Study on the corrosion behavior of 316H stainless steel in molten NaCl–KCl–MgCl_(2) salts with and without purification

The corrosion behavior of 316H stainless steel(SS)in the impure and purified Na Cl–KCl–Mg Cl_(2) salt was investigated at700°C.Results indicate that the main deleterious impurity induced corrosion in the impure salt was the absorbed moisture,present in the form of Mg Cl_(2)·6H_(2)O.316H SS occurred severe intergranular corrosion with a corrosion depth of 130μm for1000 h in the impure Na Cl–KCl–Mg Cl_(2) salt.In contrast,the purification treatment of molten chloride salt by the dissolved Mg metal can remove the absorbed moisture,and the corresponding reactions were also discussed.As a result,the corrosiveness of Na Cl–KCl–Mg Cl_(2) salt is reduced significantly.316H SS occurred slight uniform corrosion with a depth of less than 5μm for 3000 h in the purified Na Cl–KCl–Mg Cl_(2) salt.

Hot corrosion characteristics of Ni-20Cr-18W superalloy in molten salt

The hot corrosion behavior of a Ni?20Cr?18W (mass fraction, %) superalloy in the mixture of 75%Na 2 SO 4?25%NaCl melts at 700 and 800 °C was studied. The results demonstrate that the alloy suffers from serious hot corrosion attack in the mixture molten salt. Meanwhile, the degradation of the substrate accelerates with increasing the corrosion temperature. The corrosion layer has an obvious duplex microstructure, and the Cr-depletion zone is detected obviously nearby the inner corrosion layer. The main corrosion products at 700 and 800 °C are almost the same and mainly include NiO, Cr2O3and Ni3S2, but a trace amount of NiCrO2 is detected at 800 °C for 20 h. The hot corrosion mechanism and formation mechanism of corrosion scales of the Ni?20Cr?18W superalloy in the molten salt are proposed.

Review on corrosion-wear resistance performance of materials in molten aluminum and its alloys

The failure caused by the corrosion-wear of molten aluminum and its alloys is one of the main problems in aluminum industry. In this work, the resistance behavior of various materials, including Fe-based alloys, ceramics and corresponding high apparatus of corrosion-wear in molten aluminum and its alloys, were reviewed. The synergistic effect of corrosion and wear was discussed based on corrosion and wear mechanics. The effects of dynamic agitation due to rotating of friction pairs, physical property of liquid metal and size of grain etc., on the corrosion-wear resistance performance were investigated. In addition, the characteristics of corrosion-wear resistance performance of materials in molten aluminum and its alloy were summarized. According to our recent progress referred to kinds of materials, especially a TiA13/Ti3A1C2/A1203 composite, the ceramics/metal composites with a co-continuous structure will be of great advantage in the field of corrosion-wear environment of molten aluminum and its alloys.

Corrosion resistance of 91W-6Ni-3Fe refractory metal,TiAl compound and iron based alloys in molten aluminum

The corrosion behaviors of 91W-6Ni-3Fe （91W） refractory alloy, TiAl intermetallic compound and two types of iron based alloys （QT700 and H13 tool steel） in a liquid aluminum were investigated. Corrosion experiments or static immersion-tests were carried out in pure molten aluminum at 750 ℃. The surface micro-topographies, corrosion interfaces and phase compositions of the immersed samples were investigated by 3D optical microscopy, SEM, EDS and XRD. The results show that 91W exhibits the best corrosion resistance, followed by QT700, H13 and TiAl alloy, consequently. The corrosion mass loss of the four metallic materials adheres to parabolic criterion, and the corrosion rate trends to be stable after initial acceleration. The diffusion-reaction mechanism is proposed for the dissolution of materials in molten aluminum, and the diffusion process is the rate-determining step during the dissolution of 91W in molten aluminum, while the low activation energy for the reaction between TiAl-（TiAl3）-Al couple results in poor corrosion resistance of TiAl alloy in molten aluminum.

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of CrN and CrN/TiN Coated Heat-Resistant Steels in Molten Aluminum Alloy

The components of the equipment for processing the Al melts into the molded parts can be markedly corroded by the molten Al. In this study, a 4 μm CrN coating or CrN/TiN multilayer coating for providing the physical and chemical barriers between the molten reactive Al and the steel substrate were deposited by Cathodic Arc Evaporation onto 10 mm-thick heat-resistant steel plates. The dipping tests were conducted in a 700℃ A356 melt for 1 to 21 h at intervals of 3 h. The damage of the coated steel was eva...

Effect of borate coating on corrosion resistance of pure nickel in molten LiCl-Li_2O

The pack boriding process was used to treat pure nickel at a boriding temperature of 950 ℃ for a boriding time of 5 h. A dense and continuous borided layer with 40 μm thickness was obtained on pure nickel. Corrosion behavior of the borided layer was investigated in molten LiCl 10%Li 2O(mass fraction) at 750 ℃ in air. The mass loss of the boriding coating was 8.4 mg·cm -2 after being corroded for 50 h in the melt, which is about three times lower than that of unborided pure nickel. The preferential corrosion of B in borided layer effectively prevents the corrosion of nickel, which improves the corrosion resistance of pure nickel in molten LiCl Li 2O.

The Corrosion Behavior of Ni-Y Binary Alloys in Air and in Molten (0.62Li,0.38K)_2CO_3 Mixture at 650℃

The corrosion behavior of pure Ni and of binary Ni-Y alloys containing 1wt%,3wt%,5wt% Y,respectively,was investigated in air and in the eutectic (0.62Li,0.38K)2CO3 mixture at 650 ℃.The alloys are two-phase composed of γ-Ni solid solution and intermetallic compound Ni17Y2.The experimental results indicated that the corrosion of Ni-Y alloys in air and in molten salts,respectively,produced an external NiO scale with a small amount of Y2O3 and an internal oxidation region composed of Ni and Y2O3 resulting from the oxidation of the intermetallic phase Ni17Y2.The presence of yttrium in the alloy had a positive effect on the lithiation reaction of NiO during immersion in the melt.

Corrosion behaviour of aluminium magnesium alloys in molten sodium

The corrosion behaviour of the Al 1%Mg, Al 3%Mg, Al 5%Mg and Al 3%Mg 0.15%Zr alloys in molten sodium was investigated. The morphology of the corrosion products and the alloying element distribution of the specimens were analyzed by using OM, SEM and EDS. The results showed that the effects of the magnesium content and the immersion temperature on the corrosion of the specimens are related to β phase (Mg 5Al 8).

Anticorrosion properties of enamels with high B_2O_3-P_2O_5-AlPO_4 content in molten aluminum

The new enamels with high H 3BO 3 (NH 4) 2 HPO 4 AlPO 4 content were studied, and the melting temperature of the enamels was adjusted by adding carbonate of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal. The enamels could spread slightly in the molten Al alloy observed by SEM and experiment. The components of the enamels were not detected with electron probe (EDAX S 520) on the interface of Al alloy, but elemental Si of aluminum alloy was found in the silica free enamels. Moreover, the components of the boron free enamels were detected on the interface of Al alloy. The results show that the enamels with high B 2O 3 P 2O 5 AlPO 4 content are resistant to the corrosion of molten Al.

Anisotropy in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting

The corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of 316 L stainless steel(SS) fabricated via selective laser melting(SLM) were clarified by potentiodynamic polarization measurements, immersion tests, and tensile experiments. The microstructural anisotropy of SLMed 316 L SS was also investigated by electron back-scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The grain sizes of the SLMed 316 L SS in the XOZ plane were smaller than those of the SLMed 316 L SS in the XOY plane, and a greater number of low-angle boundaries were present in the XOY plane, resulting in lower elongation for the XOY plane than for the XOZ plane. The SLMed 316 L was expected to exhibit higher strength but lower ductility than the wrought 316 L, which was attributed to the high density of dislocations. The pitting potentials of the SLMed 316 L samples were universally higher than those of the wrought sample in chloride solutions because of the annihilation of MnS or(Ca,Al)-oxides during the rapid solidification. However, the molten pool boundaries preferentially dissolved in aggressive solutions and the damage of the SLMed 316 L in FeCl3 solution was more serious after long-term service, indicating poor durability.

Corrosion resistance of steel materials in LiCl-KCl melts

The corrosion behaviors of 304SS, 316LSS, and Q235A in LiCl-KCl melts were investigated at 450℃ by Tafel curves and elec- trochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）. 316LSS shows the best corrosion resistance behaviors among the three materials, including the most positive corrosion potential and the smallest corrosion current from the Tafel curves and the largest electron transfer resistance from the Nyquist plots. The results are in good agreement with the weight losses in the static corrosion experiments for 45 h. This may be attributed to the better corrosion resistance of Mo and Ni existing as alloy elements in 316LSS, which exhibit the lower corrosion current densities and more positive corrosion potentials than 316LSS in the same melts.

Absorption effect of pure nickel on the corrosion behaviors of the GH3535 alloy in tellurium vapor

In this study,pure Ni was demonstrated to protect the GH3535 alloy from Te vapor corrosion because of its strong absorption capacity.Severe Te corrosion of a single GH3535 alloy sample occurred in Te vapor at 700C,which manifested as complex surface corrosion products and deep intergranular cracks.However,when pure Ni and the GH3535 alloy were put together in the vessel,the GH3535 alloy was completely protected from Te corrosion at the expense of the pure Ni.Thermodynamic calculations proved that the preferential reaction between pure Ni and Te vapor reduced the activity of Te vapor considerably,preventing the corrosion of the GH3535 alloy.Our study reveals one potential approach for protecting the alloys used in molten-salt reactors from Te corrosion.

Oxidation and hot corrosion behaviors of Nb−Si based ultrahigh temperature alloys at 900℃

Oxidation and hot corrosion behaviors at 900 ℃ of Nb-Si based ultrahigh temperature alloys were investigated. Both oxidation and hot corrosion kinetics curves of the alloy involve an initial parabolic stage and a later rapid linear stage. In the initial oxidation stage(1-50 h), a thin and continuous scale is formed on the alloy surface, while severe pest degradation phenomenon is observed in the linear oxidation stage. Compared with oxidation of the alloy in static air, a linear hot corrosion stage happens earlier and catastrophic scale disintegration occurs after hot corrosion for 20-100 h, demonstrating that molten salts(Na2SO4 and NaCl) could significantly accelerate the oxidation process of the alloy. STEM results indicate that the corroded scale consists mainly of TiO2, Nb2O5, TiNb2O7, amorphous silicate and NaNbO3.

The effect of Nb additive on Te-induced stress corrosion cracking in Ni alloy: a first-principles calculation

Nb can improve the resistance of Ni-based Hastelloy N alloy to Te-induced intergranular embrittlement.First-principles calculations are performed to research this mechanism by simulating the Ni(111) surface and the 5(012) grain boundary. The calculated adsorption energy suggests that Te atoms prefer diffusing along the grain boundary to forming the surface-reaction layer with Nb on surface of the Ni alloy. First-principles tensile tests show that the Nb segregation can enhance the cohesion of grain boundary. The strong Nb-Ni bonding can prevent the Te migration into the inside of the alloy. According to the Rice-Wang model, the strengthening/embrittling energies of Nb and Te are calculated, along with their mechanical and chemical components.The chemical bonds and electronic structures are analyzed to uncover the physical origin of the different effects of Te and Nb. Our work sheds lights on the effect of Nb additive on the Te-induced intergranular embrittlement in Hastelloy N alloy on the atomic and electronic level.

Hot corrosion behavior of the spray-formed nickel-based superalloy

An investigation of low temperature hot corrosion is carried out on a spray-formed nickel-based superalloy FGH100 pre-coated with Na2SO4-NaC1 at 700 ℃ for 100 h. Mass gain measurement, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron mi- croscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy are used to study the corrosion behavior. Results reveal that corrosion behavior follows a sequence, that is, first rapidly proceeding, then gradually slowing down, and finally forming an outer layer composed of different types of oxides and an inner layer mainly comprised of sulfides. In-depth analysis reveals that the hot corrosion of FGH100 is a combined effect of oxidation-sulfidation and transfer of oxides.

铝电解惰性阳极在熔融电解质中腐蚀过程的研究进展

惰性阳极是原铝生产保持低碳化的重要研究方向,近些年,惰性阳极材料的研究取得长足进展。通过对惰性阳极材料进行分类,综述了不同种类(合金阳极、氧化物陶瓷阳极和金属陶瓷阳极)的惰性阳极在熔盐电解质中可能发生的腐蚀反应,主要探究发生的化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀,以及腐蚀后可能对阳极的影响。明晰增加阳极耐腐蚀性的方法,或者通过抑制腐蚀反应的进行,来降低惰性阳极在冰晶石熔盐中的腐蚀速率,从而促进惰性阳极在铝电解行业中的可行性发展。

光热发电用熔盐及储盐材料腐蚀行为研究进展

集中式太阳能(CSP)光热发电技术利用可再生清洁能源太阳能将热能转化为电能,具有良好的应用前景。对于CSP技术,熔盐是吸热、储热介质,熔盐和储盐材料的研究及发展是关键。从腐蚀动力学、腐蚀产物、熔盐本征等角度分析了不同储盐材料在熔融硝酸盐、碳酸盐、氯盐和氟盐等几种熔盐介质中的腐蚀行为,最后对太阳能光热发电用熔盐及储盐材料进行了总结与展望。

太阳能热发电用熔盐储热材料金属相容性研究

为分析第三代太阳能热发电技术熔盐与低温罐选材的相容性,该文以一种低熔点(142℃)、高分解温度(>700℃)的混合熔盐为腐蚀环境,通过静态腐蚀实验研究碳钢(A515Gr70)和两种低合金钢(Q345R、15CrMoR)在450℃混合熔盐中的腐蚀行为。采用失重法测量不同金属的腐蚀速率。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和能谱仪(EDS)对金属腐蚀表面的微观形貌、相组成和微区成分进行分析。结果表明:碳钢不含有耐腐蚀元素Cr、Ni和Mo,腐蚀速率最大。15CrMoR表面氧化层以疏松多孔的Fe_(2)O_(3)为主,不能阻止熔盐浸入金属基体内部,导致氧化程度加重,耐腐蚀性较差。Q345R表面氧化层由致密性好的FeCr2O_(4)、NiO和TiO_(2)组成,对金属基体具有保护性,耐腐蚀性最佳。

Ni基高温合金在LiCl-KCl熔盐中的腐蚀行为研究

熔盐电解精炼是乏燃料干法后处理的核心工艺单元,其反应容器需在高温、LiCl-KCl熔盐环境下长期服役,活泼合金元素Cr的选择性溶解使得钝化Cr_(2)O_(3)保护膜难以生成,结构材料面临严重的腐蚀问题,严重阻碍了干法后处理技术的工程化应用。Ni基高温合金在高温氯化物熔盐中的热力学性质稳定,是电解精炼反应容器潜在的候选材料,然而目前Mo、W等关键合金元素对Ni基高温合金在LiCl-KCl熔盐中的耐腐蚀性能影响暂不明确。采用浸泡腐蚀的方法,研究了Haynes 230、Inconel 625、GH 3535、Inconel 690和GH 4169五种Ni基高温合金在550℃、氩气气氛下LiCl-KCl熔盐中的腐蚀行为,采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析对腐蚀产物的组成和形貌进行了分析。研究结果表明,五种Ni基高温合金在与LiClKCl熔盐相互作用的过程中均发生腐蚀失重,失重情况为Inconel 625>GH 3535>Haynes 230>Inconel690>GH 4169。其中Inconel 625和GH 4169合金在基体近表层生成了富Mo氧化膜,导致外层(Cr,Fe)2O3与基体的热相容性变差,有明显的脱落趋势。相比高Cr含量的Inconel 690合金发生严重的电化学溶解,低Cr的GH 3535合金外层(Cr,Fe)_(2)O_(3)含量低,抗氧化能力也明显降低,使得氧向基体内部渗入。而Haynes230合金外表面生成了富W的氧化物,有效地阻挡了Cl^(-)的侵蚀,在以上五种Ni基高温合金中具有最好的耐腐蚀性能。

Nb对铁素体不锈钢耐铝液腐蚀性能的影响

研究了Nb含量对铁素体不锈钢的耐铝液腐蚀性能的影响及相关机理。不同含量的Nb元素对试样基体中的第二相分布有影响,这些第二相具有阻碍铝液腐蚀的作用。铁素体不锈钢在铝液中浸蚀后,会在界面处生成金属间化合物层,基体中Nb元素的含量会影响碳化物生成和聚集位置,从而导致耐铝液腐蚀性能的差异。试验结果表明:添加0.2wt.%的Nb元素,可以获得细小弥散第二相,最终获得优异的耐铝液腐蚀性能。