Molecular Marker Assisted Selection for Yield-Enhancing Genes in the Progeny of Minghui63 x O. rufipogon

Two yield-enhancing genes (yld1.1 and yld2.1) are located on chromosomes 1 and 2 respectivelyin a weedy relative of cultivated rice, Oryza rufipogon. SSR markers RM9 and RM166 are closelylinked with the two loci respectively. Minghui63 (MH63) has been a widely used restorationline in hybrid rice production in China during the past two decades. The F1 of cross 'MH63O.rufipogon' was backcrossed with MH63 generation by generation. RM9 and RM166 were used toselect the plants from the progeny of the backcross populations. The results were as follows:(1) In BC2F1 population, the percentage of the individuals which have RM9 and RM166 amplifiedbands simultaneously was 12.2%, while in the BC3F1 population, that was 16.3%. (2) Among 400individuals of BC3F1, four yield-promising plants were obtained, with yield being 30% more thanthat of MH63. (3) The products amplified by primer RM166 in O. rufipogon and MH63 weresequenced. It was found that the DNA fragment sequence amplified by RM166 from MH63 was 101 bpshorter than that from O. rufipogon. The 101bp sequence is a part of an intron of the PCNA(proliferating cell nuclear antigen) gene.

Breeding Rice Restorer Lines with High Resistance to Bacterial Blight by Using Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection

Two bacterial blight （BB） resistance genes, Xa21 and Xa4, from IRBB24 were introduced into hybrid rice restorer line Mianhui 725, which is highly susceptible to BB, by using hybridization and molecular marker-assisted selection technology. Four homologous restorer lines were obtained through testing the R target genes with molecular markers and analyzing parental genetic background. Inoculation of the four lines and their hybrids with the specific strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, P1, P6 and seven representative strains of Chinese pathotype, C Ⅰ -CⅦ, showed that all of the four lines and their hybrids were highly resistant and presented broad resistance-spectrum to BB. The hybrids of G46A / R207-2 displayed good agronomic characters and high yield potential, and R207-2 was named Shuhui 207.

Improving Blast Resistance of a Thermo-Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice Line GD-8S by Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection

The broad-spectrum blast resistance gene Pi-1, from donor line BL122, was introduced into a thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice line GD-8S, which possessed good grain quality but high susceptibility to rice blast, by using backcross breeding and molecular marker-assisted selection. Five elite improved male sterile lines, RGD8S-1, RGD8S-2, RGD8S-3, RGD8S-4 and RGD8S-5, were selected based on the results of molecular marker analysis, spikelet sterility, recovery rate of genetic background and agronomic traits. Thirty-three representative blast isolates collected from Guangdong Province, China were used to inoculate the improved lines and the original line GD-8S artificially. The resistance frequencies of the improved lines ranged from 76.47% to 100%, much higher than that of the original line GD-8S （9.09%）. On the agronomic characters, there were no significant differences between the improved lines and GD-8S except for flag leaf length and panicle number per plant. The improved lines could be used for breeding hybrid rice with high blast resistance.

Molecular Marker Assisted Selection for Fusarium Wilt Resistance Breeding in Watermelon(Citrullus lanatus)

Molecular identification on diploid and tetraploid watermelon breeding lines which were resistant to Fusarium wilt was carried out with the published dCAPS marker ＂4451_fon＂ which was closely linked with resistance gene of Fusarium wilt race 1. The results showed that all the diploid and tetraploid lines expressed as re- sistant genotype, which were defined as Fusarium wilt-resistant materials. The re- sults were consistent with that of artificial inoculation identification. Molecular identifi- cation results also indicated that the resistant lines were homozygote, and the Fusarium wilt-resistant gene would not separate or lose during the future self- crossed purification. Therefore, resistance selection would not be necessary in their progeny populations. The study results thought that dCAPS marker ＂4451_fon＂ could be applied on molecular marker assisted selection for Fusarium wilt resistance breeding in watermelon to increase breeding selection efficiency and accelerate breeding progress.

Lowering Grain Amylose Content in Backcross Offsprings of indica Rice Variety 057 by Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection

To lower the amylose content （AC） of the indica rice restorer line 057 with high AC, backcrosses were made respectively by using four indica varieties （R367, 91499, Yanhui 559, Hui 527） as low AC donor parents and 057 as the recurrent parent. A molecular marker （PCR-Acc Ⅰ） was used to identify the genotypes （GG, TT and GT） of the waxy （Wx） gene. Plants with GT genotype were selected and used as female parent and crossed with 057 to advance generation. The ACs of rice grains harvested from plants with different Wx genotypes were measured and compared to analyze the efficiency of marker-assisted selection. The ACs of the rice grain, harvested from the plants of Wx genotypes GG, GT and TT, were higher than 20%, in the range of 17.7-28.5%, and less than 18%, respectively. The PCR-Acc Ⅰ marker could be used for efficiently lowering the AC of 057 through backcrossing, and there were some influence of parental genetic background on the AC of rice grains with the same Wx genotype.

Inheritance of Clubroot Resistance of Miniature Chinese Baby Cabbage and Molecular Markers-assisted Selection

[Objective] The paper was to analyze the inheritance of clubroot resistance of miniature Chinese baby cabbage,to shorten identification time and to improve breeding efficacy of new disease-resistant varieties. [Method] Taking clubroot-resistant Chinese cabbage CCR001,disease-susceptible baby cabbage CM002,and their F_1,F_2 and BC_1 offspring as the research objects,the inheritance of clubroot resistance of baby cabbage was studied. [Result]The clubroot-resistance of baby cabbage was controlled by a single dominant gene,which conformed to Mendel＇s Laws of inheritance. The molecular markers-assisted selection combing with bacterial soil inoculation confirmed that the disease-resistance indeed passed on from the parents,and was inherited in F_1 and F_2. [Conclusion]It is feasible to breed clubroot-resistant baby cabbage by using molecular markers-assisted selection.

Pyramiding Breeding by Marker-Assisted Recurrent Selection in Upland Cotton: Selected Effects on Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera

The coincidence rates were more than 96% among the instar-weighted average of bioassaysin the lab, the percentage of resistance to Km in the field and the percentage of plantscontaining Bt gene. So, the performance of resistance to Km in the field can be used torepresent the transgenic Bt gene for selecting the resistance to bollworm. The instar-weighted averages were 30.585, 24.182, 16.615, 10.601, 10.123, 7.440 and 7.215 for theC0, P1, M1, M2, MP1, P2 and MP2 populations, respectively. The variance analysisindicated that the instar-weighted average in C0 was greatly significantly higher thanthat in all other populations, i.e., the performance of resistance to bollworm in C0 washighly significantly lower than all other populations. And the resistance in P1 wasgreatly lower than that of M1, M2, MP1, P2 and MP2, and M1 greatly lower than that of M2,MP1, P2 and MP2. There were no significant differences among M2, MP1, P2 and MP2. Withinthe populations of the first cycle selection, MP1 and M1 were greatly significantlyhigher than P1, and MP1 significantly higher than M1. The populations of the second cycleselection were significantly higher than their initial population M1, but no significantdifference among them. The boll size, seed index, the percent of the first harvest yield,fiber length, strength and elongation of the resistant plants to bollworm were significantlylower than that of sensitive plants to bollworm. And the yield of seed and lint cottonof the resistant plant to bollworm were lower than that of the sensitive to bollworm, butno significant difference between them. The boll numbers per plant, lint percent andmicronaire of the resistant plants to bollworm were significantly higher than that of thesensitive plant to bollworm.

Breeding of Maintainer Line and Sterile Line Brown Planthopper Resistant Rice Using Marker-assisted Selection

Guangxi common wild rice variety brown planthopper highly resistant introgression line HS204 was taken as antigen donor material,hybridization,backcrossing,and molecular marker-assisted selection methods were adopted,to select maintainer line and sterile line materials,so as to provide excellent material foundation for resistance breeding of hybrid rice. Through the marker-assisted selection,it obtained 4 pieces of homozygous resistance gene maintainer line intermediate materials( 100B,101B,102B and 103B),and 2 pieces of resistant sterile line materials( 100A and 103A). All 10 combinations that have testcross with highly resistant sterile 100A showed higher level of brown planthopper resistance: 100A/R2586,100A/KR838,and 100A/KR527 had high resistance level,the others had low to intermediate resistance;100A/KR527,100A/R2586,100A/Minghui 63,100A/Fuhui 838 and 100A/Gui 99 combinations had yield per plant significantly higher than the control group( Teyou 7118),increasing by 14. 45%-49. 26%. The obtained resistant lines are expected to provide a better gene source for the breeding of resistant sterile lines of hybrid rice and the obtained resistant sterile lines can be directly used in the selection of three-line hybrid rice.

SCAR Markers Assisted Selection for a Bentazon Susceptible Lethality Gene (ben) in Rice

In progenies resulting from crosses involving rice cultivar Norin 8m susceptible to bentazon as the donor of ben gene, SCARs tightly linked to ben were utilized for selection of ben. The homozygous and heterozygous genotypes with ben could be identified with the SCARs. The molecular markers offer a powerful tool for indirect selection of ben and can accelerate the introgression of ben into current rice cultivars.

Application of Molecular Markers Linking to Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Loci to Assist Maintainer Line Selection and Their Selection Efficiency in Welsh Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

Cytoplasmic male sterility exists widely in most natural populations of welsh onion （Alliumfistulosum L.）, which makes it possible to breed out many male sterile lines for heterosis utilization. Unfortunately, the breeding of cytoplasmic male sterility in welsh onion has a little progress due to the limitation of its biological characteristic and traditional selection approach. To study the feasibility and the efficiency of utilizing marker assisted selection for male sterile lines in welsh onion, one SCAR marker, SCS13, and one RAPD marker, S2002400, which could distinguish between N and S cytoplasm in several welsh onion cultivars, were identified. The two markers were then confirmed by Southern blotting, and used to screen the N or S cytoplasm of individual plants in seven welsh onion cultivars in this study. Male sterile and fertile plants were evaluated by aceto-carmine dying. The frequency of N-cytoplasmic plants and maintainer genotype was calculated in the seven open populations of welsh onion. The minimum number of plants needed to identify a maintainer was evaluated to be 95% reliable. Results showed that 20 to 80% decrease of crosses and self-crosses for identifying a maintainer genotype could be achieved by the marker-assisted selection compared with traditional selection method. It was proved that the molecular markers could precisely identify cytoplasmic types individually, performed by one generation of cross and two generations of testcrosses and self-crosses. Finally, several maintainer genotype plants were selected with the help of the two markers in the seven cultivars. The screened markers could assist and accelerate sterile and maintainer lines selection with less labor and cost.

Identification of Molecular Markers for a Aphid Resistance Gene in Sorghum and Selective Efficiency Using These Markers

In this study, an F2 segregated population obtained by hybridization between the aphid-sensitive sorghum strain Qiansan and aphid-resistant cultivar Henong 16 was used to establish an aphid-resistant pool and an aphid-sensitive pool. 192 pairs of AFLP （amplified fragment length polymorphism） marker primers were screened in these pools using BSA （bulked segregant analysis）. Three pairs of EcoR I-CTG/Mse I-CCT, EcoR I-CTG/Mse I-CAT, and EcoR I-AGT/Mse I-CCC showed linkage with aphis resistance. EcoR I-CTG/Mse I-CCT-475, EcoR I-CTG/Mse I-CAT-390, and EcoR I-AGT/Mse I-CCC- 350 （E42/M52-350） were mapped within 6, 10, and 13 cM distances with the aphid-resistant gene by using Mapmaker 3.0 software. The bands amplified by EcoR I-CTG/Mse I-CCT-475 and EcoR I-CTG/Mse I-CAT-390 were extracted, cloned, and sequenced. Specific primers of SCAR （sequence characterized amplified regions） were then designed from these bands. A specific band of 300 bp was amplified by a pair of SCAR primers designed based on the sequence obtained from the EcoR I-CTG/Mse I-CAT-390 marker. The SCAR marker was named SCAS0. The marker was used to detect the F2, BC1, and F2：3 populations. The selective efficiency was 86.8, 91.1, and 86.3% in the BC1, F2, and F2：3 populations, respectively. The average selective efficiency was 88.2%.

Low-Cost Strategies for Development of Molecular Markers Linked to Agronomic Traits in<i>Prunus</i>

Evaluation of agronomic traits in Prunus breeding programs is a tedious process because of the long juvenile period of trees, the influence of juvenility and the existence of climatic factors affecting the expression of the trait. For these reasons, marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies are particularly useful in these cases. The objective of this work is the analysis of alternative low- cost strategies for development of molecular markers linked to agronomic traits in Prunus including the application of modified Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) using Simple sequence repeat (SSRs) markers and the application of Random amplified polymorphism microsatellite (RAMP) markers. First BSA results showed that two SSR loci were found to be tightly linked to flowering time in almond. On the other hand, RAMP analysis has been demonstrated to be a potentially valuable molecular marker for the study of genetic relationships in Prunus. Results showed the dominant nature of these markers with a great abundance and transferability although with a reduced polymorphism. In addition, RAMP application in F1 progenies showed its suitability for molecular characterization and mapping, and later Quantitative trait loci (QTL) or BSA analysis.

大豆CMS-RN型不育系育性恢复基因GmRf1的初步鉴定及其分子标记开发

在大豆杂种优势利用中,主要基于三系法进行杂交大豆品种选育。恢复系作为杂交种的父本,其所含的育性恢复(Rf,restorer-of-fertility)基因起决定作用。前期对大豆RN型细胞质雄性不育恢复系的育性恢复基因GmRf1进行了精细定位。本研究在此基础上,对GmRf1定位区间内的候选基因进行功能注释、亚细胞定位预测、序列比对和差异表达分析,明确了Glyma.16G161900基因在恢复系JLR230中所编码的1个576个氨基酸的PPR(Pentatricopeptide repeats)蛋白为GmRf1。进一步对含有GmRf1的对照材料Williams82与母本不育系JLCMS204A进行测交及F_(1)植株花粉育性鉴定,验证了GmRf1可以恢复CMS-RN型不育系育性。最后利用GmRf1在亲本间存在的单核苷酸突变位点,开发了功能性分子标记Rf1-dCAPS-2和Rf1-dCAPS-3。上述研究将为今后通过分子标记筛选或辅助选育含GmRf1基因型材料,以及通过基因工程手段创制新型恢复系奠定了理论和技术基础。

Rice molecular markers and genetic mapping:Current status and prospects

Dramatic changes in climatic conditions that supplement the biotic and abiotic stresses pose severe threat to the sustainable rice production and have made it a difficult task for rice molecular breeders to enhance production and productivity under these stress factors. The main focus of rice molecular breeders is to understand the fundamentals of molecular pathways involved in complex agronomic traits to increase the yield. The availability of complete rice genome sequence and recent improvements in rice genomics research has made it possible to detect and map accurately a large number of genes by using linkage to DNA markers. Linkage mapping is an effective approach to identify the genetic markers which are co-segregating with target traits within the family. The ideas of genetic diversity, quantitative trait locus（QTL） mapping, and marker-assisted selection（MAS） are evolving into more efficient concepts of linkage disequilibrium（LD） also called association mapping and genomic selection（GS）, respectively. The use of cost-effective DNA markers derived from the fine mapped position of the genes for important agronomic traits will provide opportunities for breeders to develop high-yielding, stress-resistant, and better quality rice cultivars. Here we focus on the progress of molecular marker technologies, their application in genetic mapping and evolution of association mapping techniques in rice.

麦穗干插花加工型小麦种质资源的筛选

本研究以麦穗干插花(以下简称麦穗花)加工企业认可的云生1号、云麦53号品种为对照,采用芒长、穗长和茎秆强度3个加工企业认为影响麦穗花加工和销售的重要指标,对42份长芒小麦种质资源进行性状筛选与评价,并利用文献报道的与小麦茎秆强度相关的SSR分子标记对参试资源进行茎秆强度辅助选择,挑选出在农艺性状和分子遗传学上都适合加工麦穗花的优异种质资源,为云南干花产业发展提供新的原材料。结果表明,通过两年的田间种植观测与数据分析,未发现3个性状都较两个对照优异的资源。其中,C6(小黑麦)两年的芒长都较两对照显著优异且穗长和茎秆强度差异不明显或也显著优异,是比两个对照更适合加工麦穗花的优异资源;其次是C3和C9,两年的穗长和茎秆强度都显著优于或与两个对照差异不显著,也是加工麦穗花的较理想资源;C4、C5、C7和C8的穗长较云麦53号显著优异,芒长和茎秆强度则差异不显著或也显著优异。对茎秆强度的SSR分子标记辅助选择结果表明,C4、C6可能携带有与云麦53号相同的BARC59、BARC134和WMC48位点以及与云生1号相同的BARC59位点,C3、C5、C8也可能携带与云麦53号相同的BARC59、BARC134和WMC48位点以及与云生1号相同的BARC59、BARC358位点,C9可能携带有与云麦53号相同的BARC59、BARC134位点以及与云生1号相同的BARC59、WMC48位点。但是,用这些引物获得的分子标记结果与表型评价结果之间的一致性都在50%及以下,可能这些分子标记都不适宜用作供试小麦材料茎秆强度的辅助筛选。今后还需进一步筛选适合评价麦穗花加工型小麦种质资源的指标及分子标记,为选育满足生产需求的优良小麦品种提供技术支持。

辣椒抗病分子育种研究进展

辣椒起源于南美洲,16世纪传入中国。辣椒的营养价值高,在保健、美容、食品、医药、制暴等行业均有重要作用,已成为我国最重要的蔬菜作物之一,栽培面积逐渐增加、目前位居我国蔬菜作物之首。辣椒栽培过程中会遭受各种病害的侵袭,给生产造成重大损失。通过化学防治方法、农业防治措施等可以在一定程度上减轻病虫为害,但选用抗病品种是防治病害最经济有效的措施。随着分子生物学的发展,抗病分子育种与常规育种方法相结合是将来取得突破的发展方向。近年来,辣椒抗病分子育种机理取得了重要成果,尤其是抗病分子机理取得一系列成果。分子育种主要包括两部分:一是分子标记辅助育种,首先必须找到分子标记,分子标记分为基因标记、构建分离群体进行连锁分析获得的标记以及通过大量材料测序进行关联分析获得的标记;二是基因工程育种,前提是分离获得抗病基因,然后将抗病基因导入到经济性状优良的育种材料中,或者通过基因编辑技术或基因沉默技术使负向调控的基因发生突变,从而提高植株抗病性。该文从辣椒抗病性分子标记及其辅助选择、辣椒抗病分子机理、采用基因工程技术获得抗病辣椒种质(抗病毒病、抗青枯病和抗疫病)等方面进行综合介绍,并对辣椒抗病分子育种的发展趋势和研究重点进行展望。

鸡芦花羽性状遗传调控机制研究进展

羽色是鸡外貌特征的重要组成部分,深入了解羽色形成的分子机制不仅有助于培育具有显著羽色特征的品种,还有助于区分和识别地方品种。鸡的羽色丰富多样,芦花羽就是其中之一,包括性连锁芦花羽和常染色体芦花羽两种羽色性状。两种芦花羽图案形成机制不同,性连锁芦花羽横斑条纹的非黑色部分的形成是因为缺乏可以产生黑色素的黑色素细胞,而常染色体芦花羽横斑条纹的非黑色部分的形成则是因为黑色素的生成受到抑制。两种芦花羽颜色深浅的形成机制相似,都是通过黑色素沉积过程中的关键基因来影响色素沉着程度。本文系统综述了芦花羽图案和颜色深浅形成的遗传调控机制,旨在为肉蛋鸡选育过程中,羽色的分子标记辅助选择提供参考依据。

水稻云恢1973恢复基因关联分子标记筛选及应用

恢复系作为三系杂交稻关键亲本之一,在杂种后代的性状方面发挥着主要的调控作用,但目前生产上用的水稻恢复系同质化严重,创制遗传背景丰富的新恢复系显得尤为重要.选用WA型强恢复系—云恢1973和WA型不育系广8A构建F_(2)群体,筛选与云恢1973恢复基因紧密连锁的标记,利用筛选到的标记对云恢1973与云恢290构建的重组自交系材料进行恢复基因的快速扫描;筛选出含有云恢1973恢复基因的重组自交系材料进行后代育性及农艺性状鉴定,筛选出新的具有丰富遗传背景的恢复系,为杂交水稻的可持续发展奠定物质基础.结果表明:在2,10,11号染色体上筛选到12个与育性恢复紧密连锁的分子标记,综合12个分子标记结果,于300株云恢290/云恢1973重组自交系中筛选到72份含恢复基因的新恢复系材料;在峨山和水富试验点对72份新恢复系材料进行鉴定,结果显示72份新恢复系花粉育性均表现为正常,单株有效穗在10穗以上的材料有11份,每穗粒数在250粒以上的材料有8份,千粒质量在30.53 g以上的材料有8份,结实率在80%以上的材料有8份,单株产量高于对照的材料有19份,并有6份低直链淀粉含量材料、29份高直链淀粉含量材料.

利用分子标记辅助选择聚合Pi-1和Pi-2基因改良两系不育系稻瘟病抗性

以含广谱稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-1和Pi-2的BL122为供体,温敏核不育系GD-7S为受体,通过杂交、回交和自交并结合分子标记辅助选择,将Pi-1、Pi-2基因导入温敏核不育系GD-7S中,获得5个携带两个抗性基因的纯合改良不育株系。利用34个广东代表性稻瘟病菌株接种鉴定,5个改良株系的抗性频率为94.12%-97.06%,而对照GD-7S抗性频率仅为17.65%;自然病圃诱发鉴定5个改良株系的叶瘟和穗颈瘟均为0级,表现高抗。经自然条件和人工气候箱育性鉴定,改良株系与对照均为无或少花粉败育类型,自交结实率为0,说明不育起点温度与对照基本一致。统计分析表明,除剑叶长和每株穗数外,改良株系与对照在其他农艺性状方面均无显著差异。与恢复系L38杂交,改良株系的杂种F1与对照的F1大多农艺性状无显著差异,说明改良株系基本保持了GD-7S的农艺性状和配合力。

基于SLAF-seq技术开发长穗偃麦草染色体特异分子标记

长穗偃麦草1E及7E染色体上带有重要的抗赤霉病基因,开发大量相关染色体特异分子标记有助于准确定位抗性基因及获得可用于辅助育种紧密连锁的标记。基于SLAF-seq技术,获得了368个长穗偃麦草1E染色体特异片段,随机选取80个特异片段设计引物,开发了20个长穗偃麦草1E染色体特异分子标记、2个长穗偃麦草基因组特异分子标记及26个其他特异分子标记,效率达60%。用这些特异标记能稳定检测出不同小麦-长穗偃麦草衍生材料中的1E染色体或片段。通过标记与优良性状的共分离特性,获得与相关基因紧密连锁的标记,将为小麦抗性育种中的分子标记辅助选择提供依据。