New double yield surface model for coarse granular materials incorporating nonlinear unified failure criterion

A new double-yield-sarface （DYS） model was developed to characterize the strength and deformation behaviors of coarse granular materials （CGMs）. Two kinds of deformation mechanisms, including the shear and compressive plastic deformation, were taken into account in this model, These two deformation mechanisms were described by the shear and compressive yield functions, respectively. The Lode angle dependent formulations of proposed model were deduced by incorporating a 3D nonlinear unified failure criterion. Some comparisons were presented between the numerical predictions of proposed model and test data of true triaxial tests on the modeled rockfills. The model predictions are in good agreement with the test data and capture the strain hardening and plastic volumetric dilation of CGMs. These findings verify the reasonability of current DYS model, and indicate that this model is well suited to reproduce the stress-strain-volume change behavior of CGMs in general.

Distribution of Surface Ozone Concentration in the Clean Areas of China and Its Possible Impact on Crop Yields

From August 1994 to July 1995, ozone and its precursors were measured in the clean areas of China. The results show that in the period of crop growth, hourly mean ozone concentration, ozone concentration averaged in seven hours of daytime and accumulated ozone concentration in long period have approached or overpassed the harmful level in environmental and health standard of U. S. A. and Canada.

Surface Yielding of Metals by X-ray Diffraction

Surface yielding of metallic material was measured with strain gage and X-ray diffraction methods. The results show that.when the residual stress in the transverse direction is involved,the surface yield strength should be evaluated with biaxial Mises criterion.For a medium carbon high strength steel, the yield strength of the bulk material is 581 MPa and the surface yield strengths for 0.05% and 0.1%plastic strain are about 436 MPa and 463 MPa respectively.The 0.05% yield strength will approximately increase to 788 MPa after shot peening.In the early stage of plastic deformation, strain hardening in the surface layer is quite different from that of the bulk sample.

SURFACE YIELD STRENGTH AND FATIGUE LIMIT FOR STEELS

The surface yield strength(σ_(ms))for various carbon steels was studied by means of X-ray diffraction method.The results showed that it is.far below the bulk yield strength,and is the resistance against plastic deformation in the surface layer.The smooth fatigue limit is associ- ated with crack initiation which is a result of accumulation of plastic deformation.Experimen- tal results showed the relation of smooth fatigue limit for 50% survival with σ_(ms)is σ_(ms)=0.81 tO 1.02 σ_(-1)for different steels.The smooth fatigue limit of a medium carbon steel for 99.9% survival with σ_(ms)is σ_(ms)=0.98 tO 1.10 σ_(-1).It is less expensive and time consuming to measure σ_(ms)than σ_(-1).

Yield surfaces of fcc crystals with crystallographic slip and mechanical twinning

The mixed yield surfaces of fcc single crystals for slip on ｛111｝〈110〉 and mechanical twinning on ｛111｝〈112〉 systems have been derived when their critical resolved shear stresses are equal. It has been found that there are 259 stress states that can be classified into 21 groups according to the crystal symmetry. Each group activates 5, 6 or 8 slip or/and twinning systems depending on crystallographically non equivalent slip or/and twinning systems groups. Among all those stress states, 3 groups activate 8 systems, including 21 stress states; 9 groups activate 5 systems, including 70 ones; the remaining 9 groups activate 5 systems, including 168 ones.

Research on the Extraction Process of Pu-erh Tea Polysaccharide by Response Surface Analysis

[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the extraction process parameters of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide. [Method] Single-factor experiment was carried out to analyze the influences of three main factors, including extraction temperature, ex- traction duration and solid-liquid ratio, on the extraction yield of tea polysaccharide. Box-Behnken central composite design and response surface methodology were adopted to determine the optimal extraction process of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide. [Result] The results of response surface analysis showed that the optimal extraction process was solid-liquid ratio of 1：17, extraction temperature of 80 ℃ and extraction duration of 78.5 min, and the Pu-erh tea polysaccharide yield was 12.72%. [Conclu- sion] Using response surface methodology （RSM） is feasible for the optimization of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide extraction process, and the tea polysaccharide yield increased significantly.

Transport of phosphorus in runoff and sediment with surface runoff from bare purple soil during indoor simulated rainfall

Phosphorus(P)in surface runoff from purple soil is a critical element of agricultural nonpoint source pollution,leading to eutrophication of surface waters in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA)of China.This work aimed to understand the processes and mechanisms of P losses from bare purple soil.Based on an indoor rainfall simulation experiment,we focused on the processes of surface runoff and P losses via different hydrological pathways.Experimental treatments included three simulated rainfall intensities,four slope gradients,and three fertilizer treatments.P loss from sediment was the main pathway in the purple soil,and bioavailable P was mainly transferred in dissolved P(DP)of runoff water.The P loss loads tend to grow with the increase of the slope until 25°for the maximum load of runoff water and 20°for the maximum load of sediment.Concentrations of DP in the surface runoff after fertilizer application can exceed the estimates of those required for accelerated eutrophication.Sediment P control might be an essential way for reducing P loss in purple soil for the local government and farmers of TGRA.

EFFECT OF SURFACE ENERGY ON DISLOCATION-INDUCED FIELD IN HALF-SPACE WITH APPLICATION TO THIN FILM-SUBSTRATE SYSTEMS

In this work the elastic field of an edge dislocation in a half-space with the effect of surface energy has been obtained. The elastic field is then used to study the image force on the dislocation, the critical thickness for dislocation generation in epitaxial thin films with strain mismatch and the yielding strength of thin films on substrates. The results show that the image forces on the dislocation deviate from the conventional solutions when the distance of the dislocation from the free surface is smaller than several times of the characteristic length. Also due to the effect of surface energy, the critical thickness for dislocation generation is smaller than that predicted by the conventional elastic solutions and the extent of the deviation depends on the magnitude of mismatch strain. In contrast, the effect of surface energy on the yielding strength for many practical thin films can be neglected except for some soft ones where the characteristic length is comparable to the thickness.

Effect of Shape of the Absorber Surface on the Performance of Stepped Type Solar Still

In this work, we have selected three number of stepped type solar stills of the same overall dimensions 620 mm (W) × 808 mm (L) but with different absorber surface areas due to the variation in the shape of the basin surface. The other design parameters like depth of water, thickness of glass cover, insulation thickness, type of condensing cover, absorbing material provided over the basin, and angle of inclination of the still were kept constant to study the effect of shape of the absorber surface over the distillate yield obtained. The shape of the absorber surface provided in the basins of solar stills A, E and F was flat, convex and concave respectively. When the convex and concave type stepped solar stills are used, the average daily water production has been found to be 56.60% and 29.24% higher than that of flat type stepped solar still respectively. Also an economic analysis was made. The payback period of flat type, convex type and concave type stepped solar still is 823 days, 525 days and 637 days respectively. Thus, the convex type solar still gives the returns within the least possible time as compared to other two types of stepped solar stills. The laboratory tests were conducted to test the quality of water after distillation. The tests indicate that the quality of water in terms of pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, TDS, Alkalinity, Nitrates etc. is well within the desirable limits as prescribed by WHO for Indian specific conditions.

Seismic stability analysis of slopes with pre-existing slip surfaces

In analyzing seismic stability of a slope with upper bound limit analysis method, the slip surface is often assumed as a log-spiral or plane slip surface. However, due to the presence of a weak layer and unfavorable geological structural surface or a bedrock interface with overlying soft strata, the preexisting slip surface of the slope may be irregular and composed of a series of planes rather than strictly logspiral or plane shape. A computational model is developed for analyzing the seismic stability of slopes with pre-existing slip surfaces. This model is based on the upper bound limit analysis method and can consider the effect of anchor bolts. The soil or rock is deemed to follow the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion. The slope is divided into multiple block elements along the slip surface. According to the displacement compatibility and the associated flow rule, a kinematic velocity field of the slope can be obtained computationally. The proposed model allows not only calculation of the rate of external work owing to the combined effect of self-weight and seismic loading, but also that of the energy dissipation rate caused by the slip surface, interfaces of block elements and anchorage effect of the anchors. Considering a direct relationship between the rate of external work and the energy dissipation rate, the expressions of yield acceleration and permanent displacement of anchored slopes can be derived. Finally, the validity of this proposed model is illustrated by analysis on three typical slopes. The results showed that the proposed model is more easily formulated and does not need to solve complex equations or time consuming iterations compared with previous methods based on the conditions of force equilibrium.

Optimization of Response Surface of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Rizhao Black Tea

[ Objectivel The aim was to determine the optimal technology for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of black tea was determined. [ Methed] Taking Black Tea as materials, the Box-Behnken response surface design method of tea polyphenols ultrasonic-assisted extraction process optimi- zation was applied. The regression optimization model of the ethanol volume fraction, ultrasonic time, and ultrasonic temperature, ethyl acetate extract stalling time and tea polyphenols was established. [ Result] The influence of four factors on the black tea polyphenol solvents affecting size was as follows： ultrasonic time 〉 ethanol volume fraction 〉 stalling extraction time 〉 ultrasound temperature. The best extraction process was ultrasonic time 80 min, volume fraction of 88.99% ethanol, extraction time 89.97 min, ultrasonic temperature of 80℃. At the optimized technical parameters, the black tea phenolic extraction yield can be as high as 73.50%. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the development of tea leaves and black tea.

Drip fertigation and plant hedgerows significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses and maintain high fruit yields in intensive orchards

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of drip fertigation combined with plant hedgerows on nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses in intensive pear orchards in the Tai Lake Basin.Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff over a whole year were measured by using successional runoff water collection devices.The four experimental treatments were conventional fertilization(CK),drip fertigation(DF),conventional fertilization combined with plant hedgerows(C+H),and drip fertigation combined with plant hedgerows(D+H).The results from one year of continuous monitoring showed a significant positive correlation between precipitation and surface runoff discharge.Surface runoff discharge under the treatments without plant hedgerows totaled 15.86%of precipitation,while surface runoff discharge under the treatments with plant hedgerows totaled 12.82%of precipitation.Plant hedgerows reduced the number of runoff events and the amount of surface runoff.Precipitation is the main driving force for the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff,and fertilization is an important factor affecting the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus.In CK,approximately 7.36%of nitrogen and 2.63%of phosphorus from fertilization entered the surface water through runoff.Drip fertigation reduced the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface soil and lowered the runoff loss concentrations of total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP).Drip fertigation combined with plant hedgerows significantly reduced the overall TN and TP losses by 45.38 and 36.81%,respectively,in comparison to the CK totals.Drip fertigation increased the vertical migration depth of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and reduced the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface soil,which increased the pear yield.The promotion of drip fertigation combined with plant hedgerows will greatly reduce the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus to runoff and maintain the high fruit yields in the intensive orchards of the Tai Lake Basin.

Conjunctive Use Modeling of Groundwater and Surface Water

In this study, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in the Maraghe area was investigated. The objective function used for the overall conjunctive use model was maximizing sum of relative yields of crops in the command area. Declining groundwater levels was selected as criteria of groundwater limitation. The simulation was done for four years and began by a dry year to normal year. GMS software was used to simulate groundwater aquifer. In this model, different well discharges in the study area for different scenarios were used and decline in groundwater level at the end of simulation time was calculated. In order to model surface water and calculate the objective function, a program in Visual Basic was developed. Two types of scenario, annual and seasonal, were defined by specifying the ratio of the allocation of surface water to that of groundwater pumping at the crop level for entire irrigated area. For different scenarios, declining groundwater levels and objective functions were calculated. With attention to maximize objective function that the water table drawdown is not greater than the limited criterion, the best scenario was obtained. In annual scenarios, The results showed that in scenario of 75 - 25 (75% surface water to 25% groundwater), the purpose function rate was 12.2 and water table draw down was 2.6, which was lower than allowable limitation. Therefore, it was chosen as a selective scenario. Also in seasonal scenarios, The best scenario was chosen 100-40-60 (the percentage of surface water share in spring, summer and fall & winter respectively), which amount of purpose function was 12.57 and the water table draw down was around 3 m at the end of the simulation period.

工程堆积体产流产沙及水沙效益对植被近地表特征的响应

针对陡坡工程堆积体水土流失严重的问题,通过野外模拟降雨试验开展植被不同近地表特征对堆积体产流产沙和蓄水减沙效益特征影响的定量研究。选择土石混合堆积体(10%砾石质量分数,坡度30°)作为工程侵蚀下垫面的典型代表,并以裸坡(bare slope,BS)为对照,定量分析了植被在3种近地表特征条件下(完整植株(intact grass,IG),不含叶(not leaf,NL),只含根系(only root,OR)对堆积体产流产沙特征和蓄水减沙效益影响。结果表明:1)植被在IG条件下延缓坡面径流发生使其较BS滞后,效益达50.74%~188.98%,但不完整植被(NL、OR)会加速径流发生使其较BS提前2.19%~70.12%;2)植被在NL和OR下的瞬时径流率比IG增大0.20%~185.58%,在降雨强度1.8 mm/min的瞬时径流率甚至比BS高1.20%~169.10%;植被在IG和NL条件下瞬时侵蚀速率比BS减少0.91%~98.71%,但在降雨强度达到1.8 mm/min时OR条件下甚至增大侵蚀使其比BS高6.76%~75.63%;3)随降雨强度增大,植被在NL和OR条件下的减沙效益由95.18%和68.31%分别递减至46.58%和-68.13%,但对IG下的减沙效益影响小(效益差异<2%),平均蓄水效益随降雨强度增大而减小。不同堆积体水沙呈显著线性相关(R^(2)在0.40~0.88),且径流率达到4 L/min会显著改变植被对堆积体坡面防护效益。提出开展堆积体生态修复时选择冠层丰富的植被,同时要避免外部因素对植被造成损害。研究结果对于揭示植被防护扰动边坡侵蚀机制具有重要意义,可为堆积体植被修复提供实践指导。

新疆空中水资源和地表水资源变化特征研究

大气降水是新疆一切水资源的根本来源,空中水资源是大气降水的物质基础,大气降水在当地形成地表水资源。水资源短缺是制约新疆经济社会高质量发展和生态安全保障的最关键自然因素。本文分析新疆空中水资源和地表水资源的变化特征,对新疆水资源系统规划和高效利用具有重要的科学意义。结果显示:1961—2022年新疆年降水资源量为2717.12×10^(8)m^(3),水汽输入量为21115×10^(8)m^(3),水汽净收支量为347.5×10^(8)m^(3),水汽降水效率为12.5%;2001—2021年新疆平均水资源总量为912.3×10^(8)m^(3),其中地表水资源量为864.1×10^(8)m^(3),产水系数为0.32。从变化趋势来看,1961—2022年新疆年降水量明显增加,新疆上空水汽总输入量和总输出量微弱减少,水汽净收支量微弱增加,水汽降水效率明显增加;2001—2021年新疆地表水资源处于丰水阶段,但产水系数有微弱的波动减小趋势。新疆水资源问题依然突出,在不同水资源精细化特征、不同相态水体转化关系等方面研究不足,未来需要加强研究以应对气候变化可能带来的新疆水资源安全风险。

响应面法优化锁阳水提物的制备工艺研究

以锁阳为原料,水提锁阳浸膏的质量为评价指标,在单因素试验和响应面试验基础上,利用响应面法对锁阳水提物的制备工艺(料液比、水提温度、水提时间、水提次数)进行优化。结果表明,当料液比为1∶14(g∶mL),水提时间160 min,水提次数4次,水提温度为100℃时,锁阳水提物(Aqueous extract of cynomorium songaricum,AECS)的浸膏得率为(78.34±0.43)%,回归模型的预测值与实测值的相对误差较小,说明该回归模型能够较好地优化该提取工艺。试验为锁阳的深加工产品的进一步研发提供了一定的理论依据。

基于响应曲面法优化氮掺杂活性炭的制备和CO_(2)吸附性能研究

氮掺杂活性炭制备过程中影响其性能的因素极其复杂,单一因素的定性分析无法满足对制备条件的准确调控,而多因素耦合量化分析可以弥补不足。以煤焦油沥青为原料,采用KOH活化法,与尿素共热解制备氮掺杂活性炭,通过响应曲面法(RSM)进行建模,以量化分析多因素耦合作用对活性炭产率和不同温度下(25℃,50℃和75℃)对CO_(2)吸附性能的影响,同时优化制备工艺参数,并且在此实验设计基础上利用线性拟合方法预测不同温度下CO_(2)吸附量的相关性。结果表明:对活性炭产率的影响由大到小的单因素依次为掺氮比(尿素与煤沥青的质量比)、活化温度、碱碳比(KOH与煤沥青的质量比)、活化时间,活化温度和活化时间的耦合作用影响最显著,碱碳比是影响活性炭CO_(2)吸附量最为关键的因素,但随吸附温度升高其他因素影响显著性增强;不同温度下CO_(2)吸附量可以进行相互预测,且相邻温度下CO_(2)吸附量之间的预测效果更好;得到的最佳制备条件为活化温度650℃、活化时间1.25 h、碱碳比2.5、掺氮比0.3,相应的活性炭产率可达59.316%,在25℃,50℃和75℃下CO_(2)吸附量分别为3.474 mmol/g,2.355 mmol/g,1.358 mmol/g。

响应面法优化微波降解表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯制备表没食子儿茶素工艺

目的 响应面法优化微波降解表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG)制备表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin, EGC)工艺。方法 本研究以EGCG溶液为原料,运用微波加热降解EGCG制备EGC,通过梯度设置EGCG浓度、微波处理时长、微波强度3个工艺参数,进行单因素实验、响应面分析及最佳工艺组合验证实验,优化确定EGCG微波降解制备EGC的最佳工艺参数。结果 综合单因素实验及响应面分析,得到的最佳微波降解参数为:EGCG质量浓度6.25 mg/mL、微波处理时长3.5 min、微波强度为400 W,且运用响应面法建立了EGC得率与EGCG质量浓度、微波处理时长、微波强度的二次多元方程模型,模型中EGC得率最高可达62.08%。对最佳微波降解工艺参数进行验证实验,EGC得率为63.54%,与模型预测值接近。结论 微波降解EGCG制备EGC的方法具有操作简单、EGC得率稳定性高的优势,具备投入工业生产的可能。

烷基化碳量子点表面活性剂的制备及性能

目的通过对水热法制备的氮掺杂碳量子点进行烷基化改性,对碳量子点在油气开发领域中的应用潜力进行研究。方法在水热条件下,以柠檬酸作为碳源、二乙烯三胺为氮源合成了碳量子点(CQDs)和氮掺杂碳量子点(N-CQDs);通过烷基化反应对制备出的N-CQDs进行表面改性,得到一种两亲性表面活性物质R-(N-CQDs)。结果CQDs和N-CQDs的粒径分布均匀,具有碳量子点的典型粒径特征;CQDS和N-CQDs的荧光量子产率在各自最大激发波长下分别为10%和47%,氮掺杂极大地提高了碳量子点的荧光性能;与常用表面活性剂SDBS相比,R-(N-CQDs)具有更好的降低表面张力能力、稳泡性能和乳化性能。结论烷基化改性后的碳量子点具有良好的降低表面张力的能力,优异的乳化性能和稳泡性能,在油气开发领域中有一定的应用潜力。

不同改性生物炭对稻田氮素损失及产量的影响

为进一步挖掘稻田生态系统生物炭增效、节肥和减排潜力,以无生物炭为对照(CK),设置玉米秸秆生物炭(B)、酸化生物炭(B_(pH))、氮负载生物炭(B_(NH_(4)))、铁改性生物炭(B_(Fe))和钙改性生物炭(B_(Ca))6个处理,通过2a试验,对生物炭阳离子交换量(CEC)、含氧官能团以及其处理下水稻产量、氮素提取、氨挥发、氮素淋失和土壤氮残余等进行了研究.结果表明:与B相比,B_(pH)、B_(NH_(4))和B_(Fe)分别显著提升生物炭CEC(53.9%、29.6%和28.2%),且4种改性处理均可显著提升生物炭-COOH、-OH、C=O、O-H等含氧官能团浓度,增强生物炭吸氮能力.全生育期累积氨挥发在9.1~19.9kg/hm^(2)(2021)和8.5~13.7kg/hm^(2)(2022)之间,除B_(NH_(4))降氨效果明显(44.6%)外,其他处理第1年对氨挥发无显著影响;而B_(Ca)、B_(NH_(4))和B_(Fe)在第2a均显著降低氨挥发,较CK分别降低33.5%、37.5%和37.8%.4种改性生物炭连续2a,较CK降低氮素淋失19.0%和35.2%(B_(pH))、15.0%和21.0%(B_(Ca))、11.3%和28.7%(B_(NH_(4)))、12.6%和29.0%(B_(Fe)).B在第1年对产量无显著影响,但老化1年后增产显著(8.8%);B_(pH)和B_(NH_(4))连续2a分别增产19.7%和12.2%(2021年),11.5%和5.8%(2022年).B_(pH)、B_(Ca)和B_(NH_(4))在2a均显著降低了活性氮排放,降幅为23.4%、21.8%和42.3%(2021年)和23.5%、30.5%和35.5%(2022年).不同生物炭处理第1a土壤矿化氮残余无显著差异;但B_(Ca)、B_(NH_(4))和B_(Fe)第2a增效显著.同时考虑增产、活性氮减排和矿化氮可持续性,B_(NH_(4))综合效果最佳,同CK相比,2021和2022年分别可降低氨挥发42.3%和35.5%,铵态氮淋失10.6%和29.0%,硝态氮淋失14.7%和23.4%,氮素积累提高13.4%和4.3%以及矿化氮残余提高15.0%和17.9%,最终增产19.7%和5.7%.