed at a molecular level.Furthermore,the outlook of model carbon catalysis has also been proposed in this work.

Surface Active Sites on Co_(3)O_(4) Nanobelt and Nanocube Model Catalysts for CO Oxidation

CO oxidation has been performed on Co_(3)O_(4) nanobelts and nanocubes as model catalysts.The Co_(3)O_(4) nanobelts which have a predominance of exposed{011}planes are more active than Co_(3)O_(4) nanocubes with exposed{001}planes.Temperature programmed reduction of CO shows that Co_(3)O_(4) nanobelts have stronger reducing properties than Co_(3)O_(4) nanocubes.The essence of shape and crystal plane effect is revealed by the fact that turnover frequency of Co3+sites of{011}planes on Co_(3)O_(4) nanobelts is far higher than that of{001}planes on Co_(3)O_(4) nanocubes.

Morphology-Dependent Catalysis of CeO_(2)-Based Nanocrystal Model Catalysts

Comprehensive Summary Recent progress in colloidal synthesis has realized the preparations of uniform nanocrystal(NC)model catalysts with rich and well-controlled morphologies that were employed to explore structure-activity relationships of powder catalysts,similar to single-crystal-based model catalysts under ultrahigh vacuum conditions but can work at the same conditions as powder catalysts without the"materials gap"and"pressure gap".In this perspective,the CeO_(2)-based NC model catalysts with various morphologies are included and their relevant progresses are critically reviewed.The detailed descriptions of morphology-controlled synthesis and characterizations of uniform CeO_(2)NCs.

Inverse single-site Fe_(1)(OH)_(x)/Pt(111)model catalyst for preferential oxidation of CO in H_(2)

Inverse oxide/metal model systems are frequently used to investigate catalytic structure-function relationships at an atomic level.By means of a novel atomic layer deposition process,growth of single-site Fe_(1)O_(x) on a Pt(111)single crystal surface was achieved,as confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy(STM).The redox properties of the catalyst were characterized by synchrotron radiation based ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(AP-XPS).After calcination treatment at 373 K in 1 mbar O_(2).the chemical state of the catalyst was determined as Fe^(3+).Reduction in 1 mbar H_(2) at 373 K demonstrates a facile reduction to Fe2+and complete hydroxylation at significantly lower temperatures than what has been reported for iron oxide nanoparticles.At reaction conditions relevant for preferential oxidation of CO in H_(2)(PROX),the catalyst exhibits a Fe3+state(ferric hydroxide)at 298 K while re-oxidation of iron oxide clusters does not occur under the same condition.CO oxidation proceeds on the single-site Fei(OH)3 through a mechanism including the loss of hydroxyl groups in the temperature range of 373 to 473 K,but no reaction is observed on iron oxide clusters.The results highlight the high flexibility of the single iron atom catalyst in switching oxidation states,not observed for iron oxide nanoparticles under similar reaction conditions,which may indicate a higher intrinsic activity of such single interfacial sites than the conventional metal-oxide interfaces.In summary,our findings of the redox properties on inverse single-site iron oxide model catalyst may provide new insights into applied Fe-Pt catalysis.

Hydrogen production via steam reforming of bio-oil model compounds over supported nickel catalysts

The steam reforming of four bio-oil model compounds（acetic acid,ethanol,acetone and phenol） was investigated over Ni-based catalysts supported on Al2O3 modified by Mg,Ce or Co in this paper.The activation process can improve the catalytic activity with the change of high-valence Ni（Ni2O3,NiO） to low-valence Ni（Ni,NiO）.Among these catalysts after activation,the Ce-Ni/Co catalyst showed the best catalytic activity for the steam reforming of all the four model compounds.After long-term experiment at 700°C and the S/C ratio of 9,the Ce-Ni/Co catalyst still maintained excellent stability for the steam reforming of the simulated bio-oil（mixed by the four compounds with the equal masses）.With CaO calcinated from calcium acetate as CO2 sorbent,the catalytic steam reforming experiment combined with continuous in situ CO2 adsorption was performed.With the comparison of the case without the adding of CO2 sorbent,the hydrogen concentration was dramatically improved from 74.8% to 92.3%,with the CO2 concentration obviously decreased from 19.90% to 1.88%.

Mathematical modeling taking into account of intrinsic kinetic properties of cylinder-type vanadium catalyst

The method to calculate internal surface effective factor of cylinder-type vanadium catalyst Ls-9 was given. Based on hypothesis of subjunctive one dimension diffusion and combined shape adjustment factor with three-step catalytic mechanism model, the macroscopic kinetic model equation about SO2 oxidation on Ls-9 was deduced. With fixed-bed integral reactor and under the conditions of temperature 350410 ℃, space velocity 1 8005 000 h-1, SO2 inlet content 7%12%, the macroscopic kinetic data were detected. Through model parameter estimation, the macroscopic kinetic model equation was obtained.

Kinetic modelling of NO+CO reaction on Pt/MoO_x/Al_2O_3 catalyst

A mathematical model has been developed to describe the dynamic behaviours of NO+CO reaction on supported Pt MO catalyst. The ignited state kinetics can be fit quantitatively using directly a Langmuir Henshelwood bimolecular rate expression with a heat of adsorption of NO of 32 4 kJ/mol and of CO of 106 7 kJ/mol, respectively.

Kinetics modeling for the mixed reforming of methane over Ni-CeO_2/MgAl_2O_4 catalyst

Kinetics model was developed for the mixed （steam and dry） reforming of methane, which is useful for the control of H2/CO ratio. The equilibrium constants of reaction rate were determined using the experimental equilibrium data at different reaction temperatures, while the forward reaction rate constants were estimated using the experimental data under non-equilibrium （high inert fraction and high space velocity） conditions. The comparison between calculated and experimental data clearly showed that the developed model described satisfactorily, and further analysis using the parametric sensitivity determined the wall temperature and CO2 fraction in the feed gas as effective parameters for the manipulation of CH4 conversion and H2/CO ratio of synthesis gas under the equilibrium condition. Meanwhile, the inert fraction, rather than the residence time, was selected as additional parameter under non-equilibrium condition.

Trinuclear Metal Complexes Based on 1,10-Phenanthroline Derivates as Catalysts for Cleavage of a RNA-Model Substrate

Two multidentate ligands 2,9-di[6＇-（2″-hydroxyl-3″-methoxyphenyl）-n-2＇,5＇-diazahexyl]-1,10-phenanthroline（LA）and 2,9-di（6＇-α-phenol-n-2＇,5＇-diazahexyl）-1,10-phenanthroline（LB）were synthesized and fully characterized.Protonation of the ligands and the stability of the complexes of the ligands with divalent metal ions were investigated.The trinuclear metal complexes [Cu（Ⅱ）and Zn（Ⅱ）] of the ligands were studied,as catalysts,for the transphosphorylation of the RNA-model substrate 2-hydroxypropyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate（HPNP）.The second-order rate constants of HPNP-hydrolysis catalyzed by M3L and M3LH-1 were obtained,which indicated that Zn3LBH-1 was the most efficient catalyst among them.The proposed mechanisms included the activation of the substrate via binding to the metal ions and intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the deprotonated C2-hydroxyl of HPNP.

气氛环境下Au/CeO_(2)催化剂烧结行为的原位电镜研究

气氛环境下原位研究催化剂的烧结行为,能够为理解催化剂在预处理以及反应条件下的烧结机理和高稳定催化剂的设计提供重要的实验依据。本文以Au/CeO_(2)模型纳米催化剂为研究对象,利用环境透射电子显微镜原位观察其在O_(2)与CO气氛下的高温动态烧结过程。实验发现,负载在CeO_(2)上的Au纳米颗粒在O_(2)与CO气氛环境中表现出不同的烧结行为,其在O_(2)气氛下具有较高的烧结速度,同时存在颗粒迁移与聚集长大(particle migration and coalescence,PMC)和奥斯特瓦尔德熟化(Ostwald ripening,OR)两种烧结过程;在CO气氛下烧结速度较慢,烧结过程以OR为主。对比不同气氛环境下烧结后催化剂的表面结构可知,CO增加了CeO_(2)表面台阶的数量以及表面氧空位浓度,增强了载体对Au颗粒的锚定作用,从而提升Au/CeO_(2)催化剂的稳定性。

药物开发软件Catalyst及其在计算机辅助药物设计中的应用

计算机辅助药物设计(CADD)是一门多学科交叉的边缘学科,在新药研发,特别是在先导化合物的发现和优化过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。Catalyst是一种基于药效团模型的综合性药物开发软件。本文着重介绍了Catalyst软件的基本功能及其在新药筛选中的应用。

镍基镁渣催化剂对生物质焦油模化物催化重整特性实验研究

采用湿浸渍法制备Ni/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)和Ni/MS(magnesium slag)催化剂,选择糠醛、甲苯、萘、芘作为生物质焦油的模化物,研究不同镍基催化剂对四类焦油模化物在固定床反应器内进行催化重整的重整特性。结果表明,Ni/MS催化剂在催化所有模化物的重整反应时,气相碳转化率和气体产率均明显高于Ni/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂。当水分子物质的量与碳原子物质的量之比为1.5时,糠醛的气相碳转化率达到最高值86.54%。X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,Ni/MS催化剂上存在的多种固溶体(NiO-Fe_(2)O_(3)、NiO-MgO)形成了多种活性位点。

柴油加氢脱氮集总动力学模型及应用

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对柴油加氢过程中含氮化合物的类型进行识别,结合含氮化合物在氮化学发光检测器(NCD)上的保留及响应特性,得到不同工艺条件下含氮化合物的类型分布。基于咔唑侧链甲基数的不同,建立了包含反应温度、反应压力、液时空速、氢/油体积比以及杂质含量(硫化氢、碱性氮化物和非碱性氮化物)等影响因素的五集总Langmuir-Hinshelwood加氢脱氮(HDN)动力学模型;模型采用Levenberg-Marquardt方法求解,验证结果表明拟合值与实验值相吻合。动力学模型可用于HDN过程工艺条件的优化,结果表明,当反应温度为350℃、反应压力为6.4 MPa和氢/油体积比为300条件下,氮化物的脱除效果最优。

封装型Ni基催化剂对煤焦油模型化合物催化转化的性能研究

为提高煤热解焦油中轻质组分含量,定向调控焦油裂解产物,采用原位封装法制备了Ni基催化剂(xNi@HZSM-5,x表示Ni含量,质量分数),并考察了其对焦油模型化合物荧蒽和芘的催化转化作用。结果表明,在N_(2)气氛下,xNi@HZSM-5的荧蒽和芘的转化率区别较小;在H_(2)气氛下,2.0Ni@HZSM-5的荧蒽和芘具有最大转化率,分别为51.91%和46.21%,且2.0Ni@HZSM-5比采用浸渍法制备的2.0Ni/HZSM-5(Ni质量分数为2.0%)具有更高的稳定性。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和N_(2)吸/脱附等表征方法对催化剂进行了分析表征。结果表明,2.0Ni@HZSM-5比2.0Ni/HZSM-5具有更大的比表面积和总孔容,且Ni位于分子筛孔道内部,具有更高的活性和稳定性。通过不同气氛下模型化合物的转化产物的分析,推测了荧蒽与芘在催化转化过程中的反应路径。

基于触媒理论的人、生态、工业共生模式研究--以天津市海河柳林片区天津钢厂和天津市中板厂为例

天津钢厂和天津市中板厂位于中心城区与滨海新区之间,交通便利,历史悠久,可有效被激活并带动周边发展。在明确天津市工业遗产保护历程及总体思路的基础上,根据所选场地的触媒特性,构建基于触媒理论的工业遗产研究框架,通过引导触媒效应的发挥,使工业遗产与生态和人群共生,最终达到自身乃至片区可持续发展的目的。围绕工业遗产更新保护的重要方向--人、生态、工业共生,基于触媒理论激发链条式的区块反应,探索触媒理论应用新模式。

Kinetic Model and Simulation Analysis for Toluene Disproportionation and C9-Aromatics Transalkylation

A new kinetic model for commercial unit of toluene disproportionation and C9-armatiocs transalkylation is developed based on the reported reaction scheme.A time based catalyst deactivation function taking weight hourly space velocity(WHSV)into account is incorporated into the model,which reasonably accounts for the loss in activity because of coke deposition on the surface of catalyst during long-term operation.The kinetic parameters are benchmarked with several sets of balanced plant data and estimated by the differential variable metric optimiza- tion method.Sets of plant data at different operating conditions are applied to make sure validation of the model and the results show a good agreement between the model predictions and plant observations.The simulation analysis of key variables such as temperature and WHSV affecting process performance is discussed in detail,giv- ing the guidance to select suitable operating conditions.